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HALICARNA88US,   CNIDU8,   AND 

BRANCHID^. 


VOLUME   11. 


IN    TWO    PARTa PART    11. 


A  HISTORY  OF  DISCOVERIES 


AT 


HALICARNASSUS,  CNIDTJS, 


AND 


BMNCHIDJl. 


BT 

C.   T.   NEWTON,  M.A., 

xnPBB  oi  ma  gsxsx  aitd  bomav  AvriQuims,  bbitxbh  mrsiVM 

AB8IBTKD  BT 

R.  P.  PXJLLAN,  F.R.I.B.A. 


LONDON: 

DAY  &  SON,  LITHOGRAPHEES  TO  THE  QUEEN, 

GATE  STBEBT,  LINCOLN'S-INN  FIELDa 

1863. 
The  jRighi  of  TranskUion  is  Reserved. 


n 


CONTENTS    OF    PART    II. 


CHAPTER    XIII. 

Excavations  at  Cuidus.  Descnption  of  the  site  ;  the  Triopian 
promontory  ;  the  two  harboui*s ;  the  moles.  Convenience  of 
Cuidus  as  a  harboar  of  refuge  in  early  times.  First  colonists 
here.  Triojias.  .Hip[)otas.  Cnidus  a  member  of  the  Doric 
Hexapolis.  Probable  date  of  this  league.  Distant  settlements 
of  Cnidians  in  the  Mediterranean,  about  B.C.  079.  Their  share 
in  the  Hellenium  at  Naukratis.  The  Cnidians  included  in  the 
conquest  of  Cyrus.  Their  relations  with  Tarentum,  in  the 
reign  of  Darius.  Their  interference  on  behalf  of  some  Cyrensean 
exiles.  Gathering  of  the  fleet  of  Cimon  at  Cnidus  before  the 
battle  of  the  Eurymedon.  The  Cnidians  enrolled  among  the 
Athenian  tributai'ies.  Their  city  unfortified  during  the  Pelo- 
ponnesian  war.  After  the  defeat  of  the  Athenians  in  Sicily, 
they  join  the  Lacedaemonians.  Attempt  of  the  Athenians  on 
Cnidus  repulsed.  Naval  victory  of  Conon,  B.C.  394.  Cnidus 
still  adheres  to  the  Lacedaemonians.  Overthrow  of  the  oligar> 
chical  party  there,  probably  about  the  time  of  Eudoxus.  Narrow 
basis  of  the  constitution  as  described  by  Aristotle.  Munificent 
encouragement  of  art  by  the  Cnidians.  Their  dedication  in  the 
Lesche  at  Delphi.  The  Venus  of  Praxiteles.  Eudoxus.  Ctesias. 
Cnidus  probably  part  of  the  dominions  of  Ptolemy  Philadelphus. 
The pensilis  ambtdcUio  constructed  there  by  Sosti-atosin  his  reign. 
Plunder  of  Cuidus  by  Cilician  and  Cretan  pirates.  Theopompos ; 
his  son  Artemidoros.  Mission  of  Asinius  Galhis  to  Cnidus  from 
Augustus.  Cnidus  part  of  the  province  of  Asia  under  the  em- 
perors. Its  constitution  at  this  time.  Limits  of  the  Cnidian 
territory  on  the  east.  Causes  of  its  political  insignificance. 
Excellence  of  its  natural  products.  Cnidian  wine  and  oil  ex- 
ported. Cnidisin  diotce.  Other  valuable  productions .page  Si5 


VI  CONTENTS. 


CHAPTER     XIV. 

Walls  aurrounding  the  City, — on  the  peninsula,— on  the  continent ; 
Acropolis ;  ancient  road  leading  from  the  east  through  Necro- 
polis ;  gates  on  the  north.  Spoliation  of  the  ruins  of  Cnidus 
hy  Turks  and  Greeks.  Series  of  terraces  rising  from  the  har- 
hours  ;  Doric  portico ;  stoa  of  Sostratos.  Name  of  Theopompos 
on  a  piece  of  architrave.  Corinthian  temple,  supposed  to  be 
that  of  Venus :  platform  below  this  temple,  probably  the  peri- 
bolus  of  Temple  of  Dionysos.  Theatre.  Agora  ;  Gymruuivmh, 
Temple  of  Apollo  and  Musea  Temenos  of  Demeter.  Build- 
ings on  the  isthmus ;  absence  of  architectural  remains  on 
the  peninsula  ;  quay  cut  out  of  the  rock ;  no  trace  of  site  of 
Temple  of  Apollo.  Name  Triopium  whether  applied  exclu- 
sively to  the  rocky  headland.  Roman  tomb.  Cisterns ;  ancient 
cemetery page  363 


CHAPTER    XV. 

Platform  below  the  Acropolis.  Scarped  rock  on  the  north. 
Niches.  Discovery  of  stele  on  this  site.  Seated  figure  of 
Demeter.  Statuette  of  Persephone.  Lamps ;  terracottas  ;  foun- 
dations. Inscription  recording  dedication  by  Chrysina ;  other 
inscriptions  ;  remains  of  sculpture  :  head  of  Demeter ;  leaden 
tablets  inscribed  with  IXrce,  Small  circular  chamber;  con- 
tents :  inscriptions,  sculptures,  marble  pigs^  marble  breasts, 
tablets,  glass.  Other  foundations  ;  lamps,  terracottas.  Statue 
of  Demeter  Achsea  ;  deities  associated  with  her  in  this 
temenos;  terracotta  representing  Hekate  ;  fragments  of  sculp- 
ture and  of  Doric  architecture ;  fissure  in  the  native  rock  ; 
inscription  containing  dedication  to  Pluto  Epimachos;  wall 
running  through  temenos ;  stone  spout ;  drain.  Summary  of 
the  whole  evidence ;  the  original  temple  erected  on  this  site, 
probably  dedicated  by  some  particular  family,  and  subsequently 
thrown  down  by  an  earthquake  :  reasons  for  considering  the 
scarp  a  natural  formation ;  the  site  probably  dedicated  to  the 
Infernal  Deities,  as  having  been  the  scene  of  some  convulsion  of 
nature ;  other  instances  of  Plutonia  so  selected  in  Greece  and 
Asia  Minor ;  no  remains  outside  the  peribolua.     General  con- 


CONTENTS.  VU 

clnftions  resnlting  from  the  foregoing  facta  .  The  temmos  pro- 
bably prirate  ground  ;  its  date  fixed  approximately  by  the 
inAcriptions ;  character  of  the  worship  how  far  to  be  inferred 
from  the  remains  discovered  on  this  site ;  evidence  that  this 
worship  was  mystic ;  whether  likely  to  have  been  connected 
with  the  Triopia  Sacra .page  375 


CHAPTER    XVI, 

Site  of  Temple  of  Muses ;  discovery  of  dedicatory  inscription,  with 
artisf  8  name ;  plan  of  the  Temple  ;  architectural  remains  ; 
roof-tile ;  later  Byzantine  remains  ;  inscriptions ;  false  arch ; 
passage  with  tessellated  pavement ;  Corinthian  capitals,  probably 
designed  as  supports  for  isolated  objects.  Original  application 
of  the  Corinthian  order ;  remains  of  sculpture  ;  statuettes  of 
Muses;  heads;  votive  breasts;  cipptia  dedicated  to  Apollo 
Pythius  by  a  Demvmrgos ;  niches  in  the  walls ;  terracotta 
disks    V^gt  427 


CHAPTER    XVII. 

Excavation  at  entrance  to  lower  Theatre  ;  discovery  of  vestibule 
and  inscriptions ;  Vomitory ;  inscriptions  in  walls  of  Theatre 
taken  from  some  earlier  building ;  excavations  on  site  of  Temple 
probably  of  Dionysos  ;  discovery  of  slabs  of  frieze  ;  portions  of 
this  frieze  probably  transported  to  Cos  by  Knights  of  St.  John  ; 
discovery  of  Odeum  ;  its  ihymde.  Absence  of  a  Scene  accounted 
for;  alcove .page  443 


CHAPTER     XVIII. 

Corinthian  Temple,  supposed  by  Leake  to  be  that  of  Venus ; 
Lucian's  description  of  the  temenos  round  that  Temple  ;  Leake*s 
arguments  considered  ;  the  platform  does  not  correspond  with 
Lucian*s  description  ;  fruitless  excavation  on  the  site  ;  inscrip- 
tion published  by  Hamilton  ;  discovery  of  a  building  similar  in 
plan  to  the  Temple  of  the  Muses ;  tessellated  pavement  ;  in- 
scription on  base  of  term  of  Hermes ;  his  association  with 
Aphrodite  ;  discovery  of  late  sculptures ;  modiua  ;  its  capacity ; 


Vlll  CONTENTS. 

terracottas  ;  green  glazed  ware  ;  stucco ;  reasons  for  considering 
the  building  a  Gymnasium  ;  excavation  of  adjacent  Roman 
building ;  Ionic  portico  discovered  by  Dilettanti  Society ;  its 
•  inferiority  in  style  to  the  Mausoleum  ;  excavations  on  this  site  ; 
small  Eoman  building  above  encampment ;  dedication  to  Theo- 
pompos  by  people  of  Julia  Laodicsea  ;  inscription  to  the  physician 
Hekatsens ;  remains  of  sculpture  on  this  site.  Large  building 
near  Agora.     Doric  building ;  dedication  by  a  Demiourgos 

page  456 


CHAPTER     XIX. 

Ancient  road  leading  through  Necropolis  to  the  east  of  Cnidus. 
Character  of  the  tombs  in  this  cemetery  ;  ctppi ;  inscription 
relating  to  the  temenoa  of  Antigonos  ;  mention  of  Hermes  and 
Pan  in  this  inscription  ;  ruins  of  ancient  Christian  church ; 
sepulchral  inscriptions  found  here ;  Tripod  Tomb  ;  hexagonal 
pillars  ;  discovery  of  inscribed  aori  in  this  tomb.. page  471 


CHAPTER     XX. 

Discovery  of  the  Lion  Tomb ;  description  of  the  lion  ;  difficulties 
of  its  removal ;  architectural  remains  ;  structure  similar  to  that 
of  the  Treasury  of  Athens  ;  cells  for  sepulture  ;  probable  date 
of  this  monument ;  the  naval  victory  of  Con  on  ;  suitability  of 
the  site  for  such  a  tomb  ;  employment  of  the  lion  in  sepulchral 
monuments ;  its  symbolical  import ;  the  lion  of  Chaaronea ; 
lions  at  Venice  ;    at  Miletus ;  tombs  near  the  Cnidiau  lion 

page  480 


CHAPTER    XXI. 

Greneral  appearance  of  the  ruins ;  circular  chamber  ;  cells  radiating 
from  the  centre ;  architectural  marbles  ;  arrangement  of  courses 
of  the  basement ;  height  and  projection  of  podium  ;  arrangement 
of  triglyphs  ;  shield  probably  placed  between  middle  columns ; 
steps  of  the  pyramid  ;  pedestal  of  the  lion,  its  form  and  dimen- 

.  sions  how  determined  ;  vault  of  the  chamber ;  probable  date 
of  the  Lion  Tomb .j^^e  503 


CONTENTS.  IX 

CHAPTER     XXII. 

Tomb  ou  the  Peninsula ;  resemblance  of  its  plan  to  that  of  an 
earlj  Christian  Church.  Female  statue,  probably  of  Ceres. 
Sarcophagi;  inscription  in  honour  of  Lyksethios;  fragment 
inscribed  with  the  name  of  Theopompos ;  tile  graves ;  skulls. 
Tombs  to  the  north-west  of  the  Acropolis.  Ancient  road ; 
singular  chasm,  perhaps,  an  early  Christian  place  of  sepulture  ; 
road  from  Cnidus  to  Yasikbi ;  line  of  ancient  way  marked  by 
tombs  on  each  side ;  Hellenic  wall  near  Yasikoi ;  Genoese 
Castle  ;  Chesmekoi — ancient  bridge ;  Hellenic  fortress  called 
Koumya  Kalessi ;  tombs  on  the  shore ;  inscription  at  Dum 
Gain  ;  district  of  Datcha  page  512 


CHAPTER    XXIII. 

Visit  to  Branchidse  in  the  "  Supply  ;**  notice  of  Branchidie  in  the 
"  Ionian  Antiquities  ;*'  statues  in  the  Sacred  Way  ;  character 
of  the  site ;  description  of  the  several  figures ;  inscriptions ; 
second  visit  to  Branchidse  in  1858 ;  removal  of  the  statues ; 
excavations  on  the  Sacred  Way  ;  tombs  ;  inscription  by  sons  of 
Anaximander ;  probable  date  of  the  Bi-anchidsa  statues ;  their 
Egyptian  character ;  early  connection  of  Ionia  with  Egypt ; 
tradition  respecting  Theodoros  and  Telekles    'P^V^  ^^^ 


CHAPTER    XXIV. 

Route  from  Eski  Hissar  to  Lagina ;  site  of  Temple  of  Hekate ; 
architectural  remains ;  sculptures  of  frieze  ;  Peribchis  ;  inscrip- 
tions ;  various  ministers  of  the  temple  mentioned  in  them ; 
Procession  of  the  Key  ;  Hekate  Trivia ;  the  priests ;  their 
terra  of  office  ;  their  largesses  to  the  people ;  festivals  ;  district 
round  the  temple  ;  civil  magistrates  and  names  of  towns  men- 
tioned in  the  inscriptions  -page  554 


CHAPTER    XXV. 

Route  from  Budrum  to  Myndus  (Gumischlu)  ;  description  of  the 
site  of  Myndus ;  city  walls  ;  remains  of  Hellenic  and  Byzantine 
buildings ;   fortified  peninsula ;    mole ;   Myndus  to  Assarlik  ; 


CONTENTS. 

MediiBval  Castle  at  Kadi  Kalessi ;  tombs  at  Assarlik ;  Acro- 
polis ;  massive  gateway  and  wall ;  ancient  road  from  Assarlik 
to  Chifoot  Kalessy ;  reasons  for  considering  Assarlik  as  the 
ancient  Syangela  ;  Strabo's  notice  of  the  tombs  and  fortresses  of 
the  Leleges ;  Chifoot  Kalessy,  the  ancient  Termera ;  description 
of  the  site  ;  Pasha  Liman ;  Tombs  at  Farillia ;  Roumeli-koi ; 
sarcophagus ;  Hellenic  remains  at  Gill ;  this  site  probably  the 
ancient  Caryanda  ;  return  to  Budrum pcige  573 


CHAPTER    XXVI. 

Ouveijilik  ;  Bargylia ;  Mylasa ;  Labranda ;  Stratonicea ;  Mughla ; 
Marmarice;  Keramos    .page  602 


CHAPTER    XXVII. 

Town  of  Cos ;  castle  built  by  the  Knights  of  St.  John  ;  date  of 
gateway  ;  slabs  of  frieze  in  the  walls  ;  other  ancient  remains ; 
cippi  in  well ;  journey  to  Pyli ;  Charmyleion  ;  remains  of  an- 
cient port ;  Antimachia  ;  Kephalas  ;  church  of  Palatia»  and 
ruins  of  temple  on  sate  of  ancient  isthmus  ;  Astypalna ;  castle 
at  the  extremity  of  the  island  ;  castle  at  Antimachia ;  church 
of  Hagios  Theodoros  ;  discovery  of  long  inscription  on  octagonal 
column  ;  town  of  Palaio  Fyli ;  Byzantine  churches  and  castle ; 
return  to  Cos • page  632 


CONTENTS.  XI 


APPENDICES. 


APPENDIX    I. 
Description  of  the  Castle  of  St.  Peter  at  Badram    Page  645 


^ 


APPENDIX    II. 
Alabaster  Yase  inscribed  with  the  name  of  Xerxes page  667 


APPENDIX    III. 

Greek  Inscriptions  :  —  Halicamassus^   Onidos,    Brancbidie, 
Lagina^  and  Bargylia  page  671 


APPENDIX    IV. 

On  the  marble  breasts  found  in  the  temenoa  of  Demeter  at 
Cnidos    pitge  804 


List  of  Plates  and  Woodcuts    page  xii 

Errata  &  Addenda    xiii 


INDICES. 

Gbkeral  Ikdex  ^0^0  809 

Ikdices  TO  Inscriftions 825 

Order  of  Inscriptions 827 

Index  of  Proper  Names  829 

Qeneral  Index 832 

Deities  and  Mythological  Personages 834 

Ciyil  and  Religious  Functionaries  835 

Names  of  Artists B35 


LIST  OF   PLATES. 


Plate  3.  Inscription  from  Halicarnassus  to  face  p.  687 

Plate  4.  Leaden  Tablet  from  Cnidus    719 

Plate  5 idem    732 

Plate  6 idem    734 

Plate  7 idem    735 

Plate  8 idem    736 

Plate  9 idem    739 

Plate  10 idem    740 

Plate  11 idem    741 

Plate  12 idem     742 

Plate  13.  idem    743 

Plate  14 idem    744 


WOODCUTS. 

1.  Glass  bottles,  Temenos  of  Demeter  page  389 

'2.  Terracotta  lamps,  tWic^em 394 

3.  Heads  from  lamps,  tn£?i(Z0m    395 

4.  Stone  spout,  tncfufem  410 

5.  Plan  of  entrance  to  Lower  Theatre    444 

6.  Lekjthos  from  lion  tomb     490 

7.  I  Fronts  of  chairs  of  archaic  statues  from  Sacred  Way, 

8.  J      Branchid» 531 

9.  ) 

>  Sides  of  chairs  of  statues,  iWtci^    534 

lOJ 

11.  Silver  coin  of  Termera    590 

12.  Electrum  coin  from  Halicarnassus      684 


ERRATA   &   ADDENDA. 


PART   I. 

Page  21, 1.  18,/or  "  Icon  **  read  «  Stoa," 

Page  49,  note  m^  after  af^lKtaOuiy  full  stop. 

Page  55 J  note  x.for  "  Ferguson**  read  "  Fergusson." 

Page  69,  note  u,for  **  Schweigheuser  "  read  **  Schweighauser. 

Page  178,  note  g,/<>r  "  p.  81  **  read  "  p.  83." 


PART    11. 

Page  345,  last  line,  far  «  Gallio  *'  read  "  Gallus." 

Page  418, 1.  11, ^br  "inscription**  read  "  inscriptions.** 

Page  420, 1.  12, /or  '*  a  name  which  **  read  '*  whose  other  name.*' 

Page  421, 1  13,/or  «  Megapolia'*  read  "  Megalopolis.** 

Page  439,  L  8,  for  "  Kephisodotos  **  read  "  Kephisodoros." 

Page  445, 1.  7, /or  "  frieze**  read  "  architrave.** 

Page  448,  L  12, /or  "  Xenodotos**  read  **  Zenodotos.** 

Page  495,  L  12, /or  "Thebes'*  read  "Charonea." 

76idL,  1.  15, /or  "Chaeronea**  read  **  that  place.** 

Page  547,  L  9,ybr  "  an  ivory  door  of  great  value **  re€ui  "a  door 
and  a  quantity  of  ivory.'* 

Jbid,  L  1 1,  /or  "  the  Eighth  *'  read  "  the  son  of  Auletea" 

Page  554,  1.  5,  /or  '*  Stratoniceea  **  read  "  Stratonicea,**  and  so 
throughout  this  chapter. 

Page  569,  L  8,  dele  "  the  'lepoKutfirirrfi:  and  the  'UpoKutfiffriQ,*' 

Page  570,  L  8,  9,  10.     Dele  these  lines. 

Page  607, 1.  10,/or  OHMA  read  .  HMII 

Ilnd,ll2,/orrfreadrf.  ^  A.t?^.  ^^  f.  P^^iUcL 

T&gp  67  5f\.  15, /or' AXiKopytiffffoc  read*  A\ticapyri<r<r6i,  #        /        J 

Page  693, 1.  5.  After  ypa^cov  insert  the  foUowing  :— «  This  word   r^    US     ^  ^  **  ^  • 


354  HISTORY  OF   CNIDUS. 

commander  held  a  conference  with  Tissaphemes, 
in  the  hope  of  negotiating  a  treaty  ;  on  the  failure 
of  which,  the  fleet  proceeded  to  Rhodes/ 

Eighteen  years  after  these  events,  B.C.  394,  the 
great  naval  engagement  took  place  near  Cnidus,  by 
which  Conon  utterly  defeated  the  Lacedeemonian 
fleet,  and  restored  to  Athens  the  empire  of  the 
sea/  It  is  not  improbable  that  this  victory  was 
commemorated  by  a  public  monument  near  Cnidus, 
which  will  be  more  fully  described  in  a  subsequent 
part  of  this  work.  At  the  time  of  this  victory, 
Cnidus  was  still  in  the  possession  of  the  Lacedae- 
monians, and  gave  refuge  to  the  remains  of  their 
fleet.  It  continued  faithful  to  them,  notwith- 
standing the  renewed  ascendancy  of  Athens  ;  for, 
four  years  after  the  victory  of  Conon,  we  find  a  La- 
cedaBmonian  naval  commander,  Teleutias,  making 
use  of  Cnidus  as  a  naval  station,  and  selling  there 
a  number  of  Athenian  ships,  which  he  captured  on 
their  way  to  assist  Evagoras,  king  of  Cyprus.^ 

During  the  period  between  the  Peloponnesian  war 
and  the  invasion  of  Alexander,  we  have  hardly 
any  information  as  to  the  history  of  Cnidus, 
except  the  fact,  that  Eudoxus,  the  celebrated 
astronomer,  compiled  a  code  of  law^s  for  this, 
his  native  place.'  These  legislative  measures  of 
Eudoxus  were  probably  connected  with  the  political 
changes  which,  according  to  Aristotle,  had  taken 
place  at  Cnidus,  and  by  which  an  oligarchical  form 

«•  Tliucyd.  viii.  43.  »  Xenoph.  Hellen.  iv.  3,  10. 

>'  Xenoph.  Hellen.  iv.  8,  24. 

*  Diogen.  Laert.  viii.  8.  Plutarch  adv.  Colot.  ]\  1126,  Eyiandr. 


HISTORY   OP   CNIDUS.  355 

of  government  had  been  overturned."  The  cause  of 
this  revolution  is  attributed  by  the  philosopher  to 
the  narrow  basis  on  which  the  government  origin- 
ally rested.  At  the  head  of  the  state  was  an  irre- 
sponsible body  of  sixty  senators,  called  afju^fjiovsg, 
presided  over  by  an  officer  called  a^so-TT^p.  No  son 
was  eligible  to  be  a  senator  during  his  father's 
lifetime,  and,  among  brothers,  only  the  firstborn. 
The  revolution  by  which  this  constitution  was  abo- 
lished at  Cnidus,  was  brought  about  by  the  people 
under  the  leadership  of  the  excluded  members  of 
the  oligarchical  families,  as  was  the  case  at  Chios 
also.  This  revolution  is  attributed  by  Col.  Leake* 
to  Macedonian  influence ;  but  it  may  be  doubted 
whether  it  should  not  rather  be  referred  to  the  in- 
trigues either  of  Mausolus,  or  one  of  his  successors  ; 
for  such  powerful  princes  could  hardly  have  failed 
to  interfere  in  the  internal  government  of  a  city  like 
Cnidus,  planted  in  the  midst  of  their  dependencies, 
if  not  itself  reckoned  as  part  of  their  dominions. 

The  possible  connection  of  the  political  changes 
at  Cnidus  with  the  visit  of  Eudoxus  to  Mausolus, 
has  been  already  suggested,  ante,  p.  44. 

Though  the  Cnidians  played  so  insignificant  a 
part  in  the  great  contest  between  Athens  and 
Sparta,  which  divided  the  Hellenic  world,  they  were 
distinguished  among  Greek  cities  for  their  taste  and 
liberality  in  the  encouragement  of  art. 

As  early  as  the  middle  of  the  fifth  century  B.C. 

^  Aristot.  Polit.  v.  5.   Pint.  Quaest.  Gr.  4. 
^  In  the  Memoir  already  cited,  p.  10. 


356  HISTORY   OF   CNIDUS. 

they  had  invested  part  of  their  wealth  acquired  in 
commerce,  in  two  pictures  painted  on  the  walls  of 
the  Lesche,  at  Delphi,  hy  the  most  celehrated  artist 
of  the  time,  Polygnotus.  Of  these  pictures,  which 
are  descrihed  at  great  length  by  Pausanias,"  and 
which  may  be  considered  as  great  pictorial  epics,  one 
represented  the  taking  of  Troy  and  the  return  of  the 
Greeks ;  the  other,  the  descent  of  Ulysses  into  the 
infernal  regions.  About  a  century  later,  theCnidians 
purchased  from  Praxiteles  his  celebrated  statue  of 
the  undraped  Venus.  This  work,  which  was  pro- 
bably executed  about  the  same  time  as  the  sculp- 
tures of  the  Mausoleum,  and  of  which  Lucian  has  left 
us  so  glowing  a  description,*  has  given  to  the  petty 
city  which  was  its  shrine  a  celebrity  far  more  pre- 
cious and  more  lasting  than  the  ephemeral  glory  of 
mere  military  greatness.  The  name  of  Cnidus  will 
hardly  be  forgotten  as  long  as  that  of  Praxiteles 
dwells  in  the  memory  of  man. 

Cnidus  must  have  been  particularly  rich  in  works 
of  art  of  the  late  Athenian  school,  for  Pliny''  men- 
tions with  special  praise  a  Minerva  by  Scopas,  and 
a  Dionysos  by  Bryaxis ;  works,  he  observes,  which 
nothing  but  the  exceeding  merit  of  the  Venus  of 
Praxiteles  prevented  from  attracting  more  admi- 
ration. 

About  the  same  period  when  the  Cnidians  ac- 
quired the  precious  works  of  these  sculptors,  they 
had  the  honour  of  producing  one  of  the  most  cele- 
brated astronomers  of  his  age,  Eudoxus, — who,  from 

^  X.  25—31.  ^  Amores,  xi — xviii. 

*  N.  H.  xxxvi.  5,  §  5. 


HISTORY   OF    CNIDUS.  357 

his  observatory  at  Cnidus,  discovered  the  star 
Canopus,  on  the  extreme  verge  of  the  southern 
horizon/ 

like  the  neighbouring  city  of  Cos,  Cnidus  was 
celebrated  from  early  times  as  a  school  of  medicine ; 
and  in  the  same  century  in  which  Eudoxus  was 
observing  the  stars  in  his  native  city,  a  fellow-citizen 
and  fellow-labourer  in  science,  Ctesias,  the  phy- 
sician, was  residing  at  the  court  of  Artaxerxes 
Mnemon,  and  employing  his  leisure  time  in  com- 
posing those  oriental  histories  the  loss  of  which 
we  shall  ever  deplore. 

In  the  narrative  of  the  march  of  Alexander  the 
Great  through  the  south  of  Asia  Minor,  Cnidus  is 
not  mentioned  as  having  offered  any  resistance, 
like  Myndus  or  Halicamassus.  It  is  probable, 
therefore,  that  it  was  still  unfortified,  and  that  its 
walls,  which  are  still  existing,  are  of  a  period  sub- 
sequent to  this  invasion.  Under  the  successors  of 
Alexander  Cnidus  is  scarcely  ever  mentioned  in 
history.  It  is  to  be  presumed  from  a  passage  in 
Theocritus,^  that,  like  Cos  and  Halicamassus,  it 
fell  into  the  hands  of  Ptolemy  Philadelphus. 

In  his  reign,  a  Cnidian  architect,  Sostratos,  con- 
structed the  celebrated  Pharos  at  Alexandria,  and 
built  in  his  native  city  a  pensilia  ambulation  which 
was  probably  a  magnificent  terrace,  raised  upon 
columns.^  This  architect  was  styled  by  Strabo, 
"the  friend   of  kings,"  a  title  which  represented 

'  Strabo,  ii.  p.  119.  8  Idyll,  xvii.  66. 

^  Strabo,  xvii.  p.  791.  Plin.  H.  N.  xxxvi  12,  §  18.  Lucian. 
De  Hist.  Couscrib.  Ixii.     Stepb.  Byz.,  and  Suidas,  8.  v,  ^apoQ. 


358  HISTORY   OF   CNIDUS. 

a  certain  rank  and  office  in  the  court  of  the 
Ptolemies.* 

In  the  last  year  of  the  war  between  Antiochus 
the  Great  and  the  Romans,  B.C.  190,  we  find  the 
Cnidians  assisting  the  Koman  commander  Caius 
Livius.^  It  is  recorded  that  a  Cnidian  quinquereme 
formed  one  of  the  Rhodian  fleet,  which  shortly 
after  gained  a  victory  over  that  of  Antiochus  at 
Side.^ 

In  the  course  of  the  depredations  committed  by 
the  naval  league  of  Cilician  and  Cretan  cities, 
Cnidus,  like  Colophon  and  Samos,  was  taken  and 
plundered;^  and  its  commerce  must  have  been 
greatly  interrupted  by  this  piratical  confederacy, 
till  the  security  of  the  seas  was  restored  by  the 
vigorous  measures  adopted  by  Pompeyi 

In  his  brief  account  of  Cnidus,  Strabo"  makes 
mention  of  two  of  its  citizens  of  great  influence  in 
their  native  place,  and  who  were  specially  honoured 
by  the  friendship  of  Julius  Caesar.  These  were 
Theopompos,  and  his  son  Artemidoros,  the  latter 

i  Strabo,  loc  cit.     On  this  title,  see  Boeckh,  C.  I.  iii.  p.  290. 

i  Liv.  xxxvii.  16,  17.  k  Li  v.  xxxvii.  22. 

*  Cic.  pro  L.  Manil.  12. 

"  xiv.  p.  656.  After  the  establishment  of  the  Roman  empire, 
persons  of  influence  in  the  Greek  cities  ingratiated  themselves 
with  the  reigning  emperor,  partly  for  their  private  advantage,  and 
also,  in  many  cases,  in  the  interest  of  their  native  place,  for  which 
they  were  thus  enabled  to  obtain  special  privileges.  See  the  anec- 
dote respecting  Potamon,  son  of  Lesbonax,  Plehn,  Lesbiaca,  p.  218. 
In  the  Appendix,  No.  6,  is  a  dedication  by  the  people  of  Cnidus  to 
one  Servius  Sulpicius  Hekatseus,  who  is  styled  in  this  document 
"the  friend  of  Casar."  The  epithet  (PiXoKataap  is  of  frequent 
occurrence  in  inscriptions. 


HISTORY   OF   CNIDXJS.  359 

of  whom  warned  Caesar  of  the  conspiracy  against 
him,  on  the  Ides  of  March,  but  was  too  late  to  save 
his  life,"  The  names  of  both  these  persons  occur 
in  Cnidian  inscriptions  which  will  be  noticed  in  the 
Appendix,  Plate  XCIII.,  Nos,  47,  62. 

From  an  inscription  discovered  in  the  island 
of  Astypalsea  by  Dr.  Ludwig  Ross,°  it  appears 
that  the  emperor  Augustus  sent  Asinius  Gallus 
to  Cnidus,  to  make  inquiries  concerning  the  murder 
of  a  certain  Eubulus,  and  that  the  Cnidians  sent 
an  embassy  respecting  this  matter  to  Rome.  It  is 
not  improbable  that  the  person  respecting  whom 
Augustus  interested  himself  is  the  eponymous 
magistrate,  whose  name  occurs  both  on  a  coin  and 
on  the  handle  of  a  Cnidian  diota? 

Under  the  emperors,  Cnidus  formed  part  of  the 
province  of  Asia,  but  was  allowed  to  maintain 
its  municipal  freedom.*  We  learn  from  several  in- 
scriptions, that,  during  this  period  it  was  governed 
by  a  senate,  j3ouXij,  and  popular  assembly,  and  that 
its  chief  magistrate  was  called  demiourgos^  a  name 

»  Appian,  De  Bell.  Civ.  ii.  116.     Plut.  Cabs.  %5, 

®  Boss,  Inscript.  6r.  Ined.  Nos.  312--3. 

P  The  name  Eubulus  occurs  on  a  copper  coin  of  Cnidus  of  the 
Imperial  times,  described,  Leake,  Numismatica  Hellenica,  p.  44, 
and  of  which  there  is  an  example  in  the  British  Museum.  This 
name  also  occurs  on  the  handle  of  a  Cnidian  diota. — See  Stoddart, 
on  the  Inscribed  Pottery  of  Hhodes,  Cnidus,  &c.,  Transact.  Hoyal 
Soc.  Lit.  2nd  series,  iiL  p.  63. 

9  Boeckh,  C.  I.  No.  2653.  The  names  of  many  of  the  demiourgi 
of  Cnidus  occur  on  the  stamps  of  diota  published  by  Mr.  Stoddart 
in  his  Memoir  already  referred  to,  pp.  58,  71.  It  seems  probable, 
as  Mr.  Stoddart  supposes,  that  the  second  name  on  inscribed 
handles  is  that  of  the  priest  of  Helios. 


360  HISTORY   OF   CNIDUS. 

which  the  Cnidians  probably  retained  by  tradition 
from  their  Argive  ancestors.  Though  it  appears  from 
Aristotle  that  the  oligarchical  constitution  was  abo- 
lished in  his  time,  we  find  mention  of  the  a^Eo-rri^ 
as  president  of  the  Senate,  in  an  inscription  which 
can  hardly  be  earlier  than  the  Augustan  age. 

Though,  however,  the  old  names  were  thus  re- 
tained, it  does  not  follow  that  the  jSouX?/  of  the 
imperial  times  was  irresponsible  and  irremovable, 
like  the  old  council  of  the  a/tvij/tove^/  It  appears 
from  a  fragment,  Appendix,  No.  47,  that  decrees 
were  ratified  both  by  the  Senate  and  the  people. 

It  has  been  stated  that  Herodotus  places  the 
boundary  of  Cnidus  at  the  narrow  isthmus,  east 
of  which  was  the  Bubassian  Chersonese.  It  does 
not  appear  that  the  Cnidians  extended  their  frontier 
in  subsequent  times  beyond  these  narrow  limits ; 
and  it  may  be  inferred  from  the  general  tenor  of 
their  history,  that  here,  as  at  Corinth,  the  territory 
of  the  state  bore  no  proportion  to  the  extent  of  its 
commerce. 

The  insignificant  part  played  by  Cnidus  in  his- 
tory is  in  the  main  accounted  for  by  the  same 
cause  which  led  to  the  early  development  of  its 
commerce ;  namely,  its  geographical  position.     Its 

'  Lucian,  in  his  description  of  the  Temple  of  Venus  (Amores, 
xii.),  speaks  of  the  aariKoi  at  Cnidus,  as  distinguished  from  tbe 
voXiTiKoc  ox^oQ.  These  aarucoi  were,  probably,  the  descendants  of  the 
old  oligarchical  families,  who,  even  in  the  time  of  Lucian,  may  have 
retained  many  of  their  original  privileges,  and  lived  apart  from  the 
rest  of  the  citizens  in  the  aarvj  or  older  part  of  the  city.  On  the 
distinction  between  aorv  and  voXic,  see  Wachsmuth,  Hellenische 
Alterthumskunde,  Halle,  1846,  i.  pp.  803—807. 


t.i^ 


HISTORY  OF   CNIDUS.  361 

norrow  territory  lay  between  two  maritime  states, 
the  princes  of  Caria  and  the  Rhodians,  both  too 
formidable  at  sea  to  permit  the  development  of  an 
independent  naval  power  so  near  them. 

The  Cnidian  territory  was  noted  among  the 
ancients  for  the  excellence  of  several  of  its  natural 
productions.  Its  wines  were  considered  amongst 
the  best  in  Asiatic  Greece,  and  the  kind  called  pro- 
tropoa  was  particularly  celebrated.  This  was  the 
first  liquor  extracted  from  the  grapes  by  the  action 
of  their  own  weight,  before  they  were  artificially 
pressed."  To  this  day,  the  district  near  Cnidus 
produces  olive  oil  superior  in  quality  to  that  of  the 
Archipelago  generally. 

The  commercial  relations  between  Cnidus  and 
Egypt  commenced,  as  has  already  been  stated,  at 
a  very  early  date,  and  must  have  been  con- 
tinued to  the  Macedonian  and  Roman  periods. 
Eubulus,  quoted  by  Athenajus,*  praises  the  Kv/Sia 
xffgaftia,  probably  referring  in  this  expression  to 
those  very  Cnidian  diotcc  of  which  Mr.  Stoddart 
collected  the  handles  at  Alexandria,  and  in  which  the 
choice  wines  and  olive  oil  of  Cnidus  were  doubtless 
exported.  Other  valuable  productions  of  the  Trio- 
pian  soil,  such  as  the  Arundo  Donax^  or  reed  used 
for  writing,  and  the  xepoLTBa,  or  Ceratonia  Siliqua^"^ 

■  Strabo,  xiv.  p.  637.  Atiien.  i.  25  (59).  Leake,  Memoir  on 
Cnidus,  p.  12.  On  the  reverse  of  some  of  the  copper  coins  of 
'  Cnidus  are  two  bundles  of  grapes. 

^  A  then.  L  22  (50).  See  Casaubon  on  this  passage,  A  then.  ed. 
Schweigh.  1801,  i.  p.  211. 

°  This  tree  still  grows  wild  in  the  d is trictr  between  Cnidus  and 
the  Lion  tomb. 

n.  _       2  B 


362  HISTORr  OF  cnidus. 

are  enumerated  by  Col.  Leake  in  his  Memoir.  At 
the  present  day,  in  the  fertile  valleys  which  occur 
at  intervals  between  Cape  Crio  and  Datscha,  the 
fig-tree  and  the  almond  are  cultivated  by  the  Turks, 
but  the  nut  of  the  Vallonea  oak  forms  the  chief 
article  of  export. 


363 


CHAPTER  XIV. 

TOPOGRAPHICAL   DESCRIPTION    OF   THE    SITE 

OF   CNIDXJS. 

Walls  Burrouuding  the  City, — on  the  peninsula, — on  the  continent ; 
Acropolis ;  ancient  road  leading  from  the  east  through  Necro- 
polis ;  gates  on  the  north.  Spoliation  of  the  ruins  of  Cnidus 
by  Turks  and  Greeks.  Series  of  terraces  rising  from  the  har- 
bours ;  Doric  portico  ;  stoa  of  Sostratos.  Name  of  Theopompos 
on  a  piece  of  architrave.  Corinthian  temple,  supposed  to  be 
that  of  Venus :  platform  below  this  temple,  probably,  the  pen- 
bolus  of  Temple  of  Dionysos.  Theatre.  Agora  ;  Gymnasium. 
Temple  of  Apollo  and  Muses.  Ttmsnoa  of  Demeter.  Build- 
ings on  the  isthmus ;  absence  of  arcliitectural  remains  on 
the  peninsula ;  quay  cut  out  of  the  rock  ;  no  trace  of  site  of 
Temple  of  Apollo.  Name  Triopium  whether  applied  exclusively 
to  the  rocky  headland.  Homan  tomb.  Cisterns ;  ancient 
cemetery. 

The  physical  features  of  the  site  of  Cnidus  have 
been  already  described  at  the  commencement  of  the 
preceding  chapter.  It  remains  that  I  should  give 
some  explanation  of  the  plan  of  the  ancient  city 
(Plate  L.),  at  the  same  time  describing  the  present 
condition  of  the  principal  ruins. 

The  walls  of  Cnidus,  like  those  of  Halicarnassus, 
are  in  a  very  perfect  state  :  they  are  constructed 
of  the  limestone  of  the  district,  the  masonry  being 
partly  polygonal  and  partly  isodomous.  On  the 
Triopian  peninsula  they  inclose  about  two-thirds 
of  the   ancient   island,  following   on  the   west  a 

2  B  2 


364  TOPOGRAPHICAL    DESCRIPTION   OF 

natural  line  of  precipices  which  must  have  greatly 
assisted  the  defences  on  this  side.  This  line  extends 
from  the  summit  of  the  ridge  on  the  south  to  the 
mouth  of  the  smaller  harbour,  which  is  defended 
by  a  semicircular  tower,  still  remarkable  for  the  * 
solidity  of  its  masonry.  A  view  of  this  tower 
is  given  in  Plate  IJI.  Upper  View.  On  the  south, 
the  line  of  wall  can  only  be  traced  at  intervals,  as 
on  this  side  the  mountain-ridge  forms  a  natural 
sea-wall,  offering  to  an  invader  nothing  but  sheer 
precipices,  which  it  would  be  hardly  possible  to 
scale.  On  the  eastern  extremity  of  the  peninsula 
a  line  of  wall  runs  down  to  the  shore  outside  the 
mole  which  protects  the  larger  harbour. 

The  city  on  the  continent  is  fenced  in  by  a  lime- 
stone ridge,  which,  ascending  gradually  from  the 
western  shore,  terminates  on  the  east  in  a  kind  of 
natural  citadel. 

Behind  this  ridge,  on  the  north,  is  a  deep 
ravine,  which  may  be  considered  as  the  fosse  of 
this  natural  lino  of  defence,  and  which  affords 
very  few  approaches  by  which  its  steep  sides 
may  be  scaled.  Between  the  western  extremity 
of  the  ridge  and  the  mouth  of  the  smaller  har- 
bour the  ground  slopes  gradually  down  to  the  sea. 
The  lowness  of  the  shore  here  rendered  this  one  of 
the  points  in  the  line  of  the  fortifications  most  liable 
to  attack  from  the  sea.  South  of  the  Acropolis,  the 
ridge  terminates  in  a  sheer  precipice,  below  which 
the  ground  falls  in  a  steep  slope  to  the  sea.  This 
part,  like  the  corresponding  part  of  the  eastern  wall 
at  Budrum,  was  naturally  open  to  attack.  The  wall. 


THE   SITE   OF   CNIDUS.  365 

as  may  be  seen  by  the  Plan,  may  still  be  traced  from 
the  mouth  of  the  smaller  harbour  to  the  Acropolis 
on  the  east,  and  again  from  below  the  Acropolis  to 
the  water's  edge,  about  300  yards  east  of  the  mole,  to 
which  point  the  sea-wall  is  prolonged.  The  best- 
preserved  portions  of  the  wall  are  the  Acropolis, 
which  is  a  very  perfect  specimen  of  ancient  military 
architecture  (see  Plate  LXXIII.),  and  the  part 
nearest  the  sea,  on  the  east. 

The  opposite  shores  of  both  harbours  have-  been 
protected  by  a  sea-wall,  connected  at  its  extremities 
with  the  walls  encircling  the  city. 

The  principal  entrance  into  the  city  was  by  the 
gate  on  the  east.  The  ancient  road  leading  to  this  gate 
has  been  traced  by  Lieut.  Smith  for  some  distance 
into  the  peninsula.  Its  course,  which  is  marked 
by  tombs  on  each  side,  will  be  more  particularly 
described  in  a  subsequent  part  of  this  work. 

Two  other  gates  on  the  north  lead  to  the  valley 
below  by  winding  approaches. 

When  the  Dilettanti  mission  visited  Cnidus  in 
1812,  the  ruins  were  probably  very  much  more  ex- 
tensive than  at  present.  From  the  accessibility  of 
its  harbours,  this  site  has  been  much  resorted  to 
by  Turks  and  Greeks,  as  a  quarry,  for  building 
materials.  About  twenty  years  ago,  several  ship- 
loads of  marbles  were  removed  from  Cnidus,  by 
order  of  Mehemet  Ali,  Pasha  of  Egypt,  who  em- 
ployed them  in  the  construction  of  a  new  palace.* 

"  Tliis  took  place  some  years  befoi*e  Mr.  Waddington's  visit  to 
(Juidiis,  in  1851.  See  his  Memoir,  Revuo  Nuansmatique,  18.j1, 
\x  23D. 


366  TOPOGRAPHICAL   DESCRIPTION   OF 

Notwithstanding  this  extensive  spoliation,  the 
ruins  still  cover  a  very  large  area,  and,  from  the 
peculiar  configuration  of  the  site,  the  general  plan 
of  the  city  can  be  made  out  without  much  diffi- 
culty. As  has  been  already  noticed,  the  shores  of 
both  harbours  slope  gradually  upwards,  being  built 
in  a  succession  of  terraces,  at  right  angles  to  which 
are  streets  and  flights  of  steps.  These  terraces 
are  continued  up  to  the  very  foot  of  the  limestone 
ranges,  above  which  line  their  formation  would  have 
been  impossible,  on  account  of  the  steepness  of  the 
slope  and  the  absence  of  soil.  The  most  conspicuous 
of  these  terraces  on  the  continent  is  one  over- 
looking both  harbours,  and  marked  "  Doric  por- 
tico "  in  the  Plan.  Here  lie  the  ruins  of  a  stoa^ 
an  elevation  of  which,  restored  from  these  data, 
is  given  in  the  Dilettanti  volume  (Plates  XXVI. — 
XXVIII.).  It  has  been  supposed  by  Colonel  Leake, 
that  this  atoa  is  the  pensilis  ambulatio  built  by 
Sostratos  at  Cnidus,  about  the  time  of  Ptolemy 
Philadelphus,  and  the  authors  of  the  Dilettanti 
volume  confirm  this  opinion  by  the  statement  that 
the  Doric  in  this  stoa  coincides  not  only  in  its  pro- 
portions, but  in  all  the  dimensions,  with  that  of  the 
stoa  of  Philip  at  Delos. 

This  does  not  seem  an  improbable  conjecture; 
at  the  same  time  it  may  be  observed,  that,  among 
the  fragments  of  this  portico,  I  noticed  a  piece  of 
architrave,  inscribed  with  the  name  of  Theopom- 
pos,  in  majuscule  letters  (Appendix,  No.  78). 
These  letters  wer(5  evidently  part  of  an  inscription 
relating  to   the   edifice   of   which  the   architrave 


THE   SITE   OF   CNIDUS.  367 

formed  a  part.  It  is  to  be  presumed  that  the 
Theopompos  whose  name  is  thus  preserved,  was 
either  the  father  or  the  son  of  the  Artemidoros 
who  was  a  friend  to  Julius  Caesar ;  and  the  oc- 
currence of  this  name  in  so  conspicuous  a  part  of 
the  edifice  would  lead  us  to  ascribe  its  erection  to 
the  Augustan  rather  than  the  Macedonian  age. 
It  is,  however,  quite  possible  that  Theopompos, 
the  father  of  Artemidoros,  may  have  completed 
or  repaired  the  work  of  Sostratos. 

The  base  on  which  the  stoa  was  built  was  the 
native  rock  artificially  levelled,  along  the  southern 
side  of  a  large  rectangular  platform,  bounded  on  the 
east  and  north  by  a  street,  and  on  the  west  by  a 
terrace  wall. 

In  the  centre  of  this  platform  are  the  ruins  of  a 
small  Corinthian  temple,  of  which  a  restoration  is 
given  in  the  Dilettanti  volume,  Plates  IV. — X. 
Colonel  Leake  (ibid.  p.  22)  supposes  that  this 
temple  was  dedicated  to  Venus,  and  contained  the 
celebrated  statue  of  that  goddess  executed  by  Prax- 
iteles. His  reasons  for  this  opinion  will  be  con- 
sidered in  a  later  part  of  this  work. 

Immediately  to  the  south  of  the  Doric  stoa  are 
the  ruins  of  a  Byzantine  church.  Here  the  Dilettanti 
mission  noticed  some  fragments  of  Corinthian 
columns,  indicating  that  the  diameter  of  the  shaft 
was  four  feet.     These  were  of  defective  execution. 

Below  these  ruins  is  a  broad  terrace,  overlooking 
an  oblong  level  area,  equal  in  length  to  the  terrace. 
The  latter  forms  the  peribolvs  of  a  large  temple,  the 
ruins   of   which   lie  intermixed   with  those   of  a 


368  TOPOGRAPHICAL   DESCRIPTION   OF 

Byzantine  church.  It  will  be  snbsequently  shown, 
that  there  are  good  reasons  for  supposing  that  this 
temple  was  sacred  to  Dionysos.  Immediately  to  the 
east  of  the  peribolu^  is  a  theatre,  of  which  the  plan 
and  details  are  given  in  the  Dilettanti  volume,  Plates 
XXII. — XXV.  The  part  of  the  peribolus  between 
the  temple  and  theatre  is  shown  in  the  view  of  the 
encampment  of  the  expedition,  Plate  LI  I. 

To  the  west  of  the  peribolus  is  a  long  street, 
leading  straight  up  from  the  isthmus  to  a  gate  in 
the  northern  wall.  Immediately  to  the  west  of 
this  street  are  the  ruins  of  a  small  Doric  temple  on 
the  shore  of  the  smaller  harbour ;  and  bevond  this 
on  the  same  shore  a  square  area,  inclosed  by  a 
colonnade,  which  was  probably  the  Agora.^ 

North  of  this  is  a  building  marked  "  Corinthian 
Temple"  in  the  Plan,  which  is  situated  near  a 
fountain.  In  proceeding  northward  along  the 
street  leading  from  the  isthmus  to  the  city  gate, 
nothing  but  Byzantine  ruins  meet  the  eye.  The 
ground  is  covered  with  dense  brushwood,  amid 
which  appear,  at  intervals,  the  fragments  of  many 
vaulted  roofs  built  of  concrete  and  rubble,  which 
have  fallen  in  solid  masses.  In  the  centre  of  the 
high  terrace  wall  which  forms  the  western  boundary 
of  the  great  platform  already  described,  is  a  very 
small  theatre,  of  a  late  period.     On  the  northern 

^  On  the  shore,  between  the  Agora  and  the  isthmus,  I  found  a 
marble  inscribed  with  a  dedication  to  Athene  Nikephoros  and 
liestia  Boulaia  (Appendix,  No.  79).  From  the  mention  of  Hes- 
tia  in  tliis  inscription,  it  probably  belonged  to  the  Prj-taneum, 
which  may  have  stood  somewhere  on  this  shore. 


THE   SITE   OF   CNIDVS.  369 

side  of  the  same  platform  are  the  ruins  of  one  or 
more  buildings,  which  I  partially  explored  by  ex- 
cavation. My  reasons  for  believing  that  a  Gym- 
nasium stood  here  will  be  given  in  a  subsequent 
chapter. 

Beyond  these  ruins,  on  the  north,  is  a  street, 
which,  commencing  at  right  angles  to  the  street 
already  noticed,  appears  to  have  traversed  the 
entire  length  of  Cnidus,  about  midway  between  the 
harbour  and  the  fortified  heights  above,  issuing  out 
at  a  gate  in  the  eastern  wall.  On  the  side  of  this 
street,  opposite  to  the  supposed  Gymnasium,  are  the 
ruins  of  a  large  vaulted  building,  probably  of  the 
Byzantine  period ;  and,  further  to  the  east,  on  the 
same  side  of  the  street,  the  ruins  of  an  extensive 
building,*^  where  the  members  of  the  Dilettanti 
mission  discovered  the  remains  of  a  small  Ionic 
portico.  A  restoration  of  this  portico  is  given  in 
Plates  XII.— XXI.  of  their  work.  The  authors 
of  the  Dilettanti  volume  suppose  that  the  ruins 
on  this  site  are  those  of  Baths;  but  the  excava- 
tions which  we  made  here  did  not  confirm  this 
conjecture. 

Proceeding  eastward  from  this  point,  the  main 
street,  as  has  been  already  noticed,  traverses  the 
length  of  the  city,  leaving  on  the  right  the  site  of 
a  small  temple,  dedicated  to  Apollo  and  the  Muses, 
the  discovery  of  which  took  place  in  the  course  of 
the  expedition. 

A  little  further  on,  extensive  Byzantine  ruins  are 

*^  Marked  "  Roman  Building  **  in  tbe  Plan  of  Ouidus. 


370  TOPOGRAPHICAL   DESCRIPTION    OF 

4 

seen  on  the  north  side  of  the  street,  and  near  them, 
on  the  opposite  side,  the  remains  of  a  small  Doric 
building,  where  I  made  an  excavation. 

North  of  the  Byzantine  ruins  is  the  site  of  the 
largest  theatre  in  Cnidus,  which,  since  the  visit  of 
the  Dilettanti  mission,  has  been  stripped  of  nearly 
all  its  masonry. 

East  of  this  theatre  is  a  road,  leading  by  a  zigzag 
ascent  to  the  Acropolis,  at  the  north-eastern  corner 
of  the  city.  Immediately  below  the  steep  rock  of  the 
Acropolis  is  a  platform  or  peribolusy  anciently  dedi- 
cated to  Demeter  and  other  Chthonic  deities.  This 
platform  lies  a  little  north  of  the  street,  which  ter- 
minates at  the  eastern  gate.  South  of  this  part  of 
the  street  the  ground  falls  abruptly  nearly  to  the 
water's  edge,  and  there  are  very  slight  remains  of 
foundations  or  terrace  walls  ;  indeed,  from  the 
extreme  steepness  of  the  banks,  it  is  not  likely  that 
this  part  of  the  ancient  city  could  ever  have  been 
much  built  on.  Descending  from  the  eastern  gate 
to  the  harbour,  and  proceeding  along  the  shore 
westward,  we  come  to  a  small  theatre,  probably  an 
Odeum,  at  the  side  of  which  is  an  alcove.  A  plan 
and  view  of  these  buildings  are  given.  Plates  LIV. 
LXXII. 

Between  this  Odeum  and  the  larger  theatre,  near 
the  supposed  Temple  of  Bacchus,  the  ruins  along  the 
shore  consist  chiefly  of  terrace  walls.  At  the  north- 
eastern angle  of  the  periboltcs  of  the  Temple  of 
Bacchus,  a  flight  of  steps  led  up  to  a  street, 
bounding  the  great  upper  platform  on  the  east.  At 
the  summit  of  the  steps  are  the  foundations  of  a 


THE    SITE   OF   CNIDUS,  371 

small  Roman  building  *^  on  the  eastern  side  of  the 
street,  where  I  found  several  inscriptions. 

On  the  isthmus  are  extensive  lines  of  founda- 
tions and  some  fragments  of  large  white  columns  of 
the  Corinthian  order. 

The  whole  area  contained  within  the  city  on  the 
continent  has  now  been  noticed,  vrith  the  exception 
of  the  ruins  lying  immediately  west  of  the  Agora. 

On  the  quay,  at  the  head  of  the  smaller  harbour, 
are  foundations,  apparently  of  a  large  building,  and 
a  little  north  of  the  north-west  corner  of  the  Agora^ 
is  the  site  of  another  public  edifice,  built  of  massive 
blocks  of  marble.  This  is  marked  "  Larger  Build- 
ing"  in  the  Plan. 

Passing  across  the  isthmus  by  some  remains, 
which  appear  to  be  the  foundations  of  an  ancient 
bridge,  we  come  to  the  peninsula,  once  an  island. 
Here  are  scarcely  any  architectural  remains  on  the 
surface,  except  a  succession  of  parallel  terrace  walls, 
connected  at  intervals  by  flights  of  steps.  A  view  of 
these  terraces  is  given  in  the  Lower  View,  Plate  LI. 

The  promontory,  at  the  eastern  extremity  df  this 
peninsula,  bends  round,  forming  a  small  bay  or 
recess  in  the  harbour.  This  part  of  the  harbour  is 
well  sheltered  from  the  south,  and,  when  the  mole 
was  perfect,  must  have  afforded  safe  and  convenient 
anchorage  close  into  shore.  Hence,  the  rock  has 
been  levelled,  so  as  to  form  a  broad  quay  for  the 
disembarkation  of  merchandise.' 

^  Marked  "  Small  Roman  Building"  on  the  Plan. 
^  See  Plate  LI.     The  tents  shown  in  this  view  are  immediately 
above  the  quay. 


372  TOPOG'RAPHICAL   DESCRIPTION    OF 

It  has  been  taken  for  granted  by  Leake  and 
other  writers,  that,  when  ancient  authors  speak  of 
the  Triopiuni,  they  apply  this  term  exclusively  to 
the  headland,  now  called  Cape  Crio,  and,  conse- 
quently that  the  temple  of  the  Triopian  Apollo 
must  be  looked  for  on  this  peninsula,  and  nowhere 
else.  Such  seems  certainly  the  reasonable  infer- 
ence to  be  drawn  from  several  well-known  passages, 
ill  one  of  which  the  Triopium  is  described  as  an 
axpwTT^pioy  or  headland ;'  and,  though  there  is  no 
trace  of  such  a  temple  on  the  peninsula,  and  an 
area  sufficient  for  such  an  edifice  is  scarcely  to  be 
found  there ;  still,  it  is  quite  possible  that  on 
ground  so  steep  all  vestiges  of  such  a  site  may 
have  been  swept  away  by  the  action  of  mountain 
torrents. 

There  is,  however,  a  passage  in  Herodotus  (i.  174) 
in  which  the  term  Triopium  seems  to  be  applied, 
not  only  to  the  headland  of  Cape  Crio,  but  to  the 
whole  district  east  of  Cnidus,  as  far  as  the  narrow 
isthmus  which  formed  the  boundary  of  the  Bubas^ 
sian  territory ;  and  hence  it  has  been  thought  that 
the  Triopian  lepov,  or  sacred  precinct  round  the 
Temple  of  Apollo,  may  have  been  situated  some- 
where in  the  territory  of  Cnidus,  east  of  the  city 
itself.^    There  are,  however,  as  far  as  I  know,  no 

^  To  ci  TpioTTioy  aicpwTripioy  Tfj^  Kvilov. — Jason,  ap.  Schol.  Theokr. 
Idyl.  xvii.  G9.  Compare  Thucjd.  viii.  35  :  "Eort  ^e  to  Tpwirwi' 
aKpa  rr/c  Kvicov  frpou\ov<ra,  'AttoWoivoc  ttpoy.  Pliny,  N.  IT.  V.  28, 
§  29,  states  that  Cnidus  was  known  successively  by  the  names 
Triopia,  Pegusa,  and  Stadia.  Stephanus  Byzantinus,  s.  t\,  describes 
Triopium  as  ttoKic  Kapiuc, 

8  S(?o  the  note  in  Rawlinsou's  Translation  of  Herodotus,  i.  174. 


THE    SITE    OF   CNIDUS.  373 

ruins  in  any  part  of  the  peninsula  east  of  Cnidus 
at  all  likely  to  be  those  of  the  Temple  of  Apollo, 
and  I  am,  on  the  whole,  inclined  to  think  that  the 
term  Triopium  was  originally  applied  to  the  head- 
land now  called  Cape  Crio,  and  that,  in  the  passage 
already  referred  to,  Herodotus  is  speaking,  not  of 
the  headland  itself,  but  of  the  territory  gradually 
added  to  it  by  the  Cnidian  settlers. 

It  seems  to  me  much  more  probable  that  the 
headland  was  selected  as  the  site  of  the  Temple 
of  Apollo,  than  any  site  further  to  the  east, 
from  the  fact  that  this  temple  was  the  place  of 
meeting  of  the  league  of  maritime  cities,  called 
the  Dorian  Hexapolis. 

It  might  be  expected  d  priori  that  the  site  of 
.  such  a  temple  would  be  convenient  of  access  to 
all  the  members  of  the  Lcjp^gue,  and  at  the  same 
time  a  place  of  security,  where  gatherings  might 
take  place,  and  treasure  might  be  deposited  in 
troublous  times.  It  has  been  already  shown  that 
the  headland  of  Cape  Crio,  from  its  natural 
strength  and  geographical  position,  would  pre- 
sent such  a  rallying-point  and  place  of  refuge  to 
the  members  of  the  League, 

In  the  part  of  the  peninsula  to  the  north-west 
of  the  city  walls,  are  the  ruins  of  a  tomb  of  the 
Homan  period,  a  more  particular  description  of 
which  will  be  given  in  a  subsequent  chapter. 

Cnidus  abounds  in  cisterns,  in  which  the  rain- 
water must  have  been  collected  in  antiquity,  and  on 
which  the  inhabitants  must  have  mainly  depended 
for  their  supply,  as  at  present  there  appears  to  be 


374      DESCRIPTION    OF    THE    SITE    OF    CNIDITS. 

only  one  natural  spring  within  the  city  walls.  These 
cisterns  are  cut  out  of  the  native  rock  in  the  form 
of  a  pear,  and  are  lined  with  cement. 

Along  the  road  leading  eastward  from  the  town 
are  several  fountains.  It  has  been  already  no- 
ticed, that  this  road  passes  through  an  extensive 
cemetery,  which  will  be  described  in  a  subsequent 
chapter. 

I  shall  now  proceed  to  give  a  detailed  account  of 
the  several  excavations  carried  on  in  the  course  of 
the  expedition  on  the  site  of  Cnidus,  or  in  its 
environs. 


375 


CHAPTER   XV. 

TEMENOS   OF   BEMETER,    PERSEPHONE,    AND 

PLUTO   EPIMACHOS. 

Platform  below  the  Acropolis.  Scarped  rock  on  the  north. 
Niches.  Discovery  of  alele  on  this  site.  Seated  figure  of 
Demeter.  Statuette  of  Persephone.  Lamps  ;  ten^acotta-s ;  foun- 
dations. Inscription  recording  dedication  by  Chrysina ;  other 
inscriptions  j  remains  of  sculpture  :  head  of  Demeter  ;  leaden 
tablets  inscribed  with  Dira^.  Small  circular  chamber  ;  con- 
tents :  inscriptions,  sculptures,  marble  pigs,  marble  breasts, 
tablets,  glass.  Other  foundations  ;  lamps,  terracottas.  Statue 
of  Demeter  Achsea ;  deities  a-ssociated  with  her  in  this 
temenos ;  terracotta  representing  Hekate;  fragments  of  sculp- 
ture and  of  Doric  architecture  ;  fissure  in  the  native  rock  ; 
inscription  containing  dedication  to  Pluto  Epimachos ;  wall 
running  through  temenos ;  stone  spout ;  drain.  Summary  of 
the  whole  evidence  ;  the  original  temple  erected  on  this  site, 
probably  dedicated  by  some  particular  family,  and  subsequently 
thrown  down  by  an  eai*thquake  :  reasons  for  considering  the  scarp 
a  natuiiil  formation  ;  the  site  probably  dedicated  to  the  Infernal 
Deities,  as  having  been  the  scene  of  some  convulsion  of  nature  ; 
other  instances  of  Plutonia  so  selected  in  Greece  and  Asia 
Minor  ;  no  i*emains  outside  the  jyeriholus. 

On  reference  to  the  Plan  and  Section  (Plate  LIII.), 
it  will  be  seen  that  the  southern  side  of  the  Acro- 
polis is  defended  by  a  precipice,  immediately  below 
which  is  an  artificial  platform,  rather  more  than 
85  paces  in  length,  supported  on  three  sides  by  a 
wall  of  massive  polygonal  masonry,  and  jutting  out 
like  a  pier  from  the  side  of  the  mountain. 


376         TEMENOS   OP  DEMETER,    PERSEPHONE, 

To  the  north  the  level  of  the  platform  terminates 
in  broken  rocky  ground,  bounded  by  a  natural 
wall  of  precipice,  which  has  here  a  uniform  surface, 
sloping  at  an  angle  of  79^  with  such  regularity  as 
to  suggest  the  idea  that  it  has  been  scarped  by  the 
hand  of  man.  This  natural  wall  is  from  50'  to 
70'  high,  and  about  320'  in  length. 

In  the  steep  face  of  the  rock  three  niches  are 
cut,  which  must  have  contained  statues  or  other 
votive  objects.  (Plates  LIII.  LIV.)  Of  these 
niches,  the  one  on  the  right  has  on  its  base  a 
Greek  inscription,  of  which  only  a  few  letters 
can  be  deciphered.  It  contains  a  dedication  to 
Demeter  in  two  lines.  (See  Appendix,  No.  80.) 
This  niche  is  4'  4"  high  by  2'  2 J"  deep.  Its  width 
is  2'  5F. 

The  niche  on  the  left,  which  is  the  tallest  of  the 
three,  has  been  lined  with  a  fine  cement,  painted 
bright  blue,  so  as  to  form  a  background  for  a 
statue.  Much  of  this  lining  still  remains  in  the 
niche.  The  colour  is  a  pigment,  which  seems  to 
have  been  chymically  united  with  the  cement,  as 
in  fresco. 

In   the   "  Ionian  Antiquities  "  *  and  Admiralty 

*  Pt.  iii.  p.  22.  "  Near  its  entrance  into  the  city,  and  immedi- 
ately under  the  citadel,  the  rock,  rising  perpendicularly,  is  worked 
fair  some  forty  or  fifty  feet  high  ;  in  the  lower  part  of  this  artificial 
face  are  three  niches,  one  small  and  two  larger,  with  architectural 
fronts  consisting  of  anke  on  an  inscribed  but  now  illegible  sill. 
The  capitals,  which  were  of  a  different  material,  no  longer  exist. 
Before  this  rock  spreads  a  terrace  150'  wide,  formed  of  polygonal 
masonry,  of  which  the  partially  strait  beds  of  the  return  sides 
incline  very  much  to  the  slope  of  the  hill.     Before  and  below  this 


AND   PLUTO   EPIMACHOS.  377 

chart,  this  spot  is  noted  as  containing  statues,  and 
this  indication  led  me  to  visit  the  ground.  The 
first  object  which  caught  my  eye  was  a  small  Greek 
^telSj  2'  4^''  high,  on  which  were  the  remains  of  a 
dedicatory  inscription.  (Appendix,  No.  27.  See 
Plate  LXXXIX.) 

Close  to  this  stelS  was  the  statue  noticed  by  the 
Dilettanti  mission.  On  clearing  away  the  earth 
with  which  it  was  nearly  covered,  it  proved  to  be 
a  draped  female  seated  in  a  chair.  The  head,  hands, 
and  feet  were  wanting,  and  the  parts  projecting 
above  the  soil  had  suffered  much  from  exposure. 

On  uncovering  the  entire  figure,  however,  I  found 
that  much  of  the  drapery  was  in  fine  condition,  and 
the  composition  was  very  good. 

I  then  commenced  digging  round  the  spot  where 
the  steliS  was  still  standing,  and,  a  few  feet  nearer 
the  escarp,  came  upon  a  small  statue  in  Parian 
marble,  lying  only  a  few  inches  below  the  sur- 
face.    (Plate  LVII.) 

It  represents  a  female  figure  clad  in  a  talaric 
chiton  and  peplos.  On  her  head  is  a  modiuSj  par- 
tially covered  with  the  peplos,  which  hangs  down 
on  each  side  of  the  neck.  In  her  right  hand  she 
holds  a  pomegranate  flower,  with  her  left  she  is 
gathering  up  the  folds  of  her  peplos.  A  smile 
plays  over  the  features. 

The  type  of  this  figure  may  be  at  once  recognized 

terrace  we  found  the  headless  statue  of  a  seated  femaie,  of  fine 
style  and  execution,  which  had  once,  probably,  occupied  one  of 
the  niches  above ;  it  is  of  Parian  marble,  and  the  head  is  not  of 
the  same  block  as  the  body." 

II.  2   C 


378        TEMENOS   OF  DEMETER,   PERSEPHONE, 

as  that  to  which  Gerhard  has  given  the  name 
Aphrodite  Persephone.^ 

The  execution  of  this  figure,  though  somewhat 
careless;  is  bold  and  free,  as  is  the  case  with  the 
terracottas  of  the  best  period  of  Greek  art.  The 
body  was  in  one  piece  when  found,  but  a  blow 
from  a  pick  unluckily  broke  it  at  the  knees. 
The  head  was  found  at  a  short  distance  from  the 
body.  The  surface  of  the  sculpture  is  otherwise 
in  very  good  condition.  The  entire  height  of  this 
figure  is  1'  5". 

"With  the  body  were  found  a  number  of  black 
lamps,  and  the  head  was  wedged  in  among  a  mass 
of  them.  I  proceeded  to  extract  these  from  the 
earth,  and  clearing  away  more  ground,  ascertained 
that  I  had  opened  an  inclosure  bounded  by  four 
rough  walls,  about  12'  long  and  4'  wide.  The  sides 
and  bottom  were  lined  with  a  fine  cement. 

In  this  compartment  were  a  number  of  lamps 
of  black  glazed  ware.  On  digging  round  this 
inclosure  I  discovered  a  number  of  rough  founda- 
tion-walls intersecting  each  other  at  right  angles, 
so  as  to  form  a  group  of  small  cells  or  compart- 
ments. It  will  be  seen  by  reference  to  the  Plan 
that  these  foundations  lie  along  the  eastern  peri^ 
bolus  wall,  being  bounded  on  the  west  by  a  wall 
running  north  and  south  parallel  to  the  east  side 
of  the  platform. 

The  depth  from  the  surface  of  the  ground  to  the 

^  See  Gerhard,  Venere  e  Proserpina, — Fieaole,  1826,  where  the 
extant  examples  of  this  rare  type  are  enumerated.  Compare 
Kunstblatt,  Stuttgart  und  Tuebingen,182d,  Nos.  16 — 19. 


AND   PLUTO  EPIMACHOS.  379 

bottom  of  the  compartments  varied  from  2'  to  4!. 
Several  of  them  had  been  lined  throughout  with 
stucco,  which  still  remained  in  places.  I  continued 
to  find  black  lamps,  and  in  two  of  the  compart- 
ments were  terracotta  figures,  all  representing  a 
young  girl  bearing  a  pitcher  of  water.  I  found 
seven  or  eight  of  these  figures,  exactly  similar  in 
type.  Traces  of  colour  were  visible  on  two  of 
them.  In  Plate  LX.,  fig.  10,  one  of  these  Hydrophori 
is  represented.  They  are  very  elegant  in  composi- 
tion, but  carelessly  modelled,  as  was  often  the  case 
with  terracottas. 

Within  the  compartments  were  several  unbroken 
ridge-tiles  of  an  imusual  length.  On  first  exploring 
this  ground  I  supposed  that  the  cells  or  compart- 
ments were  walled  graves,  which  had  been  lined 
with  stucco  and  covered  with  tiles,  and  that,  from 
their  position  on  sloping  ground  at  the  foot  of  a 
precipice,  and  from  the  shallowness  of  the  super- 
incumbent soil,  these  tile  roofs  had  been  carried 
away  by  the  action  of  water,  and  the  contents  of 
the  graves  disturbed  and  broken.  But  in  none  of 
the  ceUs  was  there  any  trace  of  bones,  or  of  the 
fine  black  earth  which  would  have  remained  after 
their  decomposition,  and  which  is  generally  found 
at  the  bottom  of  Greek  graves.  Nor  had  the  com- 
partments the  form  usual  in  graves,  several  of  them 
being  square,  and  too  small  to  admit  the  body  of 
an  adult. 

The  walls  of  these  inclosures  were  built  in  the 
roughest  manner,  without  cement.  The  material 
was  mostly  rubble :  squared  stones,  evidently  from 

2  c  2 


380        TEMENOS   OF   DEMETER,    PERSEPHONE, 

some  previous  building,  were  occasionally  used  in 
the  courses.  Tertiary  limestone  was  the  principal 
material  employed.  At  the  distance  of  8'  6"  from 
the  western  boundary  of  these  inclosures  was  a 
curious  conical  mass,  about  3'  high  by  3'  6"  dia- 
meter, composed  of  earth,  faced  all  round  with 
cement,  and  resting  on  rubble.  Ashes  were  ob- 
servable about  it.  I  subsequently  discovered  a 
similar  conical  heap  in  the  rubble  at  the  western 
end  of  the  temenos. 

After  laying  bare  this  group  of  foundations,  I 
determined  to  explore  the  whole  platform;  and, 
on  removing  the  upper  soil  throughout,  made  the 
following  discoveries : — 

Immediately  to  the  west  of  the  group  of  cells  I 
found  a  limestone  base,  2'  10"  by  2'  2"  by  V  2^". 

On  the  top  was  an  elliptical  hollow  for  the  re- 
ception of  the  feet  of  a  statue.  On  the  front  was 
an  inscription  (Plate  LXXXIX.,  No.  15)  recording 
the  dedication  of  an  edifice,  o7xo^,  and  a  statue, 
ayaX/ta,  to  Demeter  and  Persephone,  by  Chrysina, 
wife  of  Hippokrates,  and  mother  of  Chrysogone. 

It  is  further  stated  that  this  dedication  was 
made  in  obedience  to  Hermes,  who,  appearing  in 
a  dream,  declared  to  Chrysina  that  she  should  be 
the  priestess  of  these  goddesses  at  a  place  called 
Tathne,  which,  it  is  to  be  presumed,  was  the  name 
of  the  temenos  itself.     (See  Appendix,  No.  16.) 

Close  to  this  base  was  another,  also  of  limestone, 
2'  2"  by  r  11"  by  1'  6^",  with  an  oblong  aperture 
at  the  top,  r  by  8"  by  4^". 

This    base  was  inscribed    with  a  dedication  to 


AND   PLUTO  EPIMACHOS.  381 

Demeter  and  Persephone,  by  Plathainis,  wife  of 
Plato,  as  a  thank-offering  and  atonement.  (Plate 
LXXXIX.,  fig.  18.) 

Immediately  to  the  west  of  these  inscriptions  I 
found  a  female  head,  rather  under  life-size.  The 
head-dress  is  of  the  kind  called  opisthosphendone, 
and  is  rarely  to  be  met  with  in  sculpture.  This 
head  belongs  to  the  best  period  of  Greek  art,  and 
probably  represents  Persephone.  It  is  in  excellent 
condition. 

Close  to  this  head  I  found  a  hand  and  arm,  which 
must  have  belonged  to  the  statue  of  a  young  girl, 
and  several  other  fragments  of  extremities,  some 
of  which  belonged  to  statues  larger  than  life ;  others 
to  smaller  figures.  Among  these  was  a  term,  from 
which  the  head  had  been  broken  away  at  the  neck. 

The  present  length  of  this  term  is  4!  2" ;  the 
width  at  the  top  is  8|''  by  7^",  whence  it  tapers  to 
W  by  7i^"-  The  foot  has  been  broken  away.  The 
head  is  wanting. 

Close  to  this  spot  I  found  a  small  ram's  head  in 
marble,  and,  immediately  to  the  east  of  the  two 
bases,  a  mass  of  sculpture  lying  on  the  top  of  one 
of  the  walls  of  the  cells. 

This  consisted  of  the  half  of  a  female  hand, 
rather  larger  than  life,  part  of  a  very  small  term,  or 
ateU,  VJY  long  by  b"  wide,  by  4"  deep  at  the  base, 
and  a  veiled  female  head  rather  larger  than  life. 

This  head  belongs  to  the  seated  female  figure 
already  mentioned,  which  has  a  socket  into  which 
the  neck  fits.     (See  Plate  LV.) 

The  figure  to  which  this  head  belongs  is  that 


382        TEMENOS  OF  DEMETEB,  PERSEPHONE, 

of  a  female  a  little  past  the  prime  of  life,  and  without 
douht  represents  Demeter.  The  drapery,  which 
consists  of  a  peplos  wound  round  the  body  over  a 
talaric  chiton,  is  richly  composed;  the  folds  are 
wrought  to  a  sharp  edge,  as  in  the  Elgin  sculptures. 
The  body  appears  too  short  from  the  bosom  to 
the  hips,  a  peculiarity  which  may  have  been  in- 
tended to  correct  some  optical  deception  in  the 
perspective  view  of  the  figure.  The  back  of  the 
statue  is  left  flat,  and  must  have  been  concealed 
from  view.  It  probably  stood  in  one  of  the  niches 
already  described,  as  has  been  supposed  by  the 
authors  of  the  **  Ionian  Antiquities,"  who  notice 
the  fine  workmanship  and  material  of  this  figure 
in  their  description  of  the  site  where  it  was  lying. 
The  countenance  is  one  of  exquisite  beauty,  with 
a  most  tender  and  refined  expression.  The  height 
of  this  figure,  inclusive  of  the  head,  is  rather  more 
than  five  feet. 

Close  to  these  remains  of  statues,  I  found  in 
several  places  portions  of  thin  sheets  of  lead, 
broken  and  doubled  up.  On  being  unrolled,  these 
sheets  proved  to  be  tablets  inscribed  with  impreca- 
tions, DircB,  in  the  name  of  Demeter,  Persephone, 
and  the  other  infernal  deities  to  which  the  temenoa 
was  dedicated.  The  text  of  these  inscriptions  will 
be  found.  Appendix,  Nos.  81 — 95. 

After  these  discoveries  I  continued  to  explore 
the  site  to  the  west,  digging  up  to  the  foot  of  the 
escarp,  where  the  ground  admitted  this.  At  the 
distance  of  about  45'  to  the  west  of  the  rough  in- 
closures,  we  found  part  of  a  colossal  left  foot  in  a 


AND   PLUTO   EPIMACHOS.  383 

sandal,  sculptured  in  white  marble.  On  the  sandal 
were  traces  of  red  colour.  Close  to  this  foot  was  a 
mass  of  stones  and  rubble,  on  removing  which  the 
walls  of  a  small  chamber  became  visible,  nearly  on 
a  level  with  the  surface  of  the  field.  This  chamber 
was  of  an  elliptical  form ;  but  it  may  have  been 
originally  circular,  and  thrown  out  of  its  shape  by 
an  earthquake.  It  was  built  of  tertiary  limestone 
blocks,  without  mortar ;  the  joints  of  the  masonry 
were  all  more  or  less  disturbed,  as  if  their  struc- 
ture had  been  dislocated  by  some  great  shock. 
The  highest  courses  of  this  wall  were  on  a  level 
with  the  present  surface  of  the  field ;  the  dimen- 
sions of  the  interior  of  the  chamber  were  9'  for 
the  longest  diameter  of  the  ellipse,  by  &  3". 

The  mass  of  stones  and  rubble  with  which  it  was 
filled  up  appeared  to  be  the  ruins  of  the  roof,  which 
was  probably  an  example  of  Egyptian  vaulting.  On 
removing  this  mass,  a  number  of  small  slabs  and 
cubes  of  marble  and  limestone  were  extracted ;  some 
entire,  some  in  fragments.  These  were  mostly  in- 
scribed. 

Intermixed  with  them  were  sculptures  and 
various  miscellaneous  antiquities,  filling  up  the 
chamber  to  the  depth  of  7'. 

The  whole  mass  of  objects  discovered  may  be 
thus  classified : — 

(1.)  Limestone  base,  14"  by  12"  by  8^",  in- 
scribed with  a  dedication  to  Persephone,  by  a 
priestess  whose  name  is  broken  away.  (Plate 
LXXXIX.,  No.  26.) 

On  this  base  stood  a  stele^  which  was  found  de- 


384    TEMENOS  OF  DEMETEB,  PERSEPHONE, 

taclied  in  three  fragments.  The  entire  height  of 
the  base  and  steU  together  is  3'  8''.  The  stele  is 
surmounted  by  a  head  very  much  worn  and  de- 
faced, and  executed  in  a  coarse  conventional  style. 
(Plate  LVIII.,  fig.  1.) 

This  head  represents  Persephone,  to  whom  the 
dedicaiion  was  made.  It  is  surmounted  by  the 
moditiSf  the  symbol  distinctive  of  that  goddess. 

(2.)  Base,  2'  4"  by  10^",  by  2f'  deep ;  inscribed  on 
the  edge  with  a  dedication  to  Demeter  and  Perse- 
phone, by  Adinna,  daughter  of  Sopolis,  and  wife  of 
Polychares,  and  her  children.  (Plate  LXXXIX., 
No.  16.) 

On  either  end  of  the  upper  surface  is  a  sink- 
ing :  one  of  these  is  square,  the  other  an  irregular 
oblong.  The  small  term  discovered  with  the  veiled 
female  head,  ante^  p.  381,  was  found  to  fit  into  the 
sunk  square.     (See  Plate  LXXXIII.,  fig.  4.) 

(3.)  Limestone  base.  Length,  ISf"  by  r,  by  2|" 
in  depth;  inscribed  on  one  of  the  narrow  ends 
with  a  dedication  to  the  Dioscuri,  avaxres.  (Plate 
LXXXIX.,  No.  24.) 

(4.)  Base,  18^  by  12"  by  11",  inscribed  with 
a  dedication  to  Demeter,  by  Diokleia,  daughter 
of  Nikagoras,  and  wife  of  Archidamos.  (Plate 
LXXXIX.,  No.  13.) 

The  letters  are  beautifully  cut.  A  cornice  projects 
1^"  over  this  base  in  front  and  at  the  side. 

(5.)  Limestone  base,  12f'  by  10^",  by  3^"  in 
depth,  inscribed  with  a  dedication  of  a  votive 
offering,  fiup^ij,  to  Demeter  and  Persephone,  by 
Xeno.     (Plate  LXXXIX.,  No.  22.) 


AND  PLUTO   EPIMACHOS.  385 

From  the  form  of  the  letters  and  the  disuse  of 
the  Doric  dialect  in  this  inscription,  it  is  probably 
the  latest  of  all  those  discovered  in  the  chamber. 

On  the  upper  surface  is  a  round  socket  6"  in 
diameter,  by  1^''  deep.  A  Galathua  of  white 
marble  fitted  into  this  socket.  This  Calathus  is 
15^"  high  by  12^"  diameter  at  the  mouth.  (Plate 
LVIII.,  fig.  12.) 

(6.)  Limestone  base,  15f ''  by  V2!'  by  8'',  inscribed 
with  a  dedication  to  Demeter  and  Persephone, 
by  Plathainis,  wife  of  Plato.  (Plate  LXXXIX., 
No.  17.) 

(7.)  Base  broken  at  one  end,  of  which  the  pre- 
sent length  is  18''  by  8^'',  by  If",  inscribed  with 
a  dedication  to  Persephone,  by  Plathainis.  (Plate 
LXXXIX.,  No.  19.) 

This  base  originally  supported  a  small  boar  T 11" 
long,  which  was  found  detached,  and  has  been  re- 
united.    (Plate  LVIII.,  fig.  3.) 

(8.)  Pig.  Length  2'  2^  \  broken  off  from  a  base 
20^"  long :  the  legs  were  in  separate  fragments. 
(Plate  LVIII.,  fig.  2.) 

(9, 10.)  Two  pigs,  or  boars ;  length  12^''. 

(11, 12^.)  Two  calves,  one  18",  the  other  17" 
long.  The  hind  legs  were  detached  fragments; 
the  bases  were  wanting.     (Plate  LVIII.,  fig.  4.) 

(13.)  Pemale  head  broken  off  at  the  neck,  T  high, 
inclusive  of  the  neck.  The  hair  is  drawn  back  from 
the  forehead,  after  the  fashion  of  Diana  Venatrix. 

(14.)  Base  of  coarse  freestone  13"  by  11^"  by  6^". 
On  the  upper  surface  is  a  triangular  socket,  4^" 
each  way  by  1"  in  depth. 


386        TEMENOS   OF  DEMETEB,   PERSEPHONE, 

This  was  probably  the  base  of  a  small  figure 
of  Hekate  Trifonnis,  similar  to  one  the  base  of 
which  I  discovered  in  another  part  of  the  teme- 
no8. 

(15,)  A  portion  of  drapery  from  the  shoulder  of 
a  colossal  figure. 

(16.)  A  female  hand,  under  life-size. 

(17.)  The  back  of  a  hoad  in  very  bad  condition. 

All  the  sculpture  and  bases  in  the  foregoing  list 
are  executed  in  fine  white  marble,  except  in  the 
cases  in  which  I  have  specified  another  material. 

The  style  of  the  sculpture  is  not  inferior  to  that 
of  the  statues  and  busts  previously  found  on  the 
same  site,  except  in  the  case  of  the  two  calves, 
which  are  treated  in  a  conventional  manner. 

The  interest  of  these  works  of  art  is  greatly  in- 
creased by  the  inscriptions  found  with  them,  which, 
in  three  cases  (Nos.  1,  5,  and  7)  of  the  foregoing 
list,  may  be  re-adjusted  to  the  objects  of  which 
they  record  the  dedication. 

(18.)  Fourteen  objects,  which  are,  perhaps,  vo- 
tive offerings. 

Each  consists  of  a  pair  of  female  breasts  placed 
on  a  plinth,  and  connected  by  a  handle. 

The  plinths  vary  in  scale,  ranging  in  length  from 
6f "  to  1^''.  The  depth  of  the  longest  is  nearly  3''. 
Specimens  of  them  are  engraved,  Plate  LVIII., 
figg.  5 — 9. 

These  objects  are  sculptured  in  white  marble ; 
on  the  surface  of  nearly  all  are  traces  of  a  thick 
pigment  with  which  they  have  been  coloured.  The 
breasts  vary  in  form ;  some  appear  to  be  those  of 


AND  PLUTO  EFIHACHOS.  387 

young  girls ;  others  of  women  who  have  suckled 
children. 

It  is  well  known  that  the  custom  of  dedicating 
models  of  any  part  of  the  hody  which  had  been 
affected  by  disease  has  been  retained  from  pagan 
antiquity  both  by  the  Greek  and  Eoman  churches. 

Votive  breasts,  sculptured  in  marble,  may  be 
seen  in  the  Elgin  Collection,  and  are  not  uncom- 
mon in  museums.  The  form  here  described,  how- 
ever, is  very  unusual.^  On  the  handles  are  incised 
marks  resembling  Boman  numerals,  but,  appa« 
rently,  only  meant  for  ornament.  The  general 
form  of  the  plinth  and  handle  of  these  objects 
led  me  to  think  that  they  might  be  weights ; 
and  on  testing  them  in  the  scales,  they  exhibited 
certain  relative  proportions  which  can  hardly  be 
accounted  for  on  any  other  supposition.^ 

(19.)  With  these  breasts  was  found  a  similar 
plinth,  on  which  two  heads,  however,  of  Cupids 
were  substituted  for  the  pair  of  breasts.  These 
heads  were  placed  back  to  back,  being  connected, 
Uke  the  breasts,  by  a  handle  rising  between  them. 
(Plate  LVIII.,  fig.  7.) 

As  the  sculpture  which  had  fallen  into  the  cham- 
ber was  removed,  we  came  to  a  stratum  of  smaller 
and  more  fragile  objects  below. 

Several  lamps  of  the  Roman  period,  an  ampho' 

«  Two  pairs,  similar  to  those  from  Cnidus,  were  found  by  Sir 
C.  Fellows  in  the  ruins  of  Xanthus,  and  are  now  in  the  British 
Museum.  In  one  of  these  specimens,  the  handle  seems  fiashioned 
so  as  to  represent  a  thunderbolt. 

^  An  account  of  the  results  obtained  by  weighing  these  objects 
will  form  the  subject  of  one  of  the  Appendices  of  this  volume. 


388    TEMENOS  OF  DEMETER,  PERSEPHONE, 

riakoSj  several  small  saucers,  and  vases  of  plain 
unvarnished  red  ware,  and  a  saucer  of  red  Samian 
ware  were  found,  intermixed  with  hair-pins  and 
bodkins  of  ivory  and  bone,  and  with  a  number  of 
fragments  of  small  rods  of  transparent  glass,  twisted 
and  inlaid  with  spiral  threads  of  opaque  glass. 

The  transparent  glass  was  principally  white  and 
blue. 

In  the  same  stratum  were  a  number  of  frag- 
ments of  small  marble  tablets  or  labels,  from  T  to 
4''  in  length,  and  from  1^"  to  2^"  deep. 

Some  of  these  tablets  were  rectangular  in 
form;  others  were  notched.  (See  Plate  LVIII., 
figg.  10,  11,  13,  15.) 

Each  of  these  latter  was  pierced  in  the  upper 
part  for  attachment  to  a  wall  or  to  some  other 
object.  The  surfaces  of  all  these  tablets  had  been 
polished,  and  bore  traces  of  colour.  They  had, 
probably,  been  used  as  labels,  on  which,  in  the 
case  of  the  smaller  votive  objects,  were  inscribed 
the  forms  of  dedication. 

The  lowest  stratum  in  the  chamber  consisted  of 
small  glass  bottles,  intermixed  with  bones. 

These  bottles  or  phials  ranged  in  length  from 

r  to  3". 

Nearly  all  had  long  narrow  necks,  the  bodies 
being  mostly  shaped  like  the  half  of  an  hour-glass. 
Some  few  were  globular  or  bulbous  in  form.  The 
glass  was  green,  and  of  very  ordinary  quality. 

It  appeared  to  be  of  the  Roman  period. 

These  bottles  were  lying  in  a  stratum  of  sand 
packed  in  rows. 


AND   PLUTO  EPIMACHOS. 


Fragments  of  several  hundreds  were  extracted. 
I  succeeded  in  obtaining  forty-four  unbroken  spe- 


The  discovery  of  so  many  of  these  bottles  unin- 
jured, and  the  position  in  which  they  were  lying, 
leads  me  to  conclude  that  they  co\Ud  not  have 
fallen  from  above,  but  that  they  must  have  been 
deposited  in  the  bottom  of  the  chamber  in  regular 


890        TEMEKOS  OP  DEMETEB,  PERSEPHONE, 

layers  previously  to  the  fall  of  the  vault  and  mar- 
bles. 

The  pottery,  glass  rods,  and  hair-pins,  appear  to 
have  been  also  placed  on  the  ground  in  the  posi- 
tion in  which  I  found  them. 

The  chamber  may  have  been  a  kind  of  treasury 
or  place  of  deposit  for  small  votive  offerings,  and 
the  sculpture  and  inscriptions  may  have  stood 
round  the  outside  of  the  walls,  or  have  sur- 
mounted the  roof.  They  may  thus  have  been 
thrown  into  the  position  in  which  I  found  them 
when  the  vault  fell  in. 

If  they  had  originally  been  placed  inside  the 
chamber,  they  must  have  rested  on  brackets,  or  on 
some  kind  of  platform  or  floor  higher  than  the 
level  of  the  basement  where  the  glass  was  lying. 

No  traces,  however,  of  such  supports  appeared 
inside  the  chamber. 

Though  the  relation  of  these  marbles  to  the 
structure  in  which  they  were  discovered  cannot 
be  satisfactorily  determined,  it  would  appear  that, 
when  found,  they  were  stiU  lying  on  the  spot 
where  they  had  been  broken,  and  near  which  it 
may  be  presumed  they  originally  stood. 

In  the  case  of  many  of  the  broken  objects,  all 
the  fragments  were  recovered,  and  the  edges  of 
the  fractures  were  so  fresh  that  they  could  never 
have  been  disturbed  since  their  fall. 

The  bones  found  in  the  lower  stratum  of  the 
soil  proved,  upon  examination,  to  be  those  of 
the  hog,  a  small  kind  of  ox,  the  goat,  and  birds 
about  the  size  of  the  common  fowl  or  dove.    These 


3L 


/U« 


AND  PLUTO  EPIMACHOS.  891 

animals  must  have  been  sacrificed  to  Demeter  and 
Persephone,  The  pig,  as  is  well  known,  was  sacred 
both  to  Demeter  and  to  Persephone. 

The  manner  in  which  the  glasses  and  more  fra- 
gile objects  were  packed  in  layers  at  the  bottom  of 
the  chamber  reminded  me  of  the  discoveries  in 
the  field  of  Chiaoux  at  Budrum,  (See  ante^  p.  325.) 

On  that  site,  where  it  is  probable  that  a  temple 
of  Demeter  once  stood,  layers  of  small  terracotta 
figures  and  of  lamps  were  found  lying  in  a  clay  bed 
between  lines  of  foundations.  Above  these  layers  of 
fragile  objects  were  masses  of  grouted  masonry, 
which  appeared  to  be  portions  of  Roman  vaulting 
fallen  in,  and  several  fragments  of  sculpture  and 
other  antiquities. 

I  have  already  shown,  anie^  p.  331,  that  in  the 
ancient  sacred  inclosures  were  vaulted  chambers, — 
faf>i8a€B^  built  for  the  reception  of  votive  objects, 
which,  as  it  would  appear  from  the  discoveries  at 
Cnidus  and  Budrum,  were  there  arranged  in  classes 
and  stored  up.* 

*  In  the  case  of  temples  of  Demeter,  the  place  where  the  mystic 
objects  of  her  worship  were  kept  was  called  fuyapoy  or  ayaicropoy, 
Cf.  Hesych  : — ^AvoKTOpoy  to  rijc  Aii^riTpoc,  o  koI  fiiyapoy  KaXovtriv^ 
oTOv  ra  ayuKTopa  riOerau  Photii  Lexicon,  ed.  Hermann  : — Maya- 
poy,  ov  ^iytipoy,  iIq  o  to.  /xvotucU  Icpa  TiOtTnt,  Into  these  /leyopa, 
according  to  Pausan.  ix.  §  1,  were  thrown  the  young  of  pigs. 
Apwff^c  ^Xa  Kal  ovoaa  KadiarriKi  tr<l>i<n  Koi  eg  ra  fiiyapa  KaXovfieya 
Af^oiy  vc  riay  yioyywy,  Cf.  Clemens  Alexandr.  Cohort,  ad  Cren- 
tes,  p.  14,  as  restored  by  Lobeck,  Aglaophamus,  ed.  Potter,  ii. 
p.  828.  Porphyr,  Antr.  Nymph,  c  vi  :  yfioyioiQ  koi  ript»i9iy  itrx^' 
paci  vnof^Oorioig  ^e  Podpovg  Kal  fuyapa  thpifaayrv.  In  these  passages 
fiiyapa  and  aycucropa  seem  to  be  spoken  of  as  peculiar  to  Demeter 
and  other  infernal  deities ;  and  it  is,  therefore,  possible  that  the 


392         TEMENOS  OF  DEMETER,   PERSEPHONE, 

After  we  had  dug  down  to  the  foundations  of  the 
chamber,  which  are  about  T  below  the  surface,  the 
soil  was  explored  to  a  depth  of  about  2'  lower. 
As  no  antiquities  were  found  in  this  lower  soil,  the 
excavation  was  not  continued  within  the  chamber. 

I  then  proceeded  to  remove  the  upper  surface 
of  the  platform  west  of  this  chamber,  digging 
everywhere  to  the  depth  of  about  3'. 

A  little  further  to  the  west  we  discovered  two 
small  marble  footstools,  one  of  which  is  represented 
Plate  LVIII.,  fig.  14.  It  is  inscribed  with  the  name 
of  the  priestess  PhiUs  (Plate  LXXXIX.,  No.  23^, 
and  measures  16"  square  by  12f ". 

At  the  distance  of  14'  5"  from  the  chamber 
was  a  plinth  level  with  the  surface,  composed  of 
two  large  travertine  slabs,  on  which  two  others 
were  placed  at  right  angles :  each  of  these  slabs 
measured  4'  by  2'  by  13".  At  the  side  of  this 
plinth  was  another  similar  one.  (See  the  Plan.) 
Twenty  feet  to  the  west  of  this  pair  of  plinths 

chamber  discovered  by  me  may  have  been  so  termed.  The  dis- 
covery of  pig's  bones  on  the  lowest  stratum  may  be  thought  to 
confirm  this  conjecture.  It  should,  however,  be  noted,  that  in  a 
number  of  passages  cited  by  Lobeck,  i.  p.  59,  fiiyapa  or  araxropa 
are  mentioned,  not  as  detached  buildings  within  a  tenienos,  but 
rather  as  a  part  of  the  temple  itself. 

^  For  dedications  by  priestesses,  compare  the  two  marbles  found 
at  Amyclae,  and  published  by  the  late  Earl  of  Aberdeen,  Walpole's 
**  Memoirs  relating  to  Turkey,"  p.  452.  On  each  of  these  are 
sculptured  representations  of  various  articles  of  female  toilet,  with 
an  inscription  stating  that  they  were  dedicated  by  a  priestess  called 
on  the  one  Icpfia,  on  the  other  vn-o<rrarpca.  These  marbles  have 
been  recently  presented  to  the  British  Museum  by  the  present 
Earl  of  Aberdeen. 


AND    PLUTO   EPIMACHOS.  393 

was  a  limestone  base  2'  6"  by  2'  f  by  8",  with  a 
hollow  for  the  feet. 

A  few  yards  further  to  the  west,  and  at  the  same 
distance  to  the  south  of  the  escarp,  was  a  series  of 
rough  foundations,  running 40'  from  north  to  south, 
and  forming  three  cells,  or  chambers.  (See  the  Plan.) 

These  walls  were  2'  thick,  and  built  in  the  rudest 
manner  of  squared  stones  from  some  building,  inter- 
mixed with  rubble.     Their  average  depth  was  5'. 

Within  one  of  the  inclosures,  and,  apparently, 
in  its  original  position,  was  the  base  of  a  small 
statue  placed  on  a  plinth,  both  of  blue  marble. 
This  base  measured  2^  5"  by  1'  ir  by  1'  r ;  the 
pUnth,  2'  10"  by  2'  2^"  by  16". 

On  the  left  side  of  the  cavity  for  the  feet  was  a 
socket,  in  which  must  have  rested  a  sceptre,  held 
in  the  left  hand  of  the  figure. 

On  one  side  of  this  base  was  an  arm,  and  on  the 
other  side  a  hand,  broken  from  it.  These  fragments 
must  have  belonged  to  a  small  female  figure  in 
Parian  marble;  no  trace,  however,  of  the  re- 
mainder of  theistatue  was  met  with.  An  armlet  in 
the  form  of  a  snake  encircles  the  arm  just  below 
the  joint,  which  it  must  have  served  to  conceal  from 
the  <*ye.  A  little  below  the  surface  of  the  soil  here 
was  a  large  spiral  shell,^  and  a  small  lamp  and  cup 
of  ordinary  fabric.  In  the  soil  below  no  trace  of 
remains  presented  itself. 

The  other  two  compartments  were  full  of  lamps, 

K  This  is  of  a  species  called  Triton  variegcUus,  so  rare  in  the 
MediterraneaD,  that  this  specimen  was  probably  brought  from  the 
Red  Sea. 

II.  2  1) 


391        TEMENOS  OF  DEMETEB,    PEESEPnONB, 

mostly  lyingr  in  the  soil  at  the  depth  of  about  3', 
but  some  placed  in  the  crevices  of  the  walls.  Great 
numbers  were  also  dug  out  of  the  ground  imme- 


diately to  the  east  of  these  foundations.    They  were 
lying  very  near  the  surface. 


Terracotta  figures  were  also  found  in  and  about 
these  chambers,  but  not  in  such  quantities. 


AND  PLUTO  EPIMACHOS.  395 

The  lamps  were  chiefly  of  two  classes. 

The  finest  were  of  clay,  black  throughout  and 
glazed,  resembling  in  appearance  the  well-known 
Wedgwood  ware,  and  of  the  same  fabric  as  those 
found  in  the  group  of  cells  on  the  east. 

The  forms  of  these  lamps  were  well  designed, 
and  seem  copied  from  works  in  bronze. 

Some  of  these  were  very  elaborate  in  form,  having 
as  many  as  eight  or  ten  mouths. 

It  is  seldom  that  terracotta  lamps,  with  such  a 
number  of  mouths,  have  been  preserved  unbroken. 
At  the  sides  they  were  generally  ornamented  with 
masks  or  ivy-leaves. 


The  other  class  of  lamps  are  of  the  late  Roman 
period.  They  are  made  of  coarse  red  clay,  which 
has  been  covered  with  a  glaze  not  fine  enough  to 
resist  decay. 

The  shapes  are  clumsily  and  carelessly  designed. 
2  D  2 


396        TEMENOS   OF   DEMETER,    PERSEPHONE, 

The  upper  surface  of  the  lamp  is  usually  orna- 
mented with  some  figure  or  pattern  in  relief,  form- 
ing a  circular  medallion  between  the  handle  and 
the  mouth.  This  class  of  lamps  is  very  commonly 
found  in  tombs  of  the  Koman  period. 

Although  several  hundreds  of  these  lamps  were 
found,  the  reliefs  exhibit  little  variety  of  subject. 

The  designs  are  generally  grotesque  figures,  pairs 
of  gladiators  fighting,  animals,  or  birds. 

Great  numbers  of  lamps  were  found  without  any 
pattern  in  relief. 

Some  few  of  this  class  have  more  than  one 
mouth.     They  average  3^"  in  length. 

The  majority  are  without  handles.  Some  few 
have  a  potter's  name  stamped  at  the  bottom,  but 
most  of  them  have  only  a  zigzag  line,  in  imitation 
of  letters,  or  a  human  foot  incuse. 

Fragments  of  some  lamps,  ornamented  with 
horses'  heads,  were  found  in  the  same  ground. 
These,  probably,  had  several  mouths,  and  must 
have  been  much  larger  than  those  described  above. 

The  numerous  lamps  found  in  this  spot  outside 
the  inclosures  were  probably  deposited  round  the 
base  of  some  statue.  We  learn  from  Pausanias 
that  lighted  lamps  were  offered  to  Persephone, 
and  let  down  into  trenches  or  chasms,  0odpoi,  con- 
secrated to  the  infernal  deities.^ 

Among  the  terracotta  figures  are  several  mo- 
delled with  much  freedom  and  vigour. 

They  generally  represent  draped  female  figures, 
probably,  in  most  cases,  Demeter  or  Persephone. 

^  Pausan.  ii.  22,  §  4. 


AND   PLUTO   EPIMACHOS,  397 

In  one  figure  the  drapery  is  beautifully  com- 
posed, showing  the  form  underneath  with  great 
skill.  This  terracotta  probably  represents  Perse- 
phone, as  the  figure  is  too  youthful  for  Demeter. 
The  head  and  neck  are  broken  away ;  the  figure 
has  been  about  10"  high,  (Plate  LIX.,  fig.  3.) 

Other  terracottas  worthy  of  mention  are  the 
following : — 

The  head  of  an  aged  female,  broken  off  at  the 
neck — height  2^".  This  is  surmounted  by  a  basket, 
m/a/  which  she  supports  at  the  side  with  her  right 
hand.     (Plate  LX.,  fig.  7.)' 

A  grotesque  head  wearing  a  pointed  cap,  under 
which  is  an  ivy  wreath  over  the  forehead — ^height 
1  J".  The  back  of  the  head  is  bound  with  a  broad 
strap,  such  as  was  worn  in  antiquity  by  trumpeters 
and  flute-players,  to  strengthen  the  voiceJ  The 
cheeks  are  distended.  It  is  evident  that  this  head  is 
intended  to  represent  a  trumpeter.  It  is  Dionysiac 
in  character.  Among  the  ministers  in  an  ancient 
temple  was  the  isgoeraXTriyxr^^.*^ 

Two  grotesque  masks,  modelled  with  great 
vigour ;    respective  heights  3^'  and  4". 

The  body  of  a  neuroapaatouy  or  doll ;  height  4^''. 

A  pair  of  hermtB,  placed  side  by  side ;  one  is  ithy- 
phallic,  with  a  bearded  head,  apparently  of  Diony- 
sos,  and  a  fillet  hanging  down  on  each  side  the 
neck  ;  the  other  has  the  upper  half  of  the  body 
draped,  the  head  broken  away — height  4f ". 

'  In  the  description  of  Plate  LX.,  vol.  I.^  I  have  called  this  a 
kar^e  ;  bnt,  being  covered,  it  should,  I  think,  be  called  a  cista. 
J  See  Catalogue  of  Vases  in  Britiali  Museum,  1851,  No.  797. 
^  K.  F.  Hermann,  Lchrbuch  d.  Gott.  AUerthiim.  §  3C,  17. 


398    TEMENOS  OF  DEMETEK,  PERSEPHONE, 

The  handle  of  a  lamp,  in  the  form  of  an  iry-leaf, 
5^''  long.  On  this  is  represented,  in  relief,  a  naked 
boy,  his  hair  gathered  into  the  top-knot  charac- 
teristic of  Eros.  The  forefinger  of  his  right  hand 
is  placed  on  his  lips ;  in  his  left  hand  is  a  torch  (?). 
On  either  side  is  a  star.  This  figure,  perhaps,  re- 
presents Hypnos.  The  design  is  very  elegant. 
(Plate  LXXXIV.,  fig.  3.) 

A  pig.  Si"  long. 

Many  of  the  terracottas  of  the  Koman  period 
are  very  grotesque  in  character. 

It  will  be  seen  by  the  Plan  that  in  the  eastern 
part  of  the  platform  a  large  mass  of  rock  lies  at 
the  foot  of  the  escarp,  projecting  to  the  south  for  a 
breadth  of  40'.  When  we  had  advanced  to  the  west 
of  this  obstacle,  the  excavation  was  carried  north- 
ward as  far  as  the  line  of  the  escarp  itself.  Nearly 
under  the  niches  we  found  an  interesting  female 
statue,  rather  more  than  6'  high.     (Plate  LVI.) 

The  body  was  draped  to  the  feet.  The  head  of 
this  figure  had  been  originally  fitted  into  a  socket 
at  the  base  of  the  neck,  and  was  lying  close  to  it. 

The  arms  were  broken  off*,  but  portions  of  'these 
and  of  the  hands  were  found.  In  other  respects  the 
statue  was  in  fair  condition. 

In  the  same  spot  was  a  base,  inscribed  with  a 
dedication  in  consequence  of  a  vow  by  Nikokleia, 
daughter  of  Nikochoros,  and  wife  of  ApoUophanes, 
to  Demeter,  Persephone,  and  the  gods  associated 
with  them.     (Plate  LXXXIX.,  No.  21.) 

If  this  base  belongs  to  the  statue,  it  would  thus 
represent  Demeter.     The  type  is  peculiar. 


AND    PLUTO    EPIMACHOS.  39^ 

The  features  and  form  are  those  of  an  elderly 
woman  wasted  with  sorrow,  and  do  not  exhibit  that 
matronly  comeliness  and  maturity  of  form  which 
usually  characterize  Demeter  in  ancient  art. 

Unless  we  consider  this  statue  to  be  a  portrait, 
this  deviation  from  the  usual  character  of  ideal  art 
can  only  be  explained  by  supposing  that  the  deity 
here  represented  is  the  Demeter  Achsea. 

In  the  Homeric  hymn  to  Demeter,  it  is  stated 
that  the  goddess,  while  wandering  in  search  of  the 
lost  Persephone,  assumed  the  form  and  garb  of  an 
old  woman,  and  traversed  the  earth  for  many  days 
without  tasting  food. 

Her  appearance  is  likened  to  that  of  an  aged 
nurse  or  housekeeper  in  a  regal  house.^ 

This  description  accords  very  well  with  the  statue 
discovered  in  the  temenoa.  It  may  be  observed 
that,  contrary  to  the  usual  practice  in  ancient 
sculpture,  the  eyes  are  represented  looking  up. 
It  is  possible  that  the  artist  of  this  statue  may  have 
wished  to  represent  Demeter  looking  up  to  the  god 
Helios,  and  imploring  him  to  aid  her  in  her  search. 

The  epithet  'Ap^a/a  is  first  associated  with  the 
name  of  Demeter  in  Herodotus."* 

According  to  some  old  grammarians,  it  is  derived 
from  aj(og  (grief).** 

^  Tprii  iraXatyem  IvaXiyKioCy  iJTf.  t6koio 
KipyriraL,  outpiav  re  (fnXoirreilidvov  *A.(ppo^ir7i^* 
Olai  r£  Tpo(l>oi  eial  OefmrroiroXwP  fiatriXriufy 
Uaihwyy  koI  rafiiai  Kara  cw/xora  )/x^f  ra. — 1.  101-4. 
See  also  Pausan.  L  39,  §  1 ;  Hesycb.  8.  v.  ypaUi ;  Ovid.  Fasti,  1.  517* 
™  V.  CI. 
"  See  Baehr  in  Herod,  v.  01.     Hermann,  Lebrbuch  d.  Gottcsd. 


»  V* 


400        TEMENOS   OF   DEMETER,    PERSEPHONE, 

As  far  as  I  am  aware,  the  type  of  the  sorrowing 
Demeter  has  not  been  as  yet  recognized  in  any 
extant  monument  of  ancient  art.  It  may  be  in- 
ferred, however,  from  a  passage  in  Clemens  Alex- 
andrinus,*^  that  she  was  often  represented  in 
sculpture  under  this  aspect.  Speaking  of  the 
different  characters  of  the  gods  as  expressed  in 
their  statues,  he  says,  that  Dionysos  may  be  recog- 
nized by  his  dress,  erroXij ;  but  Demeter  from  her 
calamity,  axo  t^^  trufjL^opds. 

If  the  attribution  here  proposed  be  not  admitted, 
and  the  statue,  from  the  individuality  of  the  fea- 
tures, be  thought  to  be  a  portrait,  it  most  probably 
represents  a  priestess,  perhaps  in  the  character 
of  Demeter.P  In  that  case,  the  upturned  and 
anxious  gaze  would,  perhaps,  express  the  attitude 
of  prayer. 

In  the  inscription  on  the  base  found  near  this 
statue,  the  dedication  is  made  to  Demeter,  con- 
jointly with  certain  other  divinities,  who  are  de- 
scribed as  0SOI  irapot  Aifiarpi,  and  who,  as  M'ill  be 

Alterthiim.  §  63,  note  25.  Gerhard,  Mjthologie,  §  408,  1,  thinks 
that  the  name  'A^a/a  refers  rather  to  the  worship  of  Demeter  by 
the  Achiean  race  j  but  remarks  (ibid.  §  416,  3)  that  the  soitow  of 
Demeter  is  expressed  in  the  epithets  ^A\Epu>,  and  MeXao^n,  which 
are  applied  to  her.  Hence  also  her  worship  in  Arcadia  under  the 
name  Erinnys.  (Pans.  viii.  26,  3.)  The  scholiast  on  Aristophanes 
(Acharn.  1.  708)  derives  the  name  'Axaia  from  ^x*'^'  ^®  Lobeck, 
Aglaophamus,  p.  1225  ;  PreUer,  Demeter,  p.  394  ;  Hesych.  ed. 
Albert],  8.  v,  'Axctpoi. 

®  Cohort,  ad  Gentes,  i.  p.  50,  ed.  Potter.  Preller,  Demeter,  p.  91. 

P  Statues  of  priestesses  of  Demeter  Chthonia  were  placed  in 
her  temenoa  at  Hermione,  near  Troezen  ;  and  in  the  feast  called 
Chthonia,  there  celebrated,  certain  aged  priestesses  had  special 
functions. — Pausan.  ii.  35,  §  4. 


AND    PLUTO   EPIMACHOS.  401 

subsequently  shown,  are  those  of  the  Infernal  re- 
gions, associated  with  Demeter  as  ©eol  (ru/t0a>/toi. 

We  found  here  a  very  interesting  terracotta 
lamp  representing  a  type  of  Hekate  which  I  have 
not  seen  elsewhere.     (Plate  LXXXIV.,  fig.  5,) 

The  original  height  of  this  terracotta  has  been 
about  8". 

It  represents  Hekate  attired  like  Artemis,  in  a 
chiton  reaching  to  the  knees,  and  buskins. 

On  her  right  is  a  hound  seated  at  her  feet, 
looking  up  at  the  goddess.  On  her  left  is  a  cy- 
lindrical plinth,  on  which  stands  a  small  female 
figure,  draped  to  the  feet,  too  indistinct  to  be 
clearly  made  out;  but  apparently  the  Aphrodite — 
Persephone  already  described. 

In  either  hand  Hekate  holds  up  the  spout  of  a 
lamp,  here  substituted  for  the  two  torches  which 
are  her  usual  symbol.  Her  left  arm  rests  on  the 
small  figure  standing  at  her  side.  At  the  back 
of  the  figure  is  a  hole,  through  which  the  oil 
required  for  the  lamp  was  poured. 

The  head  has  been  broken  away.  The  figure 
stands  on  a  square  plinth. 

The  style  of  the  modelling  is  of  the  Roman 
period. 

At  a  short  distance  from  the  statue  of  Demeter 
Achsea  part  of  a  small  statue  was  dug  up,  repre- 
senting a  youthful  female  figure,  draped  to  the  feet. 
The  upper  part  of  this  statue  has  been  shattered  as 
far  as  the  hips.  It  probably  represents  Persephone. 
Its  height  has  been  about  4'. 

A  great  number  of  fragments  of  sculpture  were 


402         TEMENOS   OF   DEMETER,   PERSEPHONE, 

also  discovered  among  the  rubble  in  this  part  of 
the  temenos. 

Among  these  is  a  fine  female  head,  life-size,  much 
defaced,  perhaps  of  Aphrodite,  and  part  of  a  colossal 
left  hand,  which,  if  not  a  votive  oifering,  must  have 
belonged  to  a  male  figure  12'  high. 

The  other  fragments  consist  chiefly  of  extremi- 
ties and  pieces  of  drapery. 

Advancing  still  further  to  the  west  in  the  same 
line,  I  found  the  same  kind  of  rough  walls  as  in 
the  two  groups  of  foundations  already  described. 

These  walls  inclosed  square  and  oblong  compart- 
ments or  cells,  bounded  on  the  west  by  the  outer 
peribolua  wall  of  the  temenos.  Within  and  about 
these  cells  were  found  several  hundred  lamps  of  the 
same  kind  as  those  previously  described ;  portions  of 
terracotta  figures,  two  glass  phials  about  2"  high, 
and  a  number  of  fragments  of  sculpture  in  Parian 
marble. 

All  these  objects  were  found  strangely  intermixed 
with  masses  of  broken  rock  which  had  fallen  from 
the  heights  to  the  north.  In  one  place  I  found  a 
piece  of  drapery  embedded  like  a  fossil  in  a  mass 
of  rock,  lying  about  12'  in  front,  of  the  escarp. 

The  other  fragments  were  principally  hands  and 
feet  of  female  figures ;  some  colossal,  some  life- 
size,  and  some  from  statuettes. 

All  the  sculpture  appeared  to  be  of  the  same 
period,  and  of  the  same  Parian  marble.  Some  of 
the  fragments  were  remarkable  for  the  beauty  of 
the  style. 

Marks  of  red  colour  appear  on  several  of  the 


AND   PLUTO   EPIMACHOS.  403 

fragments.  On  one  of  the  feet  the  thick  sole  of 
the  sandal  has  two  red  hands,  and  has  heen  painted 
red  under  the  foot. 

Prom  the  freshness  of  the  fractures,  and  the 
generally  good  condition  of  the  surface,  it  would 
seem  that  all  these  fragments  are  lying  where  they 
originally  fell. 

They  appear  to  have  been  split  off  from  the  sta- 
tues of  which  they  originally  formed  a  part  by  some 
violent  shock,  like  that  of  an  earthquake,  or  by  the 
fall  of  large  masses  of  rock  from  the  heights  above. 

With  these  fragments  of  sculpture  were  found 
part  of  a  Doric  capital  in  limestone,  9f "  in  diameter, 
and  a  fragment  of  Doric  cornice  in  tertiary  lime- 
stone, covered  with  a  fine  stucco,  on  which  red  colour 
stm  remains.     (Plate  LXXXIII.,  figg.  1,  2,  3.) 

This  cornice  is  about  h"  in  depth. 

These  architectural  members  may,  from  the  cor- 
respondence in  their  proportions,  belong  to  the  same 
entablature ;  from  the  smallness  of  the  scale,  they, 
probably,  formed  part  of  a  hereon. 

In  the  same  part  of  the  temenoa  were  discovered 
three  drums  of  a  plain  cylindrical  column,  the  re- 
spective diameters  .of  which  wore  1'  9'',  1'  T'y  and 
r  b". 

This  column  was  of  tertiary  limestone,  and  has  been 
covered  with  stucco.  A  portion  of  a  fluted  column 
23"  long  and  9''  in  diameter,  also  of  tertiary  lime- 
stone, was  entirely  covered  with  stucco. 

Among  the  terracottas,  the  most  remarkable  is 

the  foot  of  a  calathua,  ^Y  high,  by  the  same  diamc- 

•  ter  at  the  base,  modelled  in  red  clay ;  also  part  of  a 


404        TEMENOS   OP   DEMETBR,    PERSEPHONE, 

small  terracotta  representing  a  draped  female  figure, 
which,  though  lying  in  the  rubble  on  the  surface, 
retained  both  colour  and  gilding  on  the  drapery, 

The  discoyery  of  these  remains  induced  me  to 
explore    further    the    ground    where    they    were 

lying. 

This,  however,  was  no  easy  matter ;  for,  imme- 
diately to  the  north  of  this  particular  spot,  the 
escarp  is  completely  broken  away,  terminating 
abruptly  at  the  distance  of  50'  from  the  western 
boundary  of  the  tenunos^  and  immense  masses  of 
rock  have,  consequently,  been  projected  forward 
into  the  platform,  overwhelming  the  rough  walls  of 
the  inclosures,  and  throwing  them  out  of  the  per- 
pendicular. After  removing  the  lower  part  of  this 
mass  of  rock  and  detritus,  the  work  was  impeded 
by  the  necessity  of  constantly  dislodging  detached 
fragments,  which,  being  undermined  as  we  ad- 
vanced, overhung  the  excavations  in  a  most  dan- 
gerous manner. 

By  the  application  of  a  steady  continuous  strain 
of  tackles,  we  succeeded  in  bringing  down  the 
largest  of  these  masses,  weighing,  probably,  about 
50  tons. 

This  obstacle  was  afterwards  disposed  of  by  blast- 
ing, and  the  ground  below  cleared  down  to  the 
ancient  surface  of  the  platform. 

The  excavation  was  then  continued  northward 
as  far  as  the  line  of  the  escarp,  which,  as  I  have 
stated,  has  been  broken  away  in  this  place,  probably 
by  the  shock  of  an  earthquake.  At  this  point 
in  the  excavation  we  came  upon  a  fissure  in  the 


AND   PLUTO   EPIMACH08.  405 

native  rock,  about  four  inches  wide,  and  running 
east  and  west  in  a  direction  parallel  to  the  temenos 
itself,  at  the  distance  of  about  3'  from  the  escarp. 

All  further  progress  in  this  direction  was  barred 
by  immense  masses  of  rock,  which  appear  to  have 
fallen  into  the  breach  formed  by  the  displacement 
of  the  escarp,  and  which  at  present  serve  as  the 
support  to  the  sloping  mountain-side  behind  , 
them. 

The  western  boundary-wall  of  the  temenosy  and 
the  rude  foundations  already  noticed,  continued  to 
run  on  under  the  rubble  up  to  the  point  where 
the  masses  of  rock  arrested  our  further  progress, 
beyond  which  there  was  no  trace  of  remains  of 
any  kind. 

Within  the  chambers  formed  by  the  rude  foun- 
dations were  lamps,  and  fragments  of  terracotta, 
similar  to  those  already  described;  and  in  the 
rubble,  a  little  below  the  surface,  was  a  marble 
base,  17"  long  by  5^"  deep,  by  4"  in  width,  inscribed 
with  a  dedication  to  Demeter,  Persephone,  Pluto 
Epimachos,  and  Hermes,  by  Sostratos,  son  of 
Lachartos.     (Plate  LXXXIX.,  No.  14.) 

This  base  is  of  exceedingly  elegant  proportions ; 
the  material  is  fine  Parian  marble.  The  letters  are 
beautifully  cut;  in  many  of  them  traces  of  red 
colour  still  remained  on  the  first  discovery  of  this 
marble. 

On  the  top  of  the  base  is  an  oblong  sinking,  16' 
long  by  If  ths  of  an  inch  wide,  and  ^th  of  an 
inch  deep,  at  either  end  of  which  is  a  small  hole 
filled  with  lead. 


f.t    t 


:oS 


'^'  -  -J. 


?  r<     ♦^^  •'y^  A*  /  "" 

406        TEMENOS   OF   DEMETER,    PERSEPHONE, 

It  is  probable,  therefore,  that  some  metallic  object 
stood  on  the  base. 

This  dedication  is  interesting  from  the  asso- 
ciation of  Pluto,  or  Hades,  and  Hermes,  with 
Demeter  and  Persephone,  as  0€6»  (rt>ju.3a>jbioi  in  this 
temenoa. 

These,  and  perhaps  Hekate  and  the  Dioscuri,  are 
«  doubtless  the  0£oi  xapa  Adfiarpi  xa)  Koupo,  men- 
tioned in  two  of  the  inscriptions  previously  dis- 
covered on  this  site,  as  has  been  already  noticed.^ 
.'  •  The  epithet  hrlfuixost  applied  to  Pluto,  refers 
to  some  myth  similar  to  that  mentioned  by  Pau- 
sanias  (vi.  25,  3),  according  to  which  the  Eleians 
worshipped  this  Deity  with  special  honour,  in 
acknowledgment  of  the  aid  rendered  by  him  in  a  cer- 
tain war.  When  we  consider  how  greatly  the  escarp 
of  the  temenos  must  have  contributed  to  the  defence 
of  the  Acropolis,  it  seems  not  improbable  that  the 
Cnidians  regarded  the  inaccessibility  of  their  cita- 
del as  due  to  Plutonic  action  on  this  spot.  Hence 
they  may  have  worshipped  him  as  the  tutelary  deity 
of  their  Acropolis,  as  Athene  was  called  Promachos 
at  Athens. 

Near  this  inscription  was  foimd  the  handle  of  a 
lamp,  ornamented  with  the  head  of  Pluto,  and  on  a 
fragment  of  terracotta  relief  from  the  same  locality, 


4  The  connection  of  the  Dioscuri  with  Demeter  is  indicated  bj 
the  fact  that  they  were  the  first  whom  Triptolemus  initiated  in  the 
Eleusinian  mysteries.  (Xenophon,  Hellenica,  vi.  3,  6.)  See  Watkiss 
Lloyd,  Triptolemus  and  the  Dioscuri,  Transact.  Eoyal  Soc.  Lit. 
2nd  Series,  iv.  p.  266-7,  who  points  out,  ibid.  p.  269,  the  analogy 
between  the  myths  of  Kore,  the  Dioscuri,  and  Adonis. 


rf       •• 


t  « 


/ 


_i 


.   L^ 


\J^  '       /  iv.'  • 


»         I 


AND   PLUTO   EPIMACHOS.  407 

this  Deity  appears  to  be  represented  seated  on  his 
throne.     (Plate  LXXXIV.,  figg.  2,  4.) 

No  more  remains  of  sculpture  were  discovered  in 
this  part  of  the  temenos^  with  the  exception  of  an 
arm  and  wrist  from  a  small  male  figure,  which 
was  probably  about  2'  high,  and  must  have  been 
in  the  best  style,  and  a  block  of  limestone  18''  in 
length,  one  end  of  which  is  cut  square,  its  length 
being  8"  by  Sf",  by  1\\ 

The  other  part  of  the  stone  is  singularly  fashioned. 
On  two  sides  of  it  is  sculptured  a  mane  like  that 
of  a  lion  ;  on  the  third  a  floral  ornament.  (Plate 
LVIII.,  figg.  16, 17.) 

As  this  end  of  the  stone  has  been  broken  away, 
it  is  impossible  to  ascertain  what  the  sculptured 
part  was  designed  to  represent.  As  the  square  end 
is  left  rough  as  if  for  insertion  in  a  wall,  this  stone 
may  have  been  a  corbel. 

It  is  difficult  to  explain  the  disappearance 
of.  the  statues  which  once  stood  on  this  site, 
and  of  which  the  extremities  onlv  have  been 
discovered. 

It  is  to  be  observed  that  many  of  the  hands  and 
feet  which  have  been  discovered  have  been  attached 
to  the  bodies  by  a  joint.  It  is  possible,  therefore, 
that  the  statues  to  which  they  belonged  were  acro- 
lithic,  that  is  to  say,  that  their  extremities  only 
were  of  marble,  the  rest  of  the  statue  having  been 
of  wood,  or  other  perishable  material. 

Alter  having  thoroughly  explored  the  northern 
part  of  the  temenos^  I  proceeded  to  remove  the 
upper   soil  throughout    the    southern   part.      In 


408         TEMENOS   OF   DEMETER,   PEUSEPHONE, 

this  part  of  the  temenos  scarcely  any  remains 
of  sculpture  or  pottery  were  found ;  but,  at  the 
distance  of  21'  to  the  north  of  the  southern  boun- 
dary-wall, was  a  line  of  foundations,  the  greater 
part  of  which  appeared  to  be  constructed  out  of 
Hellenic  materials. 

It  will  be  seen  by  the  Plan  (Plate  LIII.)  that 
this  wall  runs  nearly  parallel  to  the  southern 
boundary-line  of  the  temenos. 

The  ground  between  these  two  lines  is  rather 
lower  than  the  level  of  the  northern  part  of  the 
platform. 

The  inner  wall  consisted  of  a  single  course  of 
travertine  blocks,  the  largest  of  which  measured 
4'  6"  by  2'  4",  by  10". 

The  masonry  was  isodomous;  the  blocks  had 
evidently  been  toothed  into  another  course,  which 
has  formed  the  outer  or  southern  face  of  the  wall. 

The  course  was  laid  on  rubble  without  mortar,  at 
a  depth  of  about  3'  below  the  surface  of  the  soil. 

The  want  of  care  and  regularity  in  the  laying  of 
this  foundation  led  me  to  think  that  it  is  not 
genuine  Hellenic  work.  It  may,  however,  have 
been  dislocated  by  an  earthquake. 

At  the  distance  of  2T  from  the  western  boundary 
this  wall  ceased  to  be  isodomous,  and  was  replaced 
by  a  single  course  of  rough-hewn  polygonal  blocks  of 
limestone.  At  the  distance  of  24'  from  the  eastern 
boundary,  it  died  away  into  a  rubble  foundation. 

At  the  distance  of  33'  to  the  north  of  this  line 
of  foundations  were  two  large  blocks,  which  must 
have  served  to  receive  a  gate.     (See  the  Plan.) 


AND   PLTJTO   EPIMACHOS,  409 

The  door  in  an  ancient  building  swung  on  a  pivot, 
revolving  in  an  upper  and  lower  socket :  such  a 
kind  of  hinge  is  still  used  in  Turkish  houses  at 
Budrum. 

The  blocks  discovered  in  the  temenoa  were  evi- 
dently fitted  to  receive  a  metallic  socket  in  which 
a  pivot  played. 

The  largest  of  these  blocks  was  of  limestone.  Its 
dimensions  were  3'  T  by  3'  \'\  by  16"'. 

The  other  block  was  of  tertiary  limestone,  and 
measures  2^  4"  by  ^  3",  by  r  4". 

With  these  blocks  were  found  a  limestone  slab, 
probably  a  door-jamb  or  lintel,  and  measuring 
6'  ir  by  r  8",  by  11" ;  and  a  square  block  w^hich 
appeared  to  be  connected  with  the  gate.  Both  of 
these  were  rough-hewn. 

Nearly  on  the  same  line  with  these  stones  were 
the  remains  of  a  second  wall  running  through  the 
temenoa^  longitudinally,  from  east  to  west. 

This  foundation  was  built  of  polygonal  limestone 
blocks,  roughly  jointed.  From  the  position  of  the 
two  blocks  and  jamb,  it  seems  probable  that  the 
gateway  to  which  they  belonged  stood  somewhere 
about  the  centre  of  this  wall. 

Thinking  it  possible  that  portions  of  sculpture 
had  rolled  over  the  southern  boundary-wall,  I  dug 
the  ground  along  its  foot  for  a  length  of  about  77' 
in  the  centre  of  the  temcnos^  and  40'  at  the  south- 
western angle. 

Nothing  was  found  in  this  excavation  except  a 
large  stone  spout,  which  had  evidently  served  to 
conduct  water  from  the  summit  of  the  terrace  wall. 

II.  2  £ 


410        TEMENOS  OF   DEMETER,   PERSEPHONE, 

The  form  of  this  spout  is  represented  in  the  ac- 
companying cut ;  it  was  about  4'  4"  long  hy  2'  4" 
wide. 


It  would  seem  from  its  position,  when  found,  that 
this  stone  had  fallen  from  the  summit  of  the 
southern  boundary-wall,  as  on  the  platform  imme- 
diately above,  a  surface-drain,  12"  wide,  was  dis- 
covered running  between  this  wall  and  the  inner 
isodomous  wall. 

This  drain  was  1'  below  the  surface.  At  the 
south-east  angle  of  the  southern  boundary-wall 
is  an  opening  for  another  surface-drain.  On  the 
hill-side,  at  some  distance  below  the  foot  of  the 
platform,  I  found  a  base  dedicated  to  Demeter 
(Plate  LXXXIX.,  No.  25),  which  once  probably 
stood  on  the  platform,  whence  it  has  been  rolled 
down. 

It  will  be  seen  from  comparing  the  foregoing 
narrative  of  the  excavation  with  the  plan  of  the 
temenos,  that  all  the  sculpture  and  otlier  antiquities 
were  found  in  a  line  running  east  and  west  through 
the  northern  part  of  the  platform,  at  a  distance 
seldom  exceeding  70'  south  of  the  escarp,  and  at  an 
average  depth  of  3'  below  the  surface,  though  some- 
times only  covered  by  a  few  inches  of  soil ;  further 
that,  wherever  these  antiquities  have  been  found, 


AND   PLUTO   EPIMACHOS,  411 

they  have  been  lying  within,  or  very  near  inclo- 
sures  or  chambers  of  the  rudest  masonry. 

By  reference  to  the  plan  it  will  be  seen  that  the 
inclosures  form  three  principal  groups,  situated 
respectively  at  the  eastern  and  western  extremity 
of  the  temenos,  and  a  little  to  the  east  of  the  centre. 

It  has  been  already  pointed  out  that  the  walls  of 
these  inclosures  are  put  together  in  the  roughest 
manner,  while,  on  the  other  hand,  squared  blocks 
of  tertiary  limestone,  faced  with  stucco,  were  found 
here  and  there  in  their  courses.  The  occurrence  of 
these  blocks,  and  of  the  architectural  remains  in 
the  soil  already  noticed,  renders  it  probable  that 
some  Hellenic  edifice  once  stood  on  this  site,  and 
that  after  its  destruction  some  of  its  materials  were 
employed  in  the  ruder  inclosures.  It  is  natural  to 
suppose  that  tlys  Hellenic  edifice  was  the  otxog 
mentioned  in  an  inscription  which  has  been 
already  cited.  If  the  architectural  fragments  dis- 
covered in  the  temenos  belong  to  this  building,  it 
is  evident  from  their  scale  and  material  that  it  could 
not  have  been  either  large  or  sumptuous.  It  was 
most  probably  a  small  temple,  vattrxog^  resembling 
an  hereon^  as  represented  on  vases.  The  various 
statues  and  other  votive  monuments  in  the  tenienos^ 
probably  stood  in  the  open  air  on  bases,  in  the  line 
in  which  I  found  their  remains,  or  in  the  niches 
cut  in  the  face  of  the  rock. 

It  would  appear  that  at  some  time  or  other  in 
antiquity  the  temple  and  statues  were  thrown  down 
and  scattered  about,  either  by  an  earthquake  or  the 
hand  of  man ;  but  the  'ground  continued  to  be  ac- 

2  £  2 


412        TBMBNOS  OF   DEMETER,    PERSEPHONE, 

counted  sacred,  and  the  rough  inclosures  were  built 
for  the  reception  of  votive  objects.  Hence,  some 
of  the  cells  were  lined  with  cement,  and  com- 
pletely fQled  with  one  class  of  terracottas.  The 
quantity  of  lamps  of  a  late  period  found  in  some  of 
the  foundations  proves  that  the  dedication  of  such 
oflTerings  must  have  been  continued  till  the  second 
or  third  century  A.D. 

On  first  discovering  the  inclosures,  the  cha- 
racter of  their  contents,  and  the  shape  and  dimen- 
sions of  the  cells  themselves,  led  me  to  consider 
them  as  walled  graves. 

No  human  bones,  however,  have  been  found  in 
any  of  these  chambers,  and,  after  a  careful  exami- 
nation of  nearly  the  whole  area  of  the  temenos, 
and  of  the  three  groups  of  inclosures,  I  am  in- 
clined to  think  that  there  is  no  positive  evidence 
to  prove  that  any  of  them  were  used  for  sepulchral 
purposes ;  though,  from  the  occasional  occurrence 
of  strata  of  bones  of  animals  and  cinerary  remains, 
it  is  probable  that  sacrifices  took  place  near  or 
within  these  inclosures. 

It  is  remarkable  that  in  all  the  three  groups, 
the  walls  nearest  the  escarp  have  been  forced  out 
of  the  perpendicular,  so  that  each  group  leans 
forward  to  the  south. 

I  am  disposed  to  think  that  this  inclination  was 
caused  by  an  earthquake.  I  would  here  note  the 
fact  that  in  one  place  near  the  centre  of  the  escarp 
the  strata  of  soil  were  curiously  contorted,  and 
among  them  was  a  layer  of  ashes,  lamps,  and  other 
human  remains   so  twisted  and  intermixed  with 


AND  PLUTO  EPIMACHOS.  413 

other  strata,   as  to  suggest  the  idea  that  some 
violent  Gonvnlsion  of  nature  had  occurred  here/ 

With  a  view  of  ascertaining  what  was  the 
original  level  of  the  ancient  site,  I  dug  a  pit  24' 
deep,  nearly  in  the  centre  of  the  northern  half 
of  the  platform ;  but,  on  descending  below  the  level 
at  which  antiquities  have  been  commonly  found, 
namely,  about  4',  I  did  not  obtain  the  smallest 
fragment  of  sculpture  or  pottery. 

The  soil  consisted  almost  entirely  of  small  loose 
fragments  of  broken  rock,  the  detritus  from  the 
mountain,  lying  in  layers  sloping  towards  the  south. 

The  ground  at  the  foot  of  the  escarp,  and  forming 
its  base-line,  consisted  of  detached  masses  of  par- 
tially decomposed  breccia. 

These  masses  had  one  plane  surface,  lying  over 
against  the  escarp  in  a  direction  nearly  parallel  to 
its  plane. 

Sometimes  the  plane  of  the  breccia  had  been 
forced  into  such  close  contact  with  the  plane  of 
the  limestone  escarp,  as  to  adhere  to  it ;  but  more 
generally  the  two  planes  were  separated  by  a  space 
of  two  or  more  inches,  which,  to  any  one  unac- 
quainted with  the  real  formation  of  the  ground, 
appeared  like  a  deep  groove  cut  in  the  native  rock. 

On  removing  a  portion  of  the  overlying  masses 
by  blasting,  I  found  the  escarp  behind  them  de- 
scending at  the  samB  angle,  79°,  and  presenting 
the  same  regular  slope. 

'  I  have  noticed  in  Rhodes  strata  similarly  contorted.  These 
may  be  seen  on  the  side  of  the  road  leading  from  the  town  of 
Rhodes  to  Trianda,  and  arc  clearly  the  result  of  earthquakes. 


414         TEMENOS   OF   DEMETER,   PERSEPHONE, 

Continuing  the  blasting  to  a  depth  of  28'  l>elow 
the  surface,  I  found  no  change  in  the  angle  or 
character  of  the  rock.  The  entire  height,  from  the 
top  of  the  escarp  to  the  point  reached  by  blasting, 
was  127'. 

When  I  first  examined  the  escarp,  the  extreme 
regularity  of  its  slope,  the  general  smoothness  of 
the  surface,  and  the  occurrence  of  the  niches, 
led  me  to  suppose  that  the  rock  had  been 
wrought  by  the  hand  of  man;  an  opinion 
which  the  authors  of  the  Dilettanti  volume,  and 
other  travellers,  have "  expressed.  As,  however, 
it  was  clearly  shown  by  blasting,  that  the  rock 
descends  to  a  great  depth,  at  the  same  angle 
and  with  the  same  level  surface,  it  cannot  be  the 
work  of  human  hands,  and  must  be  considered  as 
an  upheaved  limestone  stratum,  overlaid  at  its 
base  by  broken  strata  of  breccia,  which  lean  against 
it  in  the  manner  already  described.  The  singular 
configuration  of  the  ground  may  have  been  caused 
by  volcanic  action,  of  which  the  extinct  crater  in  the 
island  of  Nisyros  would  probably  be  the  centre,  as 
this  island  is  only  twelve  miles  distant,  from  Cnidus. 

The  dedication  of  the  temenos  to  Hades  and  Per- 
sephone makes  it  a  priori  probable  that  this  site 
M^as  thus  selected  on  account  of  some  physical  pe- 
culiarity which,  in  the  eyes  of  the  Greek,  was  asso- 
ciated with  the  worship  of  the  Infernal  Deities. 

Thus,  Pausanias  tells  us"  that  at  Hermione,  in 

'  "OirifrQtv    ce    tov    yaov    rj/c    \Bovia^    \Mpia    tVrci',   a   KaKovtnv 

hlft^ioytlc  TO  fiiy   KXv/icVou,  to  ct   IJ\owrw*'«Cj  to   t^htov   ce  avrwy 

Xifivqi'  \\\efM)VfTi(iy.    Wffntipyerai  /iti'  o)  iraiTfi  OfuyKolv  XiOwy^  iv  tl 


AND   PLUTO   EPIMACHOS.  415 

the  Pelopormese,  near  the  temples  of  Demeter  and 
Pluto,  was  an  inclosure  dedicated  to  Pluto,  in  which 
was  a  fissure  in  the  earth,  7%  ;fa<rjtta,  through 
which  it  was  supposed  that  Herakles  had  brought 
Cerberus  from  the  nether  world.  At  Hierapolis, 
Nysa,  and  Thymbria,  in  Asia  Minor,  were  caves 
exhaling  mephitic  vapours,*  called  Plutonia  and 
Charonia  ;  and,  in  like  manner,  Poseidon  and 
other  cosmic  deities  were  worshipped  in  those 
places  where  their  supposed  influence  was  directly 
felt  in  earthquakes  and  other  portents. 

In  the  case  of  the  temenos^  the  singular  regu- 
larity in  the  surface  of  the  rock  must  have  struck 
the  Greeks  as  a  phenomenon  such  as  they  would 
connect  with  supernatural  agency,  and  may  have 
been  the  original  cause  why  this  spot  was  dedi- 
cated to  Pluto  and  Persephone. 

To  the  eye  of  the  Greek  the  form  of  the  ground 
might  have  suggested  the  idea  that  a  chasm  in  the 
earth  had  opened  here,  and  thus  local  tradition 
would  claim  this  spot  as  the  scene  of  the  rape  of 
Persephone. 

Such  a  temenoSf  inclosed  by  its  peribolus^  Pausa- 
nias  saw  near  Lema,  in  Argolis. 

"  Here,"  he  remarks  (ii.  36,  7),  "  it  is  said  that 
Pluto,  on  carrying  off  Persephone,  descended  into 
the  infernal  regions." 

Tf  70V  KXvfiipov  Kai  yfjg  ^afffjia'  2ta  rovrou  ^t  ^llpatcXfjc  nh^fjyE  tov 
Ai&)i;  TOV  Kvya  Kara  ra  Xtyofieya  vwo  *Epfiioyiiity, — ii.  35,  7.  Com- 
pare the  account  of  the  cave  of  Tropbonius  at  Lebadea, — Strabo,  ix. 

'  Strabo,  xiii.  p.  029,  xiv.  p.  619,  and  Leake,  Asia  Minor, 
p.  342. 


416    TEMENOS  OF  DEMETER,  PERSEPHONE, 

Other  local  traditions  placed  the  seene  of  this 
myth  in  Sicily,  Crete,  and  elsewhere ;  always,  pro- 
bably, in  some  spot  where  the  landscape  presented 
some  peculiar  feature  in  harmony  with  the  legend." 

Beyond  the  eastern  boundary  of  the  temenoSf  the 
escarp  extends  about  50'.  To  the  west  it  has  been 
broken  away  about  50'  to  the  east  of  the  western 
boundary-line. 

A  portion  of  similar  escaqi  appears  along  the 
side  of  the  mountain,  about  50'  to  the  west  of  the 
platform. 

This  portion  is  not  in  tlie  same  line  as  the  escarp 
of  the  temenos. 

After  completely  exploring  the  site  of  the  feme* 
no8  itself|  I  dug  a  considerable  breadth  outside  its 
eastern  and  western  boundaries. 

No  antiquities  were  found  in  the  soil  outside  the 
temenoa  ;  its  limits  may,  therefore,  be  regarded  as 
clearly  ascertained. 

According  to  the  statement  made  to  us  by  an 
old  Turk  at  Cnidus,  a  small  headless  statue,  repre- 
senting a  young  girl  crouching  down,  was  found 
outside  the  temenoa.  a  little  to  the  east  of  its 
eastern  boundary  about  forty  years  ago,  and  was 
carried  off  by  a  party  of  Franks  landing  in  a  caique. 

^  Lol)cck  (Aglaopharaus,  p.  832)  shows  that  the  cave  through 
which  Pluto  descended  into  the  Inferiml  regions  with  Persephone 
was  called  in  Homan  mythology  Mtmdus,  At  Home  appeal's  to 
have  heen  such  a  cave,  or  mundiLS,  dedicated  to  Pluto  and  Per- 
sephone, which  was  only  opened  for  three  days  in  the  year.  Cf. 
Festus,  8.  V.  MuTkdus.  At  the  hill  of  Kronion  at  Olympia  Demeter 
was  called  Ohamyne,  because,  according  to  Pausauias,  vi.  21,  1,  the 
earth  had  opened  there  and  closed  again,  ^fiiCii^  koX  uZOiq  fivtrai. 


AND   PLUTO   EPIMACHOS.  4l7 

*  This  statue  had  probably  been  removed  to  this 
spot  from  the  temenos,  as  no  other  traces  of  anti- 
quities were  discovered  here. 

A  review  of  all  the  facts  relating  to  this  precinct 
brought  to  light  by  excavation,  leads  me  to  the 
following  conclusions. 

Pirst. — The  temenoa  was  private  ground,  conse- 
crated by  a  particular  family  to  the  worship  of  the 
Infernal  Deities.  This  is  to  be  inferred  not  only 
from  the  inscription  No.  15,  in  which  the  dedication 
of  an  (Uxog  or  temple  by  Chrysina  is  distinctly  re- 
corded, but  also  from  the  insignificance  of  the 
architectural  remains  as  compared  with  the  sculp- 
ture, and  from  the  fact  that  the  numerous  dedica- 
tions discovered  m  situ  are  all  made  by  priestesses 
or  other  private  individuals,  and  none  by  the  senate 
or  people  of  Cnidus. 

Assuming  that  the  temenoa  was  private  ground, 
the  o7xo^  dedicated  by  Chrysina  would  be  a  kind 
of  chapel,  like  those  mentioned  in  a  well-known 
inscription  recording  the  will  of  Epicteta ;  and  from 
the  analogy  of  that  and  other  ancient  documents 
of  the  same  class/  it  is  probable  that  the  priestess 
of  the  Infernal  Deities  was  to  be  appointed  for  ever 
from  among  the  descendants  of  Chrysina ;  and  that 
the  cost  of  keeping  in  repair  the  sacred  buildings 
was  charged  on  land  held  in  trust  for  this  purpose. 

It  is  obvious  that  an  edifice  thus  dedicated  and 

^  For  the  will  of  Epicteta  see  Corpus  Inscript.  No.  2448. 
Compare  L.  Ross,  Inscript.  Ined.  iii.  Nos.  311,  309  ;  Xenoph. 
Anab.  v.  3,  13 ;  K.  F.  Hermann,  Lehrbuch  d.  Gottesd.  Alter- 
thiimcr,  §  20,  6  ;  Cori)U8  Inscript.  6280.  v.  cc^   C>c^i^*A  ^ 


\-  '^ 


418        TEMBNOS   OF   DEMETBR,    PERSEPHONE, 

endowed  would  not  have  had  the  same  chance  of 
being  renewed  and  repaired  as  often  as  it  fell  into 
decay  as  the  public  temples  of  Cnidus,  inasmuch 
as  its  maintenance  must  have  depended  on  the 
piety  or  fortunes  of  those  to  whom  it  was  committed 
as  a  trust. 

Secondly. — ^The  date  of  the  dedication  of  the 
temenoe  was  probably  about  B.C.  350.  I  infer 
this  from  the  form  of  the  letters  in  the  dedication 
by  Ohrysina,  and  also  from  the  general  character 
of  the  dedicatory  inscription,  of  which  facsimiles 
are  given  Plate  LXXXIX.,  nearly  all  of  which, 
so  far  as  I  can  judge,  belong  to  the  half-century 
between  B.C.  360  to  300. 

Thirdly. — If  we  can  thus  determine,  by  palaeogra- 
phy, the  date  of  the  dedicatory  inscriptions,  it  is  to 
be  presumed  that  the  statues,  on  the  bases  of  which 
these  dedications  were  inscribed,  were  of  the  same 
date, — a  conclusion  which  is  corroborated  by  the 
style  of  the  sculptures  of  the  temenos.  The  artists 
by  whom  these  works  were  produced  would  thus  be 
either  contemporaries  of  Praxiteles,  or  belong  to 
the  generation  immediately  succeeding  him.  Con- 
sidering the  great  beauty  of  the  head  of  Demeter 
(Plate  LV.),  and  of  some  of  the  fragments  found  in 
the  temenoSf  it  does  not  seem  an  unwarrantable 
conjecture  to  suppose  that  the  statues  there  dedi- 
cated may  have  been  executed  under  the  influence 
of  the  great  artist  whose  Venus  was  for  many  cen- 
turies the  chief  glory  of  Cnidus. 

The  fragments  from  the  temenoSi  when  compared 
with  the  sculptures  from  the  Mausoleum,  exhibit 


AND   FLUTO  EPIMACHOS.  419 

more  tenderness  and  refinement  of  expression, 
greater  richness  of  line,  and  a  more  elaborate  finish 
g^ierally ;  while,  at  the  same  time,  they  are  less 
grand  and  monumental  in  character,  as  indeed 
might  have  been  expected  in  the  case  of  isolated 
statues  severally  dedicated  by  private  persons.  The 
style  of  the  Cnidian  fragments  is  peculiar,  and  re- 
minds me  of  the  Psyche  at  Naples,  which  has  also 
been  thought  by  MiUingen  to  present  the  charac- 
teristics of  Praxitelian  art/  The  black  lamps  seem 
to  be  rather  of  a  later  period  than  the  sculptures ; 
tlie  masks  stamped  upon  them  resemble  in  style 
the  heads  on  the  later  tetradrachms  of  Ehodes,  and 
are  probably  of  the  same  date. 

The  discovery  of  so  many  inscriptions  and  singu- 
lar votive  objects  in  this  temenoa  naturally  suggests 
the  inquiry  whether  they  add  anything  to  our  pre- 
vious  knowledge  either  of  the  Eleusinia,  the  Thes- 
mophoria,  or  any  other  mystic  rites  with  which 
Demeter  and  Persephone  were  worshipped.  With 
this  view,  it  may  be  as  well  to  recapitulate  the 
principal  points  ascertained  by  excavation. 

The  temeno8  was  dedicated  to  Demeter  and  the 
Infernal  Deities,  usually  associated  with  her.  These 
were  Persephone,  Pluto  Epimachus,  Hermes,  and 
perhaps  Hekate  and  the  Dioscuri.  If  my  attri- 
bution of  the  Demeter  Achaea  (Plate  LVI.)  be 
admitted,  we  seem  to  have  in  this  temenos  two 
representations  of  the  goddess, — the  Mater  Do- 
lorosa, wandering  disconsolately  in  search  of  her 
daughter  (with  which  must  be  taken  in  connection 

^^  MilliugeU)  Aucieut  Uiiediled  MuuunientH,  IMate  VIII.  p.  15. 


420         TEMENOS   OF  DEMETEE,   PERSEPHONE, 

the  figure  of  Hekate,  Plate  LXXXIV.  fig.  5),  and 
the  Demeter  rejoicing  in  the  return  of  Persephone 
(Plate  LV.).  This  latter  event  is  typified  by  the 
small  figure  of  Aphrodite  Persephone  (Plate  LVII.), 
which  Gerhard  conjectures  to  have  been  the  idol 
of  the  Anthesteria/  This  interesting  statuette 
forms  a  singular  contrast  to  the  rude  and  primitive 
terminal  type  under  which  the  same  goddess  is 
represented  Plate  LVIII.  fig.  1.  It  is  worthy  of 
note,  that  in  one  of  the  Dirte^  already  alluded  to, 
ante^  p.  382,  Persephone  is  addressed  as  Despoina, 
a  name  which  Pausanias  feared  to  make  known  to 
the  uninitiated.^  The  terracotta  Plate  LX.,  fig.  7, 
probably  represents  the  mystic  data  borne  on  the 
head  of  an  aged  priestess,  such  as  those  at  the 
temple  of  Demeter  at  Hermione,  who,  as  Pausanias 
tells  us,  alone  were  acquainted  with  the  secret  ob- 
jects of  worship.'    The  discovery,  therefore,  of  this 

*  Gerhard,  Anthesterien, — Berlin,  1858,  §  33. 

y  viii.  37,  §  6. 

'  PansaD.  ii.  35  :  Ahro  Zk  o  aijiovtriy  im  irXiov  rj  raXXo,  iyif  fjtev 
nuK  et^or,  oh  fir/y  ov^t  av^p  ^XXoC)  ovre  Eiroc  .  .  .  fiorat  ^c  ovowv 
ri  ktrriv  al  ypdec  *i.<Ta(ny.  The  secret  objects  here  mentioDed,  which 
Gerhard  supposes  to  have  been  phallic,  were,  probably,  concealed 
in  a  data.  Those  who  bore  such  objects  in  the  Athenian  processions 
were  called  &fipri<f^6pot'  ai  ra  afiprfra  (fiipovtrai  fivtrrffpicu  According  to 
the  formula  of  Eleusinian  initiation,  as  given  by  Clemens  Alexandr. 
Cohort,  ad  Gent.  p.  18,  ed.  Potter,  part  of  the  ceremony  consisted 
in  transferring  certain  mystic  objects  from  the  ealaiJiua  to  the 
data.  In  the  temple  of  Persephone  at  Megalopolis,  in  Arcadia, 
was  a  seated  figure  of  Despoina,  having  on  her  knees  the  cista, 
which  she  held  with  her  right  hand.  —(Pausan.  viii.  37,  §  2.)  At 
Oncheion,  in  Arcadia,  the  Demeter  Erinnys  was  also  represented 
with  the  cista,  Gerhard,  Mythologie,  §  420,  3,  thinks  that  in  the 
cista  of  Demeter  a  serpent  was  concealed,  and  in  that  of  Dionysoa, 
a  pluiUtu,     (See  the  Wilton  Sarcophagus,  Gerhard,  Autike  Bild- 


AND   PLUTO   EPIMACHOS.  421 

terracotta  alone  is  in  itself  strong  evidence  that  the 
rites  celebrated  in  the  tetnefwa  of  Demeter  were 
mystic ;  but  this  presumption  is  further  confirmed 
by  the  occurrence  of  the  cdlathus^  the  votive  pigs, 
and  the  calves,  which  may  all  be  connected  as 
symbols  with  the  Eleusinian  or  other  rites  of 
Demeter  or  Persephone.  The  Hydrophori  may 
represent  the  daughters  of  Keleos  drawing  water 
from  the  well  at  which  the  Demeter^Achsea  sat/ 
Similar  terracottas  were  found  on  the  presumed 
site  of  a  temple  of  Demeter  and  Persephone  at 
Halicamassus  (Plates  XLVI.  4,  XLVII.),  and  in 
their  temple  at  Megapolis,  in  Arcadia,  Pausanias 
saw  the  statues  of  three  nymphs  bearing  Hydrus^ 
The  association  of  these  Hydrophori  with  the  wor- 
ship of  the  dsai  may  indicate  some  connection  be- 
tween this  worship  and  the  feast  called  Hydrophoria, 
which  seems  to  have  been  accompanied  by  offerings 
to  the  dead/ 

In  a  temenoa  sacred  to  Demeter  and  Persephone, 
we  find,  as  might  be  expected,  votive  pigs.  Accord- 

werke,  Taf.  cccx.  ^g.  1 ;  Pinder,  Ueber  die  Cistophoren, — Ab- 
haod).  d.  k.  Akad.  d.  Wiss.  Berlin,  1856,  p.  535.)  Among  the 
numerous  terracottas  found  on  the  presumed  site  of  a  temple  of 
Demeter  at  Halicamassus,  was  a  dstophoroa, 

•  Pausan.  i.  39,  1.     Homer,  Hymn,  ad  Cer.  1.  105. 

^  Pausan.  viii.  31,  2. 

«  Preller,  Demeter,  p.  229.  Pausan.  i.  18,  7.  Lucian,  De  Syria 
Dea,  xiii.  Etym.  Magn.  p.  774.  Plutarch,  Vit.  Sull.  c.  14.  It 
appears  from  these  passages  that  the  Athenian  Hydrophcria  was 
a  mourning  festival  in  memory  of  those  who  perished  in  the 
deluge  of  Deucalion,  celebrated  in  the  month  Anthesterion,  on 
the  same  day  as  the  Choea  and  Chytri,  which  were  offerings  of  like 
import,  made  only  to  the  Clithonic  Hermes  and  Dionysos. 


422         TEMENOS   OF   DEMETER,    PERSEPHONE, 

ing  to  Clemens  Alexandrinus,  the  chasm  through 
which  Persephone  was  carried  off  by  Pluto,  swal- 
lowed up  at  the  same  moment  the  pigs  of  Eubuleus ; 
and  this  would  seem,  from  the  words  of  Clemens,  to 
have  been  one  of  the  incidents  of  the  rape  of  Pro- 
serpine, which  was  symbolically  represented  in  the 
Thesmophoria  by  throwing  live  pigs  into  the  jttiyapa 
xou  avaxropa^  (See  cmte^  p.  391.)  The  marble  calves 
found  with  the  pigs  were  doubtless  dedicated  to 
Persephone,  to  whom  the  cow  was  sacred  at  Cyzicus 
and  in  Arcadia.** 

The  pairs  of  marble  breasts  were  probably  symbols 
of  fertility,  and,  as  such,  appropriate  to  Demeter. 
liastly,  in  the  dedication,  p^agiWeia  xaJ  ixrifLarpa 
(Plate  LXXXIX.,  No.  18),  we  may  recognize  thank- 
offerings  and  sin-offerings,  corresponding  perhaps 
to  the  Athenian    rites   called    xpop^apierr^gia,   and 

It  will  be  seen  from  the  foregoing  recapitulation, 
that  among  the  objects  discovered  in  the  tetnenos, 
we  find  no  trace  of  the  myth  of  Triptolemus,  nor 
any  emblem  which  can  be  called  Dionysiac,  if  we 


^  Clemens  Alexandr.  Cohort,  ad  Cknt.  p.  14  : — (iovXu  koI  ra 
^tpEtpoTTTjg  avOoXoyia  ^irfyfi<rofiai  icai  roy  icaXador  Koi  rifv  ofuray^y 
Ttfy  VTTV  A.idu)yito^  Kal  to  ayitryia  t^c  yffQ  icai  tclq  5c  fiig  KvfiovXewd 
rag  trvyKaTairodeirrag  raiv  0£a7r,  k,  t.  X. 

*  Pausan.  il  35,  §  4,  in  reference  to  the  peculiar  rites  with  which 
cows  were  sacrificed  to  Demeter  Chthonia  at  Hermione.  At 
Cyzicus  a  black  heifer  was  sacrificed  to  Persephone. — Appian, 
Mithridat.  Ixxv.  Cf.  Clem.  Alex.  Cohort,  p.  14,  for  the  myth  of 
the  tauromorphic  child  of  Persephone  by  Zeus. 

^  Hermann,  Gottesdienstl.  Alterthiimer,  §  06,  18.  Gerhard, 
Authesterien,  p.  207,  note  127. 


AND    PLUTO    BPIMACHOS.  423 

except  the  few  terracottas  already  noticed.  It  is 
thus  under  her  Chthonic,  and  not  under  her  Agra- 
rian aspect,  that  Demeter  appears  in  the  temenos ; 
and,  though  we  recognize  among  the  objects  dis- 
covered emblems  which  were  certainly  used  in 
the  Eleusinian  and  in  other  mysteries,  we  cannot, 
from  the  evidence  before  us,  determine  the  particu- 
lar form  of  worship  of  which  this  spot  may  have 
been  the  seat. 

It  may,  however,  be  worthy  of  consideration, 
whether  the  temenos  may  not  have  been  connected 
with  those  rites  of  Demeter  and  Persephone  which 
Telines,  the  ancestor  of  the  first  Gelon,  transported 
from  Telos  to  Sicily  ?  These  rites,  according  to 
Herodotus,  were  of  so  mysterious  and  peculiar  a 
nature,  that  their  hierophant  Telines  owed  to  them 
Ids  remarkable  political  ascendancy  at  Gela.  A 
knowledge  of  them  was  handed  down  to  his  de- 
scendants,  who  continued  to  officiate  as  hierophants 
after  they  were  established  as  a  dynasty  at  Syracuse.^ 
Though  Herodotus  professes  himself  unable  to  ex- 
plain the  origin  of  these  rites,  it  seems  reasonable 
to  conclude,  from  the  positive  statement  of  later 
authorities,  that  they  were  imported  from  Thessaly 
to  Cnidus,  by  Triopas,  when  he  fled  from  Dotium, 

B  Herod.  viL  153  :  Ipa  is  the  expression  used  bj  Herodotus  ia 
this  passage.  Mr.  Grote,  Hist,  of  Greece,  v.  281,  deBnes  these 
ipa  as  visible  and  portable  symbols  which  Telines  poasessed,  with  a 
privileged  knowledge  of  the  ceremonial  acts  and  formalities  of 
divine  worship  under  which  thejr  were  to  be  shown.  See  the 
whole  of  his  note,  p.  279.  The  exclusive  possession  of  these  acicra 
bj  the  family  of  Telines  is  analogous  to  the  worship  of  the  De* 
meter  Achsea,  which  was  peculiar  to  the  Gephynei. — Herod,  v.  61. 


424         TBMENOS   OF   DEMETER,    PERSEPHONE, 

after  incurring  the  wrath  of  Demeter  by  cutting 
down  her  sacred  grove/ 

The  part  taken  by  the  sons  of  Triopas  in  the  colo- 
nization of  Rhodes  and  the  adjacent  islands  would 
account  for  the  adoption  of  these  rites  at  Telos.* 
This  seems  to  be  all  that  has  been  handed  down 
to  us  from  antiquity  respecting  these  Triopia  aacra^ 
except  the  fact  that,  when,  at  a  much  later  period, 
Herodes  Atticus  dedicated  a  temenoa  to  Demeter 
and  Persephone,  in  memory  of  his  wife  Regilla,  he 
gave  the  name  Triopium  to  this  precinct,  perhaps 
to  invest  it  with  greater  sanctity,  by  reminding  sa- 
crilegious trespassers  of  the  crime  of  Triopas  J     It 

*>  Scbol.  ad  Pind.  Pyth.  ii.  1.  27  ;  Boeckh  ad  k»c. ;  and  Coq).  In- 
Bcript.  i.  p.  45.  Compare  Calliniachus,  Hymn  1.  25  ;  K.  O.  Mueller, 
Dorians,  Lewis  and  TufnelFs  transl.  i.  p.  415  ;  Atbenseas,  vi. 
]>.  262.  Boeckh,  in  his  commentary  on  the  paissage  from  Pindar, 
cited  above,  thinks  that  Thessaly  was  not  the  original  seat  of  the 
Triopian  worship,  but  that  it  was  brought  from  Argos  to  Dotium, 
by  the  family  of  Triopas.  In  support  of  this  view  he  cites 
Herod.,  ii.  171 ;  Pausan.  ii  22,  2,  to  show  that  in  Argos  was  a 
temple  of  the  Pelasgian  Demeter,  said  to  have  been  founded 
by  Pelasgus,  son  of  Triopas.  Hence  Gerhard,  Mythologie,  §  406, 
gives  the  name  Pelasgo-Triopian  to  this  particular  form  of  worship. 

i  Athenseus,  vL  p.  262. 

i  Corpus  Inscript.  No.  26,  No.  6,280.  Jacobs,  Anthol.  Annott. 
ii.  Pt.  II.  p.  369.  It  has  been  conjectured  that  Herodes  Atticus 
gave  the  name  Triopium  to  the  temenoa  dedicated  by  him,  because 
he  was  educated  by  Theagenes  of  Cnidus.  Jacobs,  loc,  ciL  thinks 
that  this  name  may  have  been  given  from  the  same  love  for  an- 
cient associations  which  induced  Hadrian  to  distinguish  parts  of 
his  domain  at  Tibur  by  the  names  Lyceum,  Academia,  Tempe ; 
but  he  admits,  at  the  same  time,  the  ingenious  conjecture  of 
Eichstaedt  that  the  name  Triopium  was  specially  chosen  to  protect 
this  hallowed  precinct  from  trespassers,  by  reminding  them  of  the 
punishment  with  which  Demeter  visited  the  sacrilege  of  Triopas. 


AND   PLUTO   EPIMACHOS.  425 

seems  at  first  natural  to  suppose  that,  if  the  worship 
of  Demeter  and  Persephone  at  Cnidus  was  originally 
called  Triopian,  the  seat  of  that  worship  would  have 
been  the  Ilieron  Triopion^  which  was  dedicated,  as  we 
know,  to  Apollo,  Poseidon,  and  the  Nymphs.""  There 
seems,  however,  to  be  no  positive  evidence  to  show 
that  such  was  the  case ;  ^  nor  is  there  any  difficulty 
in  assuming  that  the  name  of  the  founder  of  Cnidus 
may  have  been  given  to  two  distinct  temples.  On 
the  other  hand,  if  the  Triopia  sacra  were  established 
in  the  first  colonization  of  Cnidus  by  Triopas,  it 
seems  difficult  to  believe  that  the  original  seat  of 
this  worship  would  have  been  the  temenoa  discovered 
by  me ;  for,  in  that  case,  some  relic  of  archaic  art 
would  have  been  found  in  the  debHa  ;  whereas  I  have 
already  pointed  out  that  none  of  the  inscriptions  or 
other  remains  were  earlier  than  the  time  of  Phidias. 
Upon  the  whole,  therefore,  I  am  disposed  to  think 
it  probable  that  in  the  tenienoa  dedicated  by  Chry- 
sina  the  Triopia  aacra  formed  the  basis  of  the 
mystic  worship,  but  that  the  original  seat  of  this 
worship  must  be  looked  for  in  some  other  part  of 
Cnidus,  perhaps  in  the  Peninsula.™ 

k  SchoL  Theokr.  Idyll,  xvii.  69. 

*  Preller,  Demeter,  p.  176,  states,  that  the  Triopia  sacra  wei-e 
originally  a  festival  in  honour  of  Demeter  and  Persephone,  and 
that  the  Triopian  worship  of  Apollo  prevailed  at  a  later  [)eriod. 
Bnt  the  passages  which  he  cites  do  not  prove  this. — K.  O.  Mueller, 
Dorians,  i.  p.  290,  Engl,  transl.,  takes  a  similar  view. 

™  While  this  sheet  is  passing  through  the  press,  I  have  seen 
Professor  Gerhard's  short  review  of  this  work  in  the  Archaolo- 
giitcher  Anzeiger,  1862,  No.  158,  p.  270*.  He  disapproves  of  the 
name  Hekate,  which  I  have  given  to  the  terracotta  from  the 
(etnenos,  described  aiUe,  p.  401,  and  considers  this  figure  to  be 

II.  2    F 


426  TEMENOS  OF  DEMETER,  PERSEPHONE,  ETC. 

the  Artemis  Agrotera,  whose  temple,  according  to  Pansaniaa,  i. 
19,  7,  was  in  the  district  of  Agra,  where  the  Lesser  Mysteries  were 
celebrated,  and  whose  connection  with  Persephone  he  considers 
.marked  by  the  little  figure  on  whom  she  is  leaning.  (See  his  An- 
thesterien,  p.  174.)  But  we  learn  from  this  verj  passage  of 
Pausanias  that  the  Artemis  worshipped  on  this  site  was  there 
represented  holding  in  one  hand  a  bow.  In  the  Cnidus  terra- 
cotta, the  attributes  of  Artemis  and  Hekate  are  combined  into  one 
type,  which  we  find  associated  with  the  Psycho-pompic  Hermes 
on  the  great  Ruvo  vase,  engraved  (Monum.  Ined.  delF  Inst.  Arch. 
Rom.  ii  tav.  31).  In  R  Braun's  description  of  this  vase,  Annali, 
▼iiL  p.  104^  the  name  Artemis-Hekate  is  given  to  this  figure.  A 
similar  figure  occurs  on  the  vase  representing  the  Infernal  regions, 
published  by  Welcker,  ArchaoL  Zeitung,  1843,  p.  177,  PL  XI., 
and  there  described  as  Hekate.  Perhaps  the  Artemis  Phosphoros 
was  identical  with  this  type  of  Hekate.  On  the  close  connection 
of  the  two  goddesses  see  Welcker,  Griechische  €k)etterlehre,  p.  563. 


427 


CHAPTER     XVI. 

TEMPLE   OF  THE  MUSES. 

Site  of  Temple  of  Muses ;  discovery  of  dedicatory  inscription,  with 
artisfs  name ;  plan  of  the  Temple  ;  architectural  remains ; 
roof-tile ;  later  Byzantine  remains  ;  inscriptions  ;  fidse  arch  ; 
passage  with  tessellated  pavement ;  Corinthian  capitals,  probably 
designed  as  supports  for  isolated  objects.  Original  application 
of  the  Corinthian  order ;  remains  of  sculpture  ;  statuettes  of 
Muses;  heads;  votive  breasts;  cippua  dedicated  to  Apollo 
Fythius  by  a  Demiourgaa ;  niches  in  the  walls ;  tenucotta 
disks. 

On  the  north  side  of  the  larger  harbour,  about 
200  yards  to  the  north-east  of  the  alcove,  marked 
in  the  plan,  is  a  small  platform,  covered  with  By- 
zantine ruins,  and  bounded  on  the  south  by  an 
Hellenic  wall.  The  extreme  beauty  of  the  masonry 
in  this  wall  induced  me  to  make  an  excavation  here. 

On  digging  about  the  centre  of  the  platform, 
I  came  upon  Byzantine  foundations,  and,  at  the 
depth  of  about  3',  discovered  an  inscription  (Plate 
XCII.,  No.  43),  which  had  been  built  into  a  Byzan- 
tine wall ;  also  the  lower  half  of  a  draped  female 
figure,  which  has  been  about  2'  high. 

The  drapery  is  well  composed,  and  the  style  of 
the  sculpture  appears  to  be  of  the  Macedonian  period, 
to  which  date  I  would  also  assign  the  inscription. 

2  F  2 


428  TEMPLE   OF   THE   MUSES. 

On  the  left-hand  side  of  the  figure  is  a  square 
pillar ;  the  left  foot  is  advanced,  and  slightly  raised. 

The  inscription  is  on  a  small  slab  of  white  marble, 
and  contains  a  dedication  to  the  Muses  of  a  statue 
of  Glykinna  by  her  father  Hippokritos,  and  her 
brothers  Boulakrates  and  Polystratos.  Epikrates, 
the  son  of  ApoUonos,  is  named  as  the  sculptor. 
This  name  does  not  occur  in  Brunn's  work  on  the 
Greek  artists.* 

On  making  these  discoveries,  I  laid  bare  the 
whole  site. 

It  will  be  seen  by  reference  to  the  Plan  (Plate 
LXVIII.)  that  a  Boric  temple  once  stood  on  this 
spot.  This  temple  is  65'  by  49'  wide,  with  four 
columns  in  the  southern  front. 

The  interior  is  divided  into  two  nearly  equal 
compartments  by  a  wall  running  east  and  west, 
and  the  northernmost  of  these  compartments  is 
again  subdivided  into  two  chambers.  In  the  centre 
of  the  west  side  is  a  doorway  leading  into  a  passage 
cut  in  the  rock,  which  runs  north  and  south. 

In  front  of  the  colonnade  on  the  south  is  a  small 
court,  bounded  by  the  peribolus. 

It  was  the  southern  wall  of  this  peribolus  which 
first  attracted  my  attention  by  the  beauty  of  its 
masonry. 

The  temple  stood  on  a  platform  cut  like  a  step 
out  of  the  side  of  the  hill,  being  bounded  on  the 
north  and  east  sides  by  a  deep  cutting  in  the  native 
rock,  as  shown  in  the  sections  accompanying  the 

^  Gescbichte  der  Gr.  KneDstler,  von  H.  Brunn.  Braunschweig, 
1853. 


TEMPLE   OF   THE   MUSES.  429 

plan.  The  depth  of  this  cutting  on  the  north  side 
is  21'.  On  the  west  the  native  rock  has  been  levelled 
so  as  to  form  an  artificial  platform,  which,  however, 
does  not  appear  to  be  connected  with  the  temple. 
A  deep  drain,  shown  in  the  sections,  runs  along  the 
east  and  north  sides  of  the  building  between  its  outer 
wall  and  the  vertical  face  of  the  rock.  This  drain 
served  to  carry  off  the  water  from  the  hill  around. 

The  bases  of  three  of  the  columns  being  found  in 
position  on  the  stylobate,  we  thus  obtained  the 
dimensions  of  the  intercolumniation. , 

Drums  of  the  columns,  and  pieces  of  the  archi- 
trave and  frieze,  were  found  inserted  in  a  Byzantine 
wall,  built  on  the  stylobate. 

These  architectural  remains  furnished  the  follow- 
ing measurements : — 

Diameter  of  shafl  of  column^  at  4'  1"  above  stylobate,  1'  11^"; 
at  3'  9"  above  stylobate,  1'  11^";  at  4'  6"  above  stylobate,  1'  11" ; 
at  2'  3"  below  capital,  1'  If ;  at  4"  below  capital,  1'  6^". 

Detached  drums  : — 

1.  Length,  2'  0^" ;  diameters,  1'  8^",  1'  7^". 

2.  Length,  2'  6" ;  diameters,  1'  10",  1'  9^". 

3.  One  end  broken  off;  diameter,  1'  8|^'^ 

Capital :  Depth  of  abacus,  d^" ;  diameter,  2'  V ;  diameter  of 
capital  under  ahacus,  1'  llf"  ;  depth  of  echinw,  1^". 

Architrave:  Upper  member,  10|"  ;  lower  member,  5";  pro- 
jection of  upi>er  member,  3^.     (See  Plate  LXXXIIL,  ^g,  2.) 

Frieze,  with  triglyphs :  Depth,  V  4".  (Plate  LXXXIIL, 
^gg'  3,  4). 

No  portion  of  a  Boric  cornice  was  discovered. 

The  whole  of  the  order  and  the  upper  part  of  the 
walls  of  the  temple  were  huilt  of  travertine  covered 
with  fine  stucco,  portions  of  which  were  still  ad- 
hering to  the  shafts  and  architrave. 


430  TEMPLE   OF   TEL£   MUS£S. 

It  wUl  be  seen  by  reference  to  the  section  (Plate 
LXXXIII.,  fig.  1),  that,  to  the  height  of  4!  2"  from 
the  foundations,  the  walls  of  the  chambers  were  built 
of  two  slabs  of  grey  marble,  placed  together  back  to 
back,  surmounted  by  a  string  course,  and  resting 
on  a  plinth.  In  the  interior  of  the  edifice  the  sur- 
face of  these  slabs  was  finely  polished,  and  the  joints 
adjusted  with  a  nicety  hardly  to  be  sm*passed  in 
the  finest  cabinetmaker's  work.  Above  this  marble 
wall  was  one  of  travertine,  which  has  been  covered 
with  stucco,  and  probably  painted.  These  traver- 
tine walls  remain  in  some  parts  of  the  edifice ;  in 
others  they  have  been  replaced  by  Byzantine  walls 
built  of  rubble. 

The  original  height  of  the  edifice  could  only  be 
ascertained  by  a  restoration  of  the  order,  based  on 
the  measurements  which  I  have  here  stated;  but  it 
is  probable  that  to  the  north,  where  the  cutting 
is  deepest,  the  walls  did  not  rise  much  above  the 
level  of  the  native  rock  cut  at  the  back.  On  this 
side  the  original  travertine  wall  remained  in  posi- 
tion at  the  north-west  angle,  its  highest  course  here 
being  nearly  on  a  level  with  the  native  rock. 

The  courses  of  travertine  were  each  16"  deep. 

No  lacunaria  were  found,  but  the  hollows  in  the 
travertine  slab,  of  which  a  plan  and  section  are 
given  (Plate  LXXXIII.,  figg.  5,  6),  may  have 
formed  part  of  the  ceiling.  . 

A  large  roof-tile  had  been  preserved  unbroken 
among  the  ruins.  Its  dimensions  are  26^'"  by  22^"' 
by  1^"  thickness.  It  has  the  usual  flange  at  the 
back  and  sides.     On  the  sui-face  of  the  tile  is  an 


TBMPLE  OP  THE   MUSES.  431 

oval  stamp,  within  which  is  a  monogram.  A  floral 
ornament  from  the  front  of  an  imtyrex  or  joint-tile 
was  also  found. 

The  beautiful  masonry  of  the  southern  peribolus 
wall  of  the  temple  has  already  been  noticed.  The 
same  masonry  is  employed  in  the  external  face  of 
the  east  and  north  walls. 

To  the  south  of  the  colonnade,  the  marble  wall 
does  not  appear  to  have  been  carried  higher  than 
its  present  level  at  the  south-eastern  angle.  This 
level  corresponds  with  that  of  the  string  course. 
Had  it  been  surmounted  by  a  travertine  wall  here, 
the  view  of  the  colonnade  would  have  been  inter- 
cepted from  the  south.  The  wall,  therefore,  in  this 
part  is  only  a  peribolus^  which,  as  was  usually  the 
case  with  such  boundary-walls,  is  only  breast  high. 

Besides  the  architectural  remains  already  noticed, 
we  found  the  following : — 

(1.)  Two  portions  of  fluted  travertine  shafts  par- 
tially engaged.  One  of  them  had  a  base  attached. 
At  1'  3"  above  the  base  the  diameter  was  V  &\  The 
depth  of  the  base  was  61^''.  The  other  piece  was 
too  much  broken  to  yield  a  diameter.  These  half- 
columns  evidently  belonged  to  the  interior  of  the 
building. 

(2.)  The  capital  of  a  Corinthian  pilaster.  This 
was  of  travertine,  covered  vdth  stucco,  and  1'  3" 
high.  One  side  being  broken,  its  diameter  could 
not  be  ascertained,  but  it  was,  probably,  not  less 
than  r  6". 

The  southern  part  of  the  platform  was  inter- 
sected by  Byzantine  walls,  in  which  the  remains 


132  TEMPLE   OF   THE    MUSES. 

of  the  temple  were  found  intermixed  with  grouted 
rubble. 

The  whole  of  the  deep  cutting  on  the  north  was 
filled  with  masses  of  Byzantine  vaulting. 

The  occurrence  of  Christian  emblems  on  two 
capitals  found  here  proves  that  the  temple  was  con- 
verted into  a  church  in  Byzantine  times. 

In  the  rubble  foundations  on  the  south  side 
was  found  a  piece  of  architrave  of  the  Boman 
period,  9'  3"  long  and  1'  2"  deep,  on  the  face 
of  which  are  holes  for  the  insertion  of  metallic 
letters. 

This  inscription  appears  to  have  been — 

.    .    .    YnnZEYXHNEKjnNI    .    .    . 
f ipfijv  ex  rlov  i[Si(fov  ?]  ; 

A  limestone  block  was  also  found  here,  3'  by 
2'  10",  by  1'  T'  in  dimensions,  and  inscribed  on  one 
of  its  narrow  faces  ....  EANOrYNAIKOZ 
in  letters  probably  of  the  Roman  period.  This 
appears  to  have  been  set  edgeways  in  a  wall. 

Neither  of  these  stones  seems  to  have  formed 
part  of  the  structure  of  the  temple. 

Opposite  to  the  western  doorway  in  the  larger 
chamber  is  a  doorway  of  the  same  width,  sur- 
mounted by  a  singular  arch,  an  elevation  of  which 
is  given  in  Plate  LXXXIII.,  fig.  7. 

The  voussoirs  of  this  arch  are  of  limestone,  resting 
on  courses  of  travertine,  which  are  so  cut  as  to  form 
the  spring  of  the  arch.  Such  a  mode  of  structure 
constitutes  what  is  called  a  false  arch. 

It  seems  very  unlikely  that   the  Greeks  would 


TEMPLE   OF   THE    MUSES.  433 

have  imposed  upon  courses  of  travertine  an  arch 
formed  of  heavy  limestone  blocks. 

Moreover,  the  masonry  of  the  travertine  wall 
here  is  deficient  in  finish  and  regularity. 

I  therefore  consider  this  false  arch  as  a  Byzantine 
insertion ;  but,  as  the  cutting  of  the  sill  of  the  door- 
way appeared  to  be  Hellenic,  we  may  suppose  a 
doorway  here  giving  access  to  the  drain,  into  which 
at  tliis  point  a  tributary  channel,  now  stopped  up, 
has  flowed  from  the  south-east.  To  the  north  of 
this  doorway  the  travertine  is  in  like  manner  sur- 
mounted by  several  courses  of  limestone,  rising  a 
little  above  the  present  surface  of  the  ground. 
These  are,  also,  more  probably  Byzantine  than 
Hellenic,  for  the  reason  which  I  have  stated  above 
in  reference  to  the  archway. 

It  will  be  seen  by  the  Plan  that  a  passage 
leads  up  to  the  entrance  on  the  west.  This  pas- 
sage was  cut  out  of  the  native  rock,  and  had  a 
coarse  but  very  durable  kind  of  pavement.  Small 
teasella  of  white  marble  were  set  in  a  fine  ce- 
ment, compounded  of  lime,  gravel,  and  pounded 
brick.  The  teasellcB  were  bonded  together  by 
long  strips  of  sheet  lead,  which  were  laid  edge- 
ways in  the  cement  at  intervals.  The  whole 
was  again  covered  by  an  upper  layer  of  finer 
cement.  It  has  been  noticed,  ante^  p.  321,  that 
some  fragments  of  tessellated  pavement  excavated 
on  the  site  of  Hagia  Marina,  at  Budrum,  were 
similarly  bonded  by  strips  of  lead. 

I  see  no  reason  to  doubt  that  the  pavement  to  the 
west  of  the  Temple  of  the  Muses  is  that  originally 


434  TEMPLE  OF  TEE   MUSES. 

laid  down.  It  is  distinguished  from  the  nsoal 
specimens  of  mosaic  by  having  an  upper  layer  of 
cement  concealing  the  tesaella,  which  seem  here 
to  be  used  not  for  decoration,  but  merely  for  the 
purpose  of  binding  together  the  cement.  Within 
the  chambers  no  trace  of  the  original  pavement 
remained. 

At  the  southern  extremity  of  this  platform  the 
rock  was  cut  irregularly  into  steps,  which  are  repre- 
sented in  the  Flan.  The  southern  wall  of  the  temple 
terminated  flush  with  the  eastern  side  of  the  passage, 
so  as  to  leave  no  doubt  that  the  entrance  to  the 
passage  led  up  to  the  western  doorway  of  the  temple. 

On  the  west  side  of  the  passage  was  a  wall  in  line 
with  the  southern  peribolus  wall  of  the  temple,  but 
of  diflTerent  masonry. 

Its  commencement  on  the  east  appeared  to  be 
Hellenic,  but  it  was  continued  westward  as  a  Byzan- 
tine rubble  wall. 

This  may  have  been  the  peribolw  of  a  distinct 
building  on  the  rocky  platform  already  noticed. 

Besides  the  fragments  of  the  order,  the  fol- 
lowing architectural  remains  were  found  built  into 
the  Byzantine  walls  or  in  the  rubble  of  the  soil. 

(1.)  The  capital  of  a  Corinthian  column,  of  which 
the  base  has  been  broken  away.  (Plate  LXXXIII., 
fig.  9.) 

The  acanthus  foliage  of  this  capital  is  wrought 
with  much  delicacy  and  refinement  of  under- 
cutting. 

(2.)  The  lower  part  of  another  Corinthian  capital, 
ornamented  with  acanthus-leavcs  (Plate  LXXXIII., 


TEMPLE  OF  THE   MUSES.  435 

fig.  8),  the  diameter  of  which  has  probably  been 
about  9i".  This  is  a  variety  of  the  Corinthian, 
approaching  in  design  one  found  at  Branchidse,  and 
engraved  in  the  fourth  volume  of  Stuart's  "  Anti- 
quities of  Athens."^ 

In  this  example  the  foliage  is  delicately  carved 
and  deeply  undercut.  Both  these  capitals  are  of 
marble.  No.  1  seems  to  be  of  a  later  period  than 
No.  2. 

We  know  so  little  from  extant  monuments  how 
the  Corinthian  order  was  treated  by  the  Greeks  on 
its  first  introduction,  that  these  two  new  examples 
of  the  capital  are  interesting  acquisitions. 

Mr.  Fer^sson  remarks'"  that  the  Corinthian  order 
was  only  adopted  by  the  Greeks  in  the  decline  of 
their  architecture,  that  it  never  rose  during  the 
purely  Hellenic  period  to  the  dignity  of  a  temple 
order,  and  that  it  was,  probably,  first  employed  in 
smaller  works  of  art. 

In  illustration  of  this  remark,  I  would  observe 
that  the  occurrence  of  the  Corinthian,  either  in 
Greece  or  Asia  Minor,  is,  as  far  as  I  am  aware,  of 
extreme  rarity,  antecedently  to  the  Boman  conquest, 
and  that  in  the  few  extant  examples  it  is  on  a  small 
scale,  and  exhibits  an  elaborate  and  florid  character, 
in  contrast  to  the  severe  beauty  of  the  Boric  and 
Ionic  orders.  Its  general  introduction  dates,  there- 
fore, probably  from  the  reign  of  Alexander  the  Great, 
the  date  of  the  Choragic  Monument  of  Lysikrates. 

As  far  as  we  know,  the  Corinthian  order  was 

^  Plate  lY.  of  Donaldson's  Temple  of  Apollo  EpicuriuS|  &c. 
'  History  of  Architecture,  p.  273. 


436  TEMPLE   OF  THE   MUSES. 

originally  applied  in  cases  in  which  the  weight  to 
be  sustained  was  small,  and  where  decoration  rather 
than  strength  of  structui*e  may  be  conceived  to  have 
been  the  main  object  of  the  architect.  ^ 

The  two  capitals  here  described  do  not  appear  to 
have  formed  part  of  the  structure  of  the  temple,  for 
all  that  remains  of  the  order  is  travertine,  the  com- 
bination  of  which  material  with  marble  capitals 
would  have  been  an  incongruous  mixture. 

It  is,  therefore,  more  probable  that  those  capitals 
belonged  to  single  columns,  on  which  vases,  tripods, 
or  small  figures  were  placed.  These  may  have  been 
Choragic  monuments.^ 

The  following  fragments  of  sculpture  were  found 
in  the  course  of  the  excavation  : — 

(1.)  The  lower  halves  of  five  draped  figures, 
similar  in  character  to  that  described  mite^  p.  427. 

These  severally  differ  in  attitude,  and  in  the 
arrangement  of  the  drapery,  but  have  a  general 
family  likeness ;  and  from  their  character  and  motive 
there  can  hardly  be  a  doubt  that  they  represent 
Muses. 

The  feet  and  thigh  of  a  similar  figure  were  dis- 
covered in  separate  fragments.  The  tallest  of  these 
statuettes  must  have  been  about  2'  high.  They  pre- 
sent some  originality  in  the  treatment  of  the  drapery. 
The  general  style  of  the  sculpture  is  rather 
heavy,  and  probably  of  the  Macedonian  period. 

(2.)  Two  portions  of  a  female  head  about  8"  high. 

^  Columns  so  applied  are  fthown  in  front  of  the  houne  of  Icarus, 
in  the  relief  representing  the  reception  of  Bacchus  by  Icarus. 
(Ancient  Marbles  in  the  British  Museum,  ii.  PI.  4.) 


TEMPLE   OF   THE   MUSES,  437 

The  lower  part  of  the  face  is  broken  away,  but 
enough  remains  to  show  the  beautiful  and  simple 
style  of  sculpture.  The  head-dress  is  of  the  kind 
called  apiathasphendane. 

(3,)  A  female  head,  5^"  high,  representing  a 
Muse.  The  head-dress  appears  to  have  been  a  net, 
kekryphalos. 

(4.)  A  female  head,  2^"  high,  bound  with  a 
sphendone  over  the  forehead.  This  and  the  former 
head  are  much  defaced,  but  in  a  good  style.     . 

(5,  6.)    Two  other  female  heads,  each  5"  high. 
These  appear  to  be  heads  of  Muses. 
.  (7.)  A  veiled  female  head,  4"  high. 

(8.)  Part  of  a  relief  representing  two  draped  female 
figures.  The  arrangement  of  the  drapery  in  one 
of  these  figures  is  conventional,  and  seems  copied 
from  some  more  archaic  type.  The  subject  is,  per- 
haps, Dionysiac.  One  of  the  figures  is  in  high 
relief;  the  other,  which  is  in  rapid  action,  is  very 
slightly  raised  firom  the  background.  Between 
them  is  some  object  like  a  torch.  The  group  of 
which  this,  fragment  forms  a  part  was  probably 
about  Kf'  high. 

(9.)  A  head  of  the  bearded  Dionysos,  8''  in  height, 
surmounted  by  a  modiusj  from  under  which  hang 
down  on  each  side  the  ends  of  a  diadem.  This 
seems  to  be  a  modification  of  an  archaic  type  of 
Dionysos ;  the  modius  inclines  me  to  think  that  this 
head  represents  Dionysos  Chthonios. 

(10.)  A  lion's  paw,  which  has  formed  the  foot  of 
a  table  or  other  object.  This  is  T  high  by  8|" 
long. 


438  TEMPLE   OF   THE   MUSES. 

All  the  above  fragments  belong  to  a  good  period 
of  art, 

(11.)  A  torso  of  a  naked  female  figure  from  the 
waist  to  the  neck,  found  in  an  old  well  near  the 
south  wall  of  the  building.  This  fragment  mea- 
sures 6^''  in  height.  It  is  of  Parian  marble,  and  is 
beautifully  modelled. 

The  attitude  exactly  corresponds  with  that  of  the 
Venus  of  Milo,  of  which  statue  it  may  be  a  reduced 
copy. 

(12.)  Back  of  a  male  figure  in  the  round,  under 
life-size,  the  surface  in  bad  condition.  The  back  of 
a  head,  and  two  fragments  of  a  leg  appear  to  belong 
to  this  figure. 

(13.)  A  youthful  Satyr's  head,  much  mutilated, 
about  half  life-size. 

(12.)  Heads  of  a  triple  female  figure,  represent- 
ing Hekate,  or,  perhaps,  the  Horee.  The  three 
heads  are,  each,  surmounted  by  a  moditia^  and  ar- 
ranged round  a  larger  modiua  or  pillar.^  The  figure 
to  which  they  belonged  has  been,  probably,  15"'  high. 

(13.)  Hand,  life-size,  holding  a  baton. 

(14  to  17.)  Three  pairs  of  votive  breasts,  and  a 
single  votive  breast,  similar  to  those  found  in  the 
temenoa  of  Demeter  and  Persephone. 

(17, 18.)  Two  heads  which  have  supported  brackets. 

One  of  these  represents  the  youthful  l>ionysos ; 
the  other,  a  youthful  head  with  long  hair,  perhaps 
an  aquatic  deity. 

«  Compare  the  statue  of  Hekate  in  the  Muaeum  at  Leyden, 
pnblished  by  Gerhardi  Archaologische  Zeitung,  1843,  p.  133, 
PI.  VIII. 


TEMPLE  OF  THE   MUSES.  439 

They  both  belong  to  the  latest  period  of  ancient 
art. 

(8.)  It  has  been  already  stated,  that  a  marble 
base,  dedicated  to  the  Muses,  was  discovered  at  the 
commencement  of  the  examination  of  this  site. 
Lying  on  the  surface,  among  the  ruins,  was  part  of 
a  circular  altar,  2"  4f  "'  high,  inscribed  with  a  dedi- 
cation to  Apollo  Fythius,  by  Kephisodotos,  Demi- 
ourgos  of  Cnidus.  (Plate  XCIII.,  No.  51.) 

The  evidence  of  these  two  dedications  gives  rea- 
sonable ground  for  supposing  that  the  temple  was 
dedicated  to  Apollo  Fythius  and  the  Muses,  and 
this  is  confirmed  by  the  discovery  of  so  many  sta- 
tuettes, the  types  of  which  correspond  so  nearly 
with  those  under  which  the  Muses  are  usually  re- 
presented. In  the  well  were  found  several  frag- 
ments of  a  marble  phiale,  nearly  3'  in  diameter, 
and  among  the  ruins  portions  of  smaller  pJiiaUB. 
On  the  lip  of  one  of  these  a  lyre  was  engraved ;  the 
occurrence  of  which  symbol  on  the  marble  vessels 
of  the  temple  confirms  the  opinion  that  it  was 
dedicated  to  Apollo  and  the  Muses. 

It  would  seem  from  the  fragments  discovered  on 
this  site,  that  the  sculptures  it  contained  were 
mostly  votive  figures,  about  2'  high. 

This  is  confirmed  by  the  discovery  of  portions 
of  several  square  and  elliptical  bases,  similar  to 
those  found  in  the  temenoa  of  Demeter,  and  by  the 
occurrence  of  ledges  cut  on  the  top  of  the  lime* 
stone  string  course,  which  can  hardly  have  been 
intended  for  any  other  purpose  than  the  reception 
of  such  small  figures. 


440  TEMPLE   OF   THE   MUSES. 

Of  these  ledges  there  were  in  the  larger  compart- 
ment four. 

Two  of  these  were  in  the  western  wall,  placed 
respectively  on  either  side  of  the  doorway,  in  the 
centre  of  the  space  between  the  door-jamb  and  the 
angle  of  the  chamber. 

These  two  ledges  were  each  2'  8''  long,  and  6" 
wide ;  their  depth  was  V\ 

Their  surface  was  finally  tooled ;  behind  them  the 
stone  was  roughly  cut  away. 

On  the  north  side  of  the  same  chamber  were  two 
more  ledges.  One  was  placed  at  the  distance  of  2'  7^' 
west  of  the  doorway  leading  into  the  north-east 
chamber. 
This  ledge  was  2'  11^"  long,  and  5^"  wide. 
Tlie  other  was  placed  west  of  the  doorway  leading 
into  the  north-west  chamber,  and  at  a  distance  of 
3'  V  from  the  south-west  angle. 

It  is  not  certain  whether  these  two  ledges  were 
originally  balanced  by  two  others  placed  on  the 
opposite  sides  of  the  respective  doorways,  as  the 
walls  have  been  partially  removed. 

These  ledges  evidently  marked  the  position  and 
diameter  of  niches  in  the  upper  travertine  wall,  the 
courses  of  which  must  have  been  cut  away  so  as  to 
form  recesses  or  alcoves  over  the  ledges. 

Such  niches  would  be  exactly  suited  for  the 
reception  of  small  votive  figures  such  as  have  been 
discovered. 

In  the  walls  of  the  two  smaller  chambers  to  the 
north,  ledges  of  this  kind  do  not  occur ;  but  in  the 
north  wall  of  the  north-east  chamber,  at  the  distance 


TE3iPLE   OF   THE   MUSES.  44T 

of  3'  1"  from  the  north-west  angle,  was  a  square^ 
headed  opening  in  the  travertin^  wall,  2'  10''  wide, 
by  4'  7"  high.  The  limestone  slab  which  forms 
the  sill  of  this  opening,  was  not  wrought  like  that 
of  the  other  niches,  but  in  the  centre  of  the  slab 
a  hollow  was  chiselled  out,  ^th  of  an  inch  deep,  and 
6i''  wide. 

The  hollow  was  of  irregular  form,  but  seemed  to 
indicate  the  place  where  a  small  figure  had  stood. 

The  opening  over  it  had  no  wall  at  the  back,  and 
therefore  could  not  be  called  a  niche ;  on  the  other 
hand,  it  cannot  have  been  intended  for  the  admis« 
sion  of  light  or  air,  because  it  opened  on  the  vertical 
face  of  tlie  rock. 

In  the  masonry  no  sign  of  a  wall  at  the  back 
could  be  traced.  Perhaps  this  opening  was  made 
by  the  Byzantines  in  building  the  church. 

The  drains  were  filled  with  rubble  to  the  tops  of 
the  walls. 

On  the  north  side,  and  on  the  east  side  north  of 
the  archway,  was  a  stratum  of  cinders  in  this  rubble, 
with  many  fragments  of  broken  Hellenic  pottery. 

This  stratum  was  at  a  height  of  from  2'  to  3' 
above  the  rock.  In  this  rubble  were  five  small 
disks  of  the  kind  described  by  Mr.  Birch,  in  his 
"  History  of  Ancient  Pottery."^  Eaeh  of  these  was 
stamped  with  a  helmeted  head,  which  may  perhaps 
represent  Athene  Ergane. 

These  disks  were,  I  thinks  used  as  weights  in  the 
ancient  loom. 

In  the  same  soil  we  found  the  upper  half  of  a 

f  Vol.  i,  p.  182. 
II.  2    G 


442 


TBMPI/B  OP  THE   MUSES. 


small  terracotta  figure  from  a  mould,  representing 
a  draped  female,  with  long  flowing  hair,  holding  in 
her  right  hand  a  phiale.  Her  drapery  is  thrown 
over  the  left  shoulder,  leaving  the  right  arm  and 
breast  exposed*  This  figure  has  been  about  &' 
high. 

In  the  same  rubble  were  found  two  small  am- 
phw(B  of  pale  unvarnished  clay,  about  15''  high* 


143 


CHAPTEll  XVII. 

LOWBR  THEATRE.      TEMPLE   OF  DI0NY80S,   ETC. 

£xcavatioii  at  entrance  to  lower  Theatre  j  discovery  of  vestibule 
and  inscrijitioDs ;  Vomitory  ;  inscriptions  in  walls  of  Theatre 
taken  from  some  earlier  building ;  excavations  on  site  of  Temple 
probably  of  Dionysos ;  discovery  of  slabs  of  frieze  ;  portions  of 
this  friese  probably  transported  to  Cos  by  Knights  of  St.  John  ; 
discovery  of  Odeum ;  its  tJiymtle.  Absence  of  a  Scene  accounted 
for;  alcove. 

On  first  establishing  ourselves  at  Cnidus,  I  com* 
meneed  an  excavation  on  the  western  side  of  the 
lower  theatre,  dose  to  which  we  had  made  our  en- 
campment. A  plan  and  section  of  this  theatre  are 
given  in  the  Dilettanti  volume,  PI.  XXII,,  XXIII, 
The  portion  explored  by  us  is  shown  in  the  wood- 
cut on  the  following  page. 

I  commenced  by  an  excavation  at  A,  in  front  of 
the  Scene,  of  which  the  foundations  are  visible 
above  the  ground.  From  this  spot  the  cutting 
was  continued  in  a  westerly  direction,  so  as  to 
lay  bare  the  end  wall  of  the  cavea,  B,  which, 
as  was  usually  the  case  in  Asiatic  theatres,  runs 
obliquely  to  the  front  of  the  Scene.  The  foun- 
dations of  this   wall  were  found  at  an  average 

2  o  2 


LOWER  THEATRE. 


depth  of  6'.  The  wall,  a  riew  of  which  is  given 
Plate  LXIX.,  Upper  View,  was  a  good  example  of 
Hellenic  masonry.  It  was  built  of  white  marble 
blocks,  laid  alternately  in  deep  and  shallow  courses. 


The  face  of  these  blocks  was  roughly  tooled.  This 
wall  made  a  return  of  6'  on  the  west  side  of  the 
theatre.  At  this  point  it  had  been  replaced  by  a 
massive  Koman  wall,  which  formed  the  western 
boundary  of  the  catea. 

In  front  of  the  Scene,  and  parallel  to  it,  we  found 
two  rubble  walls  of  late  Roman  or  Byzantine  con- 
struction, CC.  These  appeared  to  be  part  of  the  base- 
ment of  some  building  erected  on  the  site  of  the 
Scene  at  a  late  period.  The  ground-floor  of  this 
building  appears  to  have  been  on  a  level  with  the 
present  surface  of  the  soil,  and  was  approached  from 
the  basement  by  a  flight  of  steps  leading  up  from 
the  level  of  the  orchestra. 


TEMPLE   OP  DIONYSOS,   ETC.  445 

'  These  steps,  D  D,  which  were  still  partially  pre- 
served, were  composed  of  squared  blocks,  evidently 
borrowed  from  some  previous.  Hellenic  building. 

At  the  side  of  the  rough  walls,  C  C,  were  found 
portions  of  an  architrave,  and  the  base  of  a  column, 
of  late  Corinthian  architecture. 

On  one  portion  of  this  frieze  were  the  letters 
AIEKGEMEAI ;  on  another  AtO-  This  inscription 
is  of  the  Roman  period,  and  is,  probably,  at  least  as 
late  as  the  time  of  the  Antonines. 

The  words  EKGEMEAI  may  be  restored  x)a)  ix 
6ffjttfX/(aiv  oLvsvswa-aro)^  in  which  case  the  inscription 
would  record  the  rebuilding  of  the  Scene  some  time 
in  the  Roman  period.  A  few  fragments  of  sculp- 
ture of  a  very  ordinary  description  were  also  dug 
up  here. 

At  E,  opposite  to  the  end  of  the  side  wall  of  the 
Scene,  was  a  stone  with  a  socket  for  the  insertion  of 
the  hinge  of  a  gate,  and  opposite  to  it,  in  the  end 
wall  of  the  cavea^  a  hole  cut  in  the  face  of  one  of 
the  stones,  into  which  the  bolt  of  the  gate  probably 
passed.  Near  this  spot  was  a  rough-hewn  stone 
chair,  perhaps  the  seat  on  which  the  check-taker  of 
the  theatre  sat.  Close  to  this  seat  was  the  base  of 
a  statue,  turned  upside  down,  on  which  was  an  in- 
scription in  late  characters,  recording  a  dedication 
by  the  Cnidian  people  in  honour  of  Julia,  daughter 
of  Theuphides,  and  mother  of  Leukios  Moschos. 
(Plate  XCII.,  No.  39.) 

A  number  of  Roman  lamps  were  found  at  this 
spot.  The  excavation  was  continued  along  the 
western  wall  of  the  Scene,  above  the  foundations  of 


416  LOWER   THEATRE. 

which  was  an  accumulation  of  about  8'  of  earth. 
At  this  depth  I  found  fragments  of  painted  Greek 
pottery.  Below  the  layer  of  pottery  there  appeared 
to  be  nothing  but  a  gravelly  bottom. 

Pursuing  the  end  wall  of  the  cavea  to  the  return 
wliere  it  meets  the  west  side,  I  found  at  the  angle  a 
flight  of  steps,  marked  in  the  plan  F.  This  led  up 
from  the  level  of  the  orchestra  to  a  Corinthian 
portico,  the  ruins  of  which  were  found  lying  on 
the  steps  exactly  in  the  position  in  which  they 
originally  fell. 

On  the  upper  step  were  the  bases  of  two  columns, 
and  below,  the  architrave,  frieze,  cornice,  and 
capitals.  The  columns  had  stood  on  the  upper  step 
between  two  square  pilasters.  The  frieze  and  upper 
mouldings  of  the  cornice  were  ornamented  with  a 
rich  scroll  pattern.  The  portico  measured  25'  by 
20'.  The  sides  were  formed  of  rubble  walls,  the  lower 
part  of  which  had  a  moulded  base  course,  consist* 
ing  of  veneers  of  grey  marble  fixed  on,  a  coating 
of  cement.  This  portico,  like  all  the  Corinthian 
architecture  at  Cnidus,  was  evidently  of  a  late 
period.'* 

At  the  side  of  the  return  wall  of  the  cavea  on  the 
west,  we  cleared  away  the  earth  to  a  depth  of  8', 
so  as  to  lay  bare  the  foundations,  and  a  drain-pipe 
running  parallel  to  them. 

This  cutting  was  continued  as  far  as  the  archway 
forming  the  vomitory  of  the  theatre  on  this  side. 

*  For  the  position  of  this  portico  relatively  to  the  Seen  a,  com- 
pare the  plan  of  the  smaller  theatre  at  Hierapytoa.  (Falkener, 
Description  of  Theatres  in  Crete,  1S54|  p.  12.) 


TEMPLB   OF   DI0NYS08,   ETC.  447 

-• 

This  archway  was  partially  filled  up  with  rubble,  on 
removing  which  a  flight  of  eleven  steps  appeared, 
leading  up  to  a  square  landing-place,  from  which 
a  passage  opened  into  the  lower  diazoma  of  the 
theatre* 

This  archway  and  the  western  side  of  the  theatre 
are  seen  beyond  the  huts  in  the  view  of  the  en- 
campment (Plate  LII).  The  masonry  of  the  arch 
itself,  and  of  the  surrounding  courses,  is  Hel- 
lenic, and  seems  of  the  same  period  as  the  end 
wall  of  the  cavea.  It  must,  therefore,  have  been 
retained  when  the  west  wall  was  rebuilt  by  the 
Bomans.  In  clearing  out  the  archway,  a  small 
circular  terracotta  mould  was  found,  on  which 
was  stamped  in  intaglio  a  group  of  two  gladia- 
tors fighting.  Prom  the  position  in  which  this 
was  found,  it  was  probably  a  mould  from  which 
counters,  such  as  were  used  as  checks  at  the  doors 
of  ancient  theatres,  were  stamped. 

In  the  excavation  along  the  side  of  this  wall,  I 
found  among  a  mass  of  large  blocks  several  cubes 
and  slabs  of  limestone,  bearing  inscriptions,  nearly 
all  of  which  relate  to  objects  dedicated.  (Plates  XCI., 
Nos.  34,  35,  XCV.,  No.  58.)  Three  of  these  must 
•have  served  as  the  bases  of  statues,  or  other  sculp- 
tures,  as  was  shown  by  the  word  fiTo/ijersi/  following 
the  artist's  name. 

This  discovery  gave  me  reason  to  hope  that  the 
sculptures  to  which  these  inscriptions  relate  might 
be  found  near  them. 

A  further  examination  of  the  theatre,  however, 
showed  that  these  inscribed  stones,  together  with  the 


448  LOWER  THEATRE. 

other  blocks  with  which  they  were  found,  had  been 
thrown  down  from  the  summit  of  thie  western  wall 
of  the  cavea^  which,  as  it  approaches  the  south-west 
angle,  becomes  ruinous«  (See  Plate  LII.,  Lower 
View.) 

To  the  north  of  the  vomitory,  this  wall  is  much 
higher.  On  examining  its  inner  face  in  this  part,  I 
found  a  row  of  limestone  slabs  laid  under  a  course 
of  blocks.  One  of  these  slabs  is  inscribed  with  a 
dedication  to  the  gods  by  Agathoboulos  of  a  statue 
in  honour  of  Sosibios,  son  of  Dioscorides,  the  sculp- 
tors of  which  were  Xenodotos  and  Menippos,  both 
of  Chios.  (See  Plate  XCV.,  No.  57-) 

On  comparing  this  slab  with  the  inscribed  stones 
previously  found  in  the  ruins  below,  such  a  resem- 
blance appeared  among  them  as  would  be  the  case 
if  they  had  all  been  taken  'from  the  same  building. 
The  character  of  the  inscriptions  shows  that  they 
originally  belonged  to  a  temple  or  some  other  public 
edifice  which  must  have  fallen  into  decay  at  the 
time  when  the  Roman  theatre  was  built ;  while, 
again,  the  mention  of  citizens  of  Alexandria  in  in- 
scription No.  67  proves  that  this  edifice  must  have 
been  in  existence  after  the  conquest  of  Egypt  by 
Alexander  the  Great.  As  one  of  these  inscrip*- 
tions  is  a  dedication  to  ^Esculapius,  it  is  possible 
that  all  these  marbles  may  have  been  taken  from  a 
temple  dedicated  to  that  deity. 

Such  was  the  result  of  the  partial  examination  of 
the  theatre. 

As  this  excavation  was  undertaken  in  the  first  in- 
stance in  order  to  obtain  materials  for  the  construe^ 


TEMPLE   OF   DIONTSOS,    ETC.  449 

tion  of  a  pier  for  the  use  of  the  expedition,  and 
as  the  discoveries  which  it  led  to  did  not  promise 
much,  I  did  not  explore  this  ground  further. 

To  the  west  of  the  theatre  is  a  large  level  area, 
which  has  evidently  been  the  Peribolus  of  a  temple, 
of  which  the  ruins  still  remain.  The  proximity  of 
this  site  to  the  lower  theatre  led  the  authors  of  the 
"  Ionian  Antiquities  '*  to  suppose  that  the  edifice 
which  stood  here  was  sacred  to  Dionysos.^ 

On  the  side  next  the  sea  the  Peribolus  has  been 
bounded  by  a  wall  of  fine  Hellenic  masonry,  of 
which  two  courses  still  remain  underground. 

Here  Lieutenant  Smith  made  an  excavation  along 
the  south  side  of  the  temple,  laying  bare  the  south- 
em  wall  of  the  c^Wa,  tliroughout  its  entire  length 
to  its  foundations.  The  courses  of  this  wall  still 
remain  to  the  height  of  T.  Its  length  from  the 
south-eastern  to  the  south-western  angle  of  the 
building  is  100'.  Near  its  eastern  extremity  the 
courses  are  irregular,  and  among  them  are  archi- 
tectural marbles  from  some  previous  edifice. 

Nothing  was  found  in  the  course  of  this  excava- 
tion except  some  fragments  of  capitals  of  the  Ionic 
order,  and  two  pieces  of  a  frieze  in  high  relief. 

One  of  the  subjects  represented  a  seated  female 
figure,  her  lower  limbs  enveloped  in  a  peplos.  She 
looks  towards  a  Satyr,  who  stands  before  her, 
brandishing  in  his  right  hand  what  appears  to  be 

^  The  existence  of  a  temple  of  Dionysos  at  Cnidus  may  be  in- 
ferred from  the  fact  that  this  city  possessed  a  statue  of  the  aged 
Bacchus,  Liber  Pater,  by  Scopas,  aud  another  by  Bryaxis. — Pliny, 
xxxvi.  4,  5. 


450  LOWER  THEATRE. 

a  thyrsus  ;  his  left  is  extended  towards  the  female 
figure,  and  has  probably  been  enveloped  in  a  mantle. 
On  the  left  of  this  group  is  another  Satyr,  moving 
away  from  the  scene,  but  looking  back. 

In  the  other  relief  a  female  figure  is  seated  on 
rocks  before  an  altar.  The  lower  half  of  her  body 
is  clad  in  a  peplos^  in  her  left  hand  she  holds  some 
uncertain  object.  She  is  looking  back.  Behind 
her  stands  a  female  figure,  having  a  peploa  wound 
round  the  lower  half  of  her  body.  The  seated  figure 
in  this  group  may,  perhaps,  represent  Ariadne. 

The  sculpture  in  these  two  reliefs  is  exceedingly 
coarse,  and  evidently  executed  in  a  very  late  period 
of  Roman  art.  Their  subjects  would  indicate  that 
the  building  near  which  they  were  found  was  sacred 
to  Bacchus,  and  the  opinion  of  the  authors  of  the 
"  Ionian  Antiquities"  in  reference  to  this  temple  is 
thus  confirmed. 

These  reliefs  bear  a  remarkable  resemblance,  both 
in  style  and  subject,  to  some  portions  of  frieze 
built  into  the  walls  of  the  castle  at  Cos,  which  will 
be  described  in  a  subsequent  part  of  this  work.  The 
height  of  this  frieze  is  2'. 

This  castle  was  built  by  the  Knights  of  St.  John 
at  the  same  period  as  the  fortress  at  Budrum,  and  it 
is  not  unlikely  that,  on  this  occasion,  they  trans- 
ported much  building  material  from  Cnidus,  the 
distance  from  which  place  to  Cos,  with  a  fair  windj 
being  not  more  than  three  hours'  sail. 

After  the  southern  side  of  the  cella  had  been  laid 
bare,  a  cutting  was  made  at  right  angles  to  it^ 
tlirough  the  western  part  of  the  Temple. 


TEMPLE  OF   DIONTSOS,   ETC.  461 

A  pavement  of  large  slabs,  irregularly  fitted,  and 
evidently  of  a  late  period,  was  here  uncovered ;  and 
further  examination  of  the  interior  of  the  cella 
showed  that  it  had  been  converted  into  u^  Christian 
church  in  the  Byzantine  period. 

At  the  western  extremity  of  the  Peribolus  I  found 
part  of  a  draped  female  in  white  marble,  lying  on 
the  surface  of  the  soil.  This  torso  was  of  the 
Roman  period,  and  a  fair  specimen  of  sculpture.  It 
is  npw  in  the  British  Museum. 

Both  in  the  eastern  apd  western  part  of  thp 
Peribolus  I  dug  pits,  but  without  finding  any 
other  remains  but  pottery,  which,  at  the  depth 
of  12'  on  the  eastern  side  of  the  temple,  formed  a 
stratum. 

On  reference  to  the  Plan,  it  will  be  seen  that  on 
the  shore  of  the  larger  harbour,  the  site  of  an 
alcove  is  marked.  This  was  built  of  large  blocks 
of  travertine,  with  isodomous  masonry.  It  faces 
the  sea,  being  built  against  the  side  of  the  hill, 
like  a  theatre. 

A  little  below  this  alcove  a  natural  terrace  runs 
along  the  shore  of  the  harbour.  Near  the  edge  of 
this  terrace  was  a  pedestal  of  fine  white  marble, 
inscribed  with  a  dedication  to  Serapis  in  gratitude 
for  the  cure  of  some  disease.     (Plate  XCI.,  No.  32.) 

This  was  lying  on  its  side,  and  appears  to  have 
been  dug  up  near  the  spot.  About  60'  east  of  the 
alcove,  and  on  the  same  level  as  the  inscription,  I 
noticed  on  the  surface  a  line  of  foundation,  appa- 
rently of  some  large  building,  running  east  and 
west. 


452  LOWER  THEATRE. 

I  therefore  selected  this  spot  for  an  excavation, 
in  order  to  ascertain  what  the  alcove  was,  and 
whether  it  was  connected  with  the  line  of  founda- 
tion to  the  east  of  it. 

On  excavating  on  both  sides  of  this  latter  line, 
Lieutenant  Smith  came  to  a  small  theatre  facing  the 
south,  and  placed  rather  lower  down  the  hill  than 
the  alcove.  The  Plan  and  view  given  Plates  LXXII., 
LIV.,  show  its  position  relatively  to  the  alcove. 

This  theatre,  as  will  be  seen  by  the  plan,  is  on  a 
very  small  scale,  the  chord  of  its  arc  measuring 
only  23'  3''.  In  place  of  the  scena  is  a  platform 
formed  of  a  single  row  of  large  blocks.  In  front  of 
the  centre  of  this  platform  are  the  remains  of  a 
pedestal,  A,  of  which  the  present  dimensions  are 
6'  by  3',  and  1'  8''  high.  On  the  western  side  a 
step,  a,  has  led  up  to  this  pedestal. 

Between  the  centre  of  the  platform  and  the 
boundary-wall  of  the  theatre  on  the  west,  is  the 
drum  of  a  plain  circular  column  in  position.  In 
the  side  of  this  drum  is  a  vertical  groove,  0,  doubt* 
less  intended  to  receive  a  metallic  grating,  which 
must  have  traversed  the  length  of  the  platform 
from  west  to  east,  and  formed  a  screen. 

Sockets  for  the  attachment  of  this  grating  occur 
at  irregular  intervals  in  the  pavement,  marked  on 
the  Plan,  D,  D,  D.  On  the  west  of  the  column  has 
been  a  gateway. 

To  the  east  of  the  centre  a  socket,  marked  « in 
the. Plan,  occurs  in  the  pavement,  showing  the 
position  of  a  gate.  The  area  between  the  seats 
and  the  paved  platform,  corresponding  with  the 


TKMPLE   OF  DIONYSOS,   ETC.  453 

orchestra  in  the  usual  ai*rangement  of  a  Greek 
theatre,  is  not  paved. 

From  the  outside  or  front  of  the  theatre,  the 
platform  is  approached  hy  a  flight  of  two  steps. 
(See  the  Section.)  Outside  the  gateway  on  the 
west,  these  steps  bend  round  so  as  to  describe  the 
segment  of  a  circle. 

From  the  position  of  the  pedestal,  and  the  un- 
usually small  scale  of  this  theatre,  it  is  probable 
that  it  was  an  Odewn^  or  theatre  for  musical  contests. 

It  is  to  be  presumed  that  the  pedestal  was  a 
thymele.  The  performer,  doubtless,  stood  on  this 
base  in  the  manner  represented  in  several  Greek 
vase  pictures,  of  which  musical  contests  are  the 
subjects.' 

'  It  will  be  seen  that  in  this  Odeum  a  metallic 
railing  stood  in  the  place  of  the  usual  solid  masonry 
of  the  Scena.  •  The  absence  of  this  feature  is  pro- 
bably due  to  the  extreme  smallness  of  the  cavea. 
From  the  nearness  of  the  audience,  no  boundary- 
wall  would  be  required  to  condense  the  sound. 

On  digging  within  the  alcove,  it  was  found  that 
the  soil  had  accumulated  above  the  foundations,  to 
an  average  depth  of  10'.  The  present  height  of  the 
wall  is  22' ;  there  is  no  proof  that  it  was  ever  car- 
ried any  higher.  No  pavement  was  found  within 
the  area  of  the  alcove;  it  was  traversed  by  an 
irregular  foundation-wall  marked  C  in  the  Plan. 

The  digging  was  continued  in  front  of  the  alcove 

«  See  Wieseler,  Theatergebaude,  Taf.  iv.  figg.  6,  7.     Catalogue 
of  Vases  in  Bntish  Museum,  1851,  No.  727. 


451  LOWER  THEATRE. 

as  far  as  the  line  D,  which  marks  the  position  of  a 
rough  wall  running  parallel  to  the  are  of  the  alcove. 

It  will  be  seen  by  reference  to  the  section,  that 
from  the  line  D  the  ground  falls  towards  the  sea  by 
a  gradual  slope,  interrupted  at  E  by  a  terrace  walL 

On  removing  the  upper  soil  from  this  slope,  a 
series  of  steps  and  platforms  was  laid  bare,  leading 
up  to  a  semicircular  foundation,  marked  "Low 
Seat"  in  the  Plan,  the  centre  of  which  is  in  a 
line  with  the  centre  of  the  alcove. 

The  relative  heights  of  the  series  of  steps  and 
platforms,  descending  from  the  semicircular  foun- 
dation to  the  lower  level  next  the  sea,  are  shown 
in  the  section. 

Between  the  points  G  G  and  H  H,  the  width  of 
these  steps  and  platforms  is  determined  by  two 
parallel  walls.  Below  H  H  the  width  was  not  ascer- 
tained by  excavation.  At  G  G  are  projections, 
apparently  the  foundations  of  two  opposite  piers. 
In  the  ground  below  H  H  were  found  two  pedestals, 
both  of  which,  probably,  supported  statues. 

It  would  not  have  been  possible,  without  more 
extensive  excavations,  to  decide  what  the  purpose 
of  these  steps  and  platforms  has  been,  and  what 
was  their  relation  to  the  alcove  and  semicircular 
foundation  below  it. 

The  steps  were  of  good  masonry,  and  have  been 
veneered  with  marble,  which  appears  to  have  also 
lined  the  side  walls,  G  H,  already  mentioned.  No 
pavement  was  discovered  on  the  platforms.  The 
masonry  seemed  of  the  Roman  period. 

As  the  ground  in  front  of  the  alcove  could  not 


TEMPLE   OF  DIONYSOS,   ETC.  455 

have  been  completely  explored  without  a  con- 
siderable outlay,  and  as  the  discoveries  which  have 
been  made  here  were  chiefly  interesting  in  so  far 
as  they  threw  light  on  the  topography  of  Cnidus, 
I  did  not  pursue  this  excavation  farther.  It  is, 
however,  possible  that  more  extended  researches 
might  bring  to  light  the  plan  of  some  large  build- 
ing, of  which  the  alcove  and  the  steps  leading  up 
to  it  may  have  formed  a  part.^ 

**  In  the  notice  of  this  work  by  Professor  Gerhard  (Archaolo- 
giBcher  Auzeiger,  No.  158,  1862,  p.  279*),  he  describes  the  alcove 
a8  a  tribune  or  benia  for  orators  ;  but  the  ground  below^  did  not 
seem  adapted  for  the  accommodation  of  an  audience.  The  semi- 
circuhir  foundation  rather  suggests  to  me  the  idea  that  judges  of 
some  kind  had  their  seat  here,  perhaps  for  the  purpose  of  awarding 
prizes  for  musical  performers  in  the  adjacent  Odeum. 


456 


CHAPTER  XVIII. 

SUPPOSED  TEMPLE  OF  VENUS,  GYMNASIUM,  ETC. 

Corinthian  Terople^  supposed  bj  Leake  to  be  that  of  Yenus; 
Lucian's  description  of  the  temenos  round  that  Temple  ;  Leake*n 
arguments  considered  ;  the  platform  does  not  correspond  with 
Lucian's  description  ;  fruitless  excavation  on  the  site  ;  inscrip* 
tion  published  by  Hamilton  ;  discovery  of  a  building  similar  in 
plan  to  the  Temple  of  the  Muses ;  tessellated  pavement  ;  in- 
scription on  base  of  term  of  Hermes ;  his  association  with 
Aphrodite  ;  discovery  of  late  sculptures ;  modiua  ;  its  capacity ; 
terracottas  ;  green  glazed  ware  ;  stucco ;  reasons  for  considering 
the  building  a  Gymnasium  ;  excavation  of  adjacent  Roman 
building ;  Ionic  portico  discovered  by  Dilettanti  Society ;  its 
inferiority  in  style  to  the  Mausoleum  ;  excavations  on  this  site  ; 
small  Koman  building  above  encampment ;  dedication  to  Theo- 
pompus  by  people  of  Julia  Laodicsea ;  inscription  to  the  physician 
Hekatseus ';  remains  of  sculpture  on  this  site.  Large  building 
near  Agora.     Doric  building ;  dedication  by  a  Demiourgoa 

It  has  been  already  stated,  ante,  p.  367,  that  in 
the  centre  of  a  very  conspicuous  and  extensive 
platform  overlooking  the  hai-bour  are  the  ruins  of 
a  small  Corinthian  temple,  of  which  a  restoration 
is  given  in  the  Dilettanti  volume,  Plates  IV.— X., 
and  which,  as  it  has  been  supposed  by  Colonel 
Leake,  once  contained  the  celebrated  statue  of 
Venus  by  Praxiteles.  If  we  are  to  regard  the 
well-knoAvn  description  by  Lucian  as  literally  true, 
the  temple  in  which  this  statue  stood  was  very 


GYMNASIUM,   ETC.  467 

small,  and  with  aii  entilsince  at  eitlier  &nd,  and 
around  it  wad  a  spacious  temenos.  planted  with 
ghady  trees;  and  affording  an- agreeable  placie'of 
resort  to  the  piBople  of  Cnidus. 

After  qubting  this  description  in  full,  Colonel 
Leake  dbserves,'.  that,  from  the  stnalldcale  of  the 
Corinthian  temple  on  thtf  platform,  it  would  haLve 
been  well  adapted  for  the^  reception  of  a  idingle 
figure,,  such  its  the  wo  A  of  Praxiteles;  that  in 
this  case  the  Coriiithian  order  may  have  been  pre- 
ferred to  the  native  Doric,  on  account  of  the  greater 
suitability  of  ithis  more  Ornate  style  for  a  temple 
of  Venus;  and  that,  though  this  temple  is  probably 
less  ancient  than  the  age  of  Praxiteles,  there  is  no 
difficulty  in  supposing  that  a  new  building  may 
have  been  er^ted  for  the  statue  long  after  his 
time.  He  further  iremarks,  that  the  conspicuous 
and  central  position  of  the  platform  on  which  this 
temple  stands,  aud  its  extent,  are  additional  argu- 
ments in  favour  of  the  supposition  that  this  spot 
was  chosen  as  the  site  of  the  famous  Aphrodisium. 

It  may  be  observed,  on  the  other  hand,  that; 

though  this  platform,  from  its  commanding  posi- 

•  •    •        ■ 

tioD,  is  certainly  the  most  remarkable  site  in  the 
whole  city,  and-  consequently  the  One  where  we 
might,  a  priori^  expect  to  find  the  temple  which 
was  the  great  centre  of  attraction  to  all  who  visited 
Cnidus,  the  ruins  of  the  .temple  present  no  positive^ 
evidence  in  confirmation  of  Leake's  conjectxtre. 
The  fact  thaf  the  temple  is  Corinthian  contributes 
little  or  nothing  in.  support  of  his  argument,  for 
this  order  is  employed  at  Cnidns  in  all  the  temples 

II.  2   H 


458  SUPPOSED   TEMPLE   OP   VENUS, 

and  other  buildings  of  the  later  Roman  period,  apd 
Doric,  though,  doubtless,  the  order  preferred  by 
the  original  colony,  is  in  the  extant  architecture 
rather  the  exception  than  the  rule.  Lucian  der 
acribes  the  temenoa  of  the  Aphrodisium  as  abound- 
ing in  trees  and  ornamental  shrubs,  which  afforded 
a  gititeful  shade  to  the  citizens.  The  platform 
which  surrounds  the  Corinthian  temple  does  not 
seem  naturally  suited  for  such  a  temenoa.  The 
situation  is  much  exposed  in  winter  to  the  north 
wind,  which  sweeps  over  the  city  with  extraordinary 
fury.  The  soil  is  of  the  most  arid  kind,  and  con- 
tains no  springs.  Doubtless,  it  may  have  been 
irrigated  by  artificial  conduits  ;  but  even  then  th^ 
site  would  not  have  had  that  sheltered  and  retired 
character  which,  according  to  Lucian,  formed  its 
great  charm.  His  description  would  rather  lead 
us  to  look  for  the  site  on  ground  picturesquely 
broken  by  ravines  and  sheltered  by  the  mountains^ 

With  a  view  of  clearing  up  the  question  to 
what  deity  the  Corinthian  temple  was  dedicated, 
we  made  an  ei^cavation  in  its  ruins  in  two  places,  but 
found  nothing  to  encourage  us  to  proceed.  Neither 
inscriptions  nor  the  relics  of  any  earlier  temple  on 
the  same  site  rewarded  our  search. 

I  next  proceeded  to  examine  a  mass  of  ruins 
lying  on  the  north  side  of  the  platform,  a  little  to 
the  north-east  of  the  temple.  Among  these  ruins 
I  noticed  a  large  block  of  marble  bearing  an  in* 
scription,  Plate  XCIII.,  No.  B2,  originally  pub- 
lished by  Mr.  TT.  J.  Hamilton.* 

■  Travels  in  A«ia  Minor,  ii.  p.  459,  No.  294. 


GYMNASIUM,   ETC.  459 

As  this  inscription  makes  mention  of  a  statue 
which  had  heen  placed  hy  public  decree  in  a 
temple  of  Artemis  lakynthotrophos,  I  thought  it 
possible  that  the  inscribed  pedestal  was  lying  near 
its  original  position,  and  that  the  site  of  this 
temple,  and  perhaps  the  statue,  might  be  found  by 
digging  on  this  spot. 

•  An  excavation  was  consequently  made  here ;  but 
nothing  was  found  eitcept  part  of  the  leg  of  a  figure 
in  high  relief  in  dark  marble,  and  of  the  Eoman 
period. 

A  little  to  the  north  of  this  spot  is  a  street  run* 
ning  east  and  west  through  the  ancient  city,  and 
bounding  the  platform  on  the  north.  At  the  point 
where  this  street  is  intersected  by  another  coming 
from  the  south,  I  noticed  a  line  of  Hellenic  wall 
rising  about  one  course  above  the  surface,  and 
forming  a  right  angle  with  another  Hellenic 
foundation. 

On  digging  within  the  right  angles  formed  by 
these  two  lines  of  Hellenic  walls,  I  found  that  they 
were  buried  in  48oil  to  the  depth  of  about  7'.  On 
removing  the  earth  to  their  foundations,  I  found 
that  the  structure  of  these  walls  was  exactly  similar 
to  that  of  the  Temple  of  the  Muses,  described 
onto.  p.  430.  namely,  a  pUntU  surmounted  by 
a  course  of  broad  slabs  set  back  to  back,  above 
which  was  a  string-course ;  th6  whole  of  limestone. 

Above  this  limestone  base  had  been  a  travertine 
wall  covered  with  painted  stucco,  which  has  been 
removed. 

Tracing  out  tlie  line  of  the  walls  by  the  exca* 

2  H  2 


460       SUPPOSED  TEMPLE  OF  VENUS, 

Tation,  I  uncovfered  an  afea  ^xtetiding  5&  from  ^ast 
to  west,  and  51'  from  north  to  south. 

The  interior  was  divided  into  thjee  nearly  equal 
compartments .  by  party  walls  running  from  north 
to  south,  and  these  again  were  subdivided  into 
smaller  chainbertS  by  cross  walls  frdm  east  to  west. 
(See  the  Plan,  Plate  LXVIII.). 

In  the  south-east  angle  I  found  a  Mosaic  pave- 
ment, composed  principally  of  tesselltB  of  white 
marble,  with  a  simple  pattern  worked  in  .them  in 
black. 

The  plainness  of  the  design  led  me  to  suppose 
that  ,the  pavement  is  of  the  same  period  as  that 
excavated  on  the  platform  of  Hagia  Marina,  at 
Budrum.     (See  ante,  p.  320.) 

Near  this  pavement  I  found  a  limestone  base, 
21"  by  16",  by  10|^",  on  which  was  an  inscription 
relating  to  Hermes  in  six  lines,  the  two  first  of 
which  are  in  the  Iambic,  the  remainder  in  the 
Trochaic  metre.  (Platet  XC,  No.  31.)  There  can 
be  no  doubt  that  this  inscription  has  been  placed 
imder  a  terminal  statue  of  Hermes.  On  the  upper 
surface  of  the  base  was  an  oblong  socket,  into 
which  the  term  must  have  b«^n  fitted*  The 
socket  measures  5f "  by  4^'',  by  1^"  depth.  The 
fragment  of  a  draped  term  found  on  this  site 
corresponds  with  the  dimensions  of  the  socket. 
The  letters  appear  to  be  of  the  Macedonian 
period. 

In  this  inscription  HeriHes  is  described  as 
"A^poSiVa  Trdpsipog,  an  expression  which  .may  be 
thought  to  favour  the  opinion  that  the  adjacent 


GYMNASIUM,   ETC.  4f61 

Oorinthian  Temple  already  noticed  is  that  of 
Aphrodite. 

It  is  more  probable,  however,  that  the  word 
rapfS^^  only  refers  to  the  association  of  the  statue 
of  :  Hermes  with  another  term  representing 
Aphrodite. 

This  base  was  found  close  to  the  piece  of  tessel-* 
lated  pavement,  in  the  centre  of  which  was  an 
oblong  space,  corresponding  in  width  with  the  stone, 
but  exceeding  it  in  length.  The  term  of  Hermes 
may  have .  stood  in  this  space,  and,  perhaps,  at  its 
side  was  a  female  term.  Such  pairs  of  terms  occur 
in  Greek  terracottas.^  (See  ante^  p.  397.) 

The  party  walls  within  the  quadrangular .  area, 
here  described,  have  been  partially  rebuilt  in  Byzan-^ 
tine  times,  out  of  more  ancient  materials.  In  one 
of  these  walls  I  found  a  moulded  base,  of  the  fol-- 
lowing  dimensions:  Widths  V  11^";  depth,  8^'^ 
Present  length,  one  end  being  broken,  2'  11". 

On  one  of  the  narrow  faces  was  a  dedication  to 
IlfKrivoS^,  by  which  epithet  Hermes  is  probably 
indicated.  (Plate  XC,  No.  30.)  This  base  appears 
to  have  been  placed  under  an  Iconic  statue.  The 
letters  seem  to  be  of  a  rather  later  period  than  the 
other  inscription  given  above.  I  also  found  here 
a  base  with  a  dedication  to  Artemis  lakynthotro* 
phos  (Plate  XC,  No.  28),  whose  name,  as  has  been 


^  At  Halicarnassus,  as  has  been  already  shown,  ante,  p.  274, 
Hermes  and  Aphrodite  were  worshipped  as  Qeol  avyyaoi,  unless 
we  are  prepared  to  adopt  Schneider's  emendation  of  the  text  of 
Yitravios.  See  Plutarch.  Conjug.  Precept.  inU,  : — oi  iraXaiol  rn 
^Afpo^irp  Toy  'Epfifjy  ovyKai)iZpvoay» 


ifii  SUPPOSED   TEMPLE   OF  VENUS, 

already  stated,  occurs  on.  an  inscription    (Plate 
XCIIL,  No.  52). 

No  sculpture  was  found  on  this  site,  except  the 
hody  of  a  small  naked  female  figure,  5"  high,  pro- 
bably  Aphrodite,  of  rery  inferior  sculpture;  a 
draped  female  figure,  holding  a  dove,  about  2'  high, 
and  the  body  of  a  naked  female  figure,  6"  high. 

These  two  were  of  the  latest  period  of  Pagan  art, 
and  were  executed  in  the  coarsest  manner,  with  no 
regard  to  proportion. 

No  other  object  in  marble  was  found,  except  a 
cylindrical  vessel  shaped  like  an  ancient  modius  or 
corn-measure,  and  carved  out  of  nummulite  lime- 
stone. It  rests  on  three  feet,  cut  in  the  form  of 
ustragali.    On  one  side  a  door  is  represented. 

The  internal  measurement  of  this  vessel  gives  an 
average  diameter  of  8^'',  by  a  height  of  10".  It 
contains,  therefore,  667 '68  cubic  inches,  thus  ex- 
ceeding by  18  cubic  inches  the  Roman  modms, 
which  contains  549-61  cubic  inches.  The  corre- 
spondence of  these  numbers  is  sufficiently  near  to 
justify  us  in  assuming  that  the  Cnidian  vessel  was 
a  dry  measure,  the  equivalent  of  the  Roman  modius 
and  also  of  the  ixrcu^,  or  sixth  part  of  the  Attic 
irnedimnos.  It  should  be  noted  that  the  inside  of 
this  vessel  is  left  rough  and  is  not  worked  true  all 
round.  This  irregularity  of  form  would  account 
for  its  excess  in  capacity  beyond  the  standard  which 
it  was  intended  to  represent. 

At  the  depth  of  4!  below  the  surface  was  a  com- 
plete layer  of  potsherds,  extending  over  the  greater 
part  of  the  site. 


GYMNASIUM)   ETC.  463 

Most  of  these  fragments  consisted  of  coarse,  un- 
varnished, red  vases,  but  among  them  v/eie^  some 
interesting  specimens  of  lamps  unbroken,  and  a 
number  of  figures  embossed  in  relief  from  <;ups  and 
small  vases. 

Among  these  the  following  may  be  particularly 
noted : — 

1.  SympUgma  of  Leda  and  the  Swan.  The  composition  of  this 
group  is  nearly  identical  with  that  of  the  beautiful  relief  in 
marble  in  the  British  Museum.     (See  amte^  p.  2b%,) 

In  the  terracotta  the  figure  of  Erosis  added  behind  the  swan. 

2.  The  infant  Dionysos^  riding  on  a  sea  monster,  and  holding 
up  a  cup  in  his  right  hand.  (Plate  LXXXIY.,  fig.  6.) 

3.  Part  of  'Hermes,  holding  a  purse.     (Ibid.  fig.  9.) 

4.  Part  of  Eros,  playing  on  the  tyrinx. 

5.  Part  of  a  veiled  female  figure  playing  on  the  cymbal.  (Plate 
LX.,  ^g.  8.) 

6.  Grotesque  group,  ape  and  human  figure. 

7.  Grotesque  mask,  with  wreath  round  head. 

8.  Youthful  figure,  with  arm  raised  over  head. 

9.  Sf/mplegma  of  two  naked  figures. 

10.  Sywplegma — Veiled  female  figure  ;  dog. 

These  last  two  subjects  resemble  those  on  the  Roman  spintria, 

1 1.  Lower  part  of  grotesque  face. 

12.  Three  fragments,  ornamented  with  bunches  of  grapes,  and 
vase,  in  relief 

13.  SympUgmOf^^BeAT^eA  satyr  and  another  figure. 

The  general  execution  of  these  is  somewhat  coarse 
and  careless ;  hut  some  of  them  are  modelled  with 
great  spirit.  The  grotesque  predominates  in  the 
types.^  Many  of  the  terracottas  are  Boman,  but 
some  of  the  best  may,  I  think,  be  assigned  to  the 
Macedonian  period,  when  the  shapes  and  the  em- 

*  Lucian  (Amores,  c  xi.)  speaks  of  certain  grotesque  terracottas, 
for  which  Cnidus  appears  to  hi^ve  been  celebrated  in  his  time. 


^64  SUPPO^D   TEMPLE  OP   VENUS, 

« 

bo^s^d  an4  chased  reliefs  of  gold  and  silver  vqses 
were  imitftted  in  terracotta,  ;  ^e  lamps  resetnble, 
generally,  the  Is^ter  ones  found  in  the  temenoa  of 
Deineter. 

Among  them  is  one  &'  long,  with  tyro  mouths. 
The  handle  is  shaped  like  an  ivy-leaf;  on  each  side, 
between  the  handle  and  the  mouths,  is  a  }iorse's 
head  projecting  from  the  vase.  This  design  has 
evidently  been  copied  from  a  work  in  metal;  Num- 
bers of  these  horses'  heads  from  vases  were  found 
in  the  temenos. 

Among  the  potsherds  were  several  pieces  of  green 
glazed  ware,  which,  in  fabric  and  colour,  resembled 
the  Egyptian  ware  described  in  Mr.  Birch's  "  His- 
tory of  Pottery/**  The  body  of  this  ware  is  white 
and  friable ;  the  glaze  on  the  surface  is  probably 
composed  of  silica  in  combination  with  an  oxide  of 
copper.  Its  colour  is  at  present  a  bluish-green  ; 
the  original  tint  was;  probably,  a  dark  blue,  as  the 
surface  is  much  corroded.  This  ware  is  generally 
considered  of  Egyptian  fabric ;  it  is  occasionally  met 
with  in  Hellenic  sites,  to  which  it  was  probably 
imported. 

Throughout  the  soil  were  found  small  fragments 
of  painted  stucco,  with  which  the  travertine  walls 
were  originally  lined.  In  the  south-east  angle  of 
the  building  I  found  a  portion  of  thi»  stucco  still 
adhering  to  a  block  of  travertine,  in  position  above 
the  string-course. 

The  c(dours  most  frequently  employed  in  this 
stucco  are  red,   yellow,  and  black.     On  several 

^  Vol.  L  p.  66.    . 


GYMNASIUM,   ETC.  465 

fragments  I  noticed  foliage  painted  in  umber, 
and  on  one  a  fruit  in  crimson.  Green  is  occasion* 
idly  used. 

All  the  decorative  architecture  on  this  site  has 
been  executed  in  fine  travertine;  covered  with 
stucco. 

We  4ug  up  some  fragments  df  Ionic  capitals  and 
other  architectural  members,  all  in  this  material. 
The, stucco  is  very  well  preserved. 
.  In  the  west  part  of  the  inclosure  are  two  wells, 
which  I  cleared  put.  They  contained  nothing  but 
a  bron2e  dish,  a  saucer  of  red  Samiap  ware,  and 
part  of  a  small  terracotta  female  figure,  of  the 
Roman  period.  One  of  these  wells  was  eight 
fathoms  deep ;  at  the  bottom  was  9  spring. 

Prom  the  general  plan  of  the  building  which 
occupies  this  site,  I  have  thought  that  it  may  have 
formed  part  of  a  Gymnasium ;  and  this  conjecture 
is  confirmed  by  the  discovery  of  the  b^se  of  the 
terminal  statue  of  Hermes,  the  special  patron  of 
the  pakestra,  the  dedication  to  the  same  Ifeity  as 
TffKTii^bS^,  and  the  mention  of  a  Gymnasium  in  the 
inscription  found  near  this  spot,  which  has  been 
noticed,  ante^  p,  458.  If  we  suppose  a  Gymnasium 
to  havp  extended  over  this  site,  it  probably  oc- 
cupied much  of  the  extensive  area  in  the  .centre 
of  which  the  Corinthian  temple  stands,  and  the 
Doric  portico  on  the  south  may  have  been  a  portion 
of  it. 

The  discovery  on  this  site  of  two  inscriptions  in 
which  the  name  of  Artemis  laky  nthotrophos  occurs^ 
inclines  me  to  think  that  the  Corinthian  temple  was 


466       SUPPOSED  TEMPLE  OF  VENUS, 

dedicated  to  that  Deity  rather  than  to  Aphro* 
dite.*^ 

At  the  distance  of  about  100  paces  to  the  north* 
east  of  the  building  which  I  suppose  to  be  part  of 
a  Gymnasium,  is  a  large  area  covered  with  ruins  and 
surrounded  by  a  fine  ashlar  wall.  This  is  marked 
"  Roman  Building  "  in  the  Plan  of  the  city/ 

When  the  Dilettanti  Mission  visited  Cnidus  they 
discovered,  at  the  south  end  of  this  building,  the 
remains  of  a  very  elegant  Ionic  portico,  a  restora- 
tion of  which  is  given  in  their  volume.  Plates 
XII. — ^XXI.  Since  the  visit  of  the  Mission  the 
greater  part  of  the  portico  has  been  destroyed; 
enough,  however,  remains  to  show  the  character  of 
the  architecture. 

The  ornaments  are  nearly  identical  with  those 
used  in  the  Mausoleum,  but  the  execution  is  far 
inferior,  and  wants  the  depth  of  shadow,  precision 
of  outline,  and  delicacy  of  finish,  which  are  the 
characteristics  of  Ionic  architecture  in  its  best 
period.*  This  degeneracy  in  the  style  of  the  Ionic 
leads  me  to  consider  that  the  portico  is,  probably, 
qI  the  same  period  as  the  building  to  which  it 
forms  the  vestibule.  Its  date  in  that  case  would 
hardly  be  earlier  than  the  time  of  Augustus. 

*  The  central  position  of  this  temple  in  relation  to  the  whole 
area  leads  me  to  think  that  it  contained  the  statue  to  the  Deity 
to  whom  the  whole  Gymnasium  was  dedicated.  (See  Petersen, 
Das  Gymnadum  d.  Griech.,  in  the  Yorlesungen  im  Hamburg. 
Akad  Gymnasium,  Hamburg,  1858,  p.  15.)  The  building  exca- 
yated  by  me  may,  in  like  manner,  have  been  dedicated  to  Hermes 
and  Aphrodite. 

^  A  plan  of  these  ruina  is  given  Plate  XI.  of  the  Dilettanti  Volume. 

K  A  piece  of  the  architrave  of  this  ])ortico  is  in  the  British 
Museum. 


GYMNASIUM,   ETC.  467 

'  When  this  buildhig  was  examined  by  the  Dilet- 
tanti  Mission,  the  interior  was  so  overgrown  with 
brushwood  that  they  were  prevented  iCrom  exploring 
it  properly.  The  greater  part  of  this  brushwood 
having  been  recently  cleared  away,  I  requested 
Lieutenant  Smith  to  make  an  excavation  in  the 
interior  of  the  building,  so  as  to  lay  bare  the  foun- 
dations of  a  wall  which  crossed  it  from  east  to  west, 
and  to  ascertain  whether,  on  either  side  of  this 
line,  the  original  pavement  had  been  preserved. 

On  digging  down  in  severial  places  here,  it  was 
found  that  this  foundation  did  not  present  the 
appearance  of  a  Hellenic  work.  The  masonry  was 
irregular,  as  if  the  wall  had  been  rebuilt  out  of 
earlier  materials  in  Byzantine  times.  No  traces  of 
the  original  pavement  could  be  found  on  either  side 
of  the  foundation. 

The  excavation  was  continued  in  the  interior  of 
the  building  to  the  south  of  this  line,  but  nothing 
of  interest  was  discovered,  except  the  body  of  a 
statuette  in  white  marble,  representing  a  draped 
female  figure,  probably  Demeter.  The  sculpture 
of  this  figure  appeared  to  be  of  the  Boman  period. 
The  depth  of  soil  and  rubble  which  bad  accu- 
mulated in  this  building  averaged  5'  in  the  part 
excavated. 

On  the  eastern  side  of  the  street  leading  from 
the  Gymnasium  to  the  shore,  is  a  terrace  overlook- 
ing the  Lower  Theatre,  on  which  are  some  ruins, 
marked  in  the  Plan  **  Small  Roman  Building." 

Among  these  ruins  I  found,  lying  on  the  surface, 
an  angle-piece  of  cornice,  13''  deep,  in  grey  marble, 


468       SUPPOSED  TEMPLE  OF  YENUS, 

on  one  face  of  which  was  the  inscription  (Plate 
XCII.^  No.  37),  containing  the  name  of  the 
enipetor  Hadrian,  thQ  first  line  of  which  is  written 
in  majuscule  letters. 

In  this  sti;eet,.  a  few  feet  to  the  west  of  these 
ruins,  I  fdund  a  block  of  marble,  inscribed  with  a 
dedication  by  the  people  of  the  Syrian  city  Julia 
Xiaodic^,  in  honour  of  Caius  Julius  Artemido- 
ros,  son  of  Theopompps.  (Plate  LXXXVIII., 
No.  .11).  A  Cnidian  inscription,  published  by 
Mf.  ^qcmilton,  contains  the  same  n$ine. 

It  is  probable  that  the  person  mentioned  in  these 
two  inscriptions  was  son  of  that  Artemidoros  of 
Cnidus  who,  as  has  already  been  noticed,  was  the 
friend  of  Julias  Csesar.^ 

A  few  yards  to  the  west  of  the  street  was  a 
piece  of  white  marble  architrave,  inscribed  with  the 
words — 

[^0]ffu7ro^5rot> 

in  majuscule  letters. 

The  piece  of  architrave  probably  belongs  to  the 
Doric  colonnade  supposed  to  be  the  Stoa  pensilis  of 
Sostratos.  The  discovery  of  these  inscriptions 
induced  me  to  make  a  small  excavation  in  the  ruins 
east  of  the  street.  About  3'  below  the  surface  I  came 
to  an  area  paved  with  large  slabs,  and  bounded  on 
two  sides  by  a  peristyle  of  travertine  Doric  columns. 
This  area  measured  30'  9"  from  east  to  west,  by  23' 

^  Travels  in  Asia  Minor,  iL  Appendix  V.,  No.  287.  See  also 
the  inscription  given  Plate  XCIII.,  No.  52,  the  subject  of  which 
is  probably  the  same  Arten^idorqs.. 


GYMNASIUM,   ETC.  469 

from  north  to  south.  The  diameter  of  these  ediuihns 
was  2^  2".  On  the  east  side  the  hases  of  two  were 
in  position  on 'a  stylohate;  the  intereolumniation 
was  &. 

On  the  pavement  stood  a  plain  cylindrical  column,: 
2'  2"  high  hy  21"  diameter,  on  which  is  an  inscription 
(Plate  LXXVIII.,  No.  7)  commemorating  a  certain 
Servius  Sulpidus  Hekatsaus,  who.  is. described  as 
a  physician  and  a  friend  to  one  of  the  emperors, 
probably  Hadrian,  whose  name  appears  on  the 
cornice* 

I  also  found  here  part  of  a  small  slab,  14^'"  deep,  bn 
which  was  a  group  in  low  relief  representing  a  male 
figure,  wearing  a  petasus  and  a  chiton  reaching  to 
the  hips :  at  his  right  side  is  a  draped  female  figure. 

Both  these  figures  hold  out  patercB,  as  if  offering 
libations.  On  the  right  hand  the  slab  is  broken  away. 

In  the  same  area  were  some  fragments  of  two 
colossal  statues^  one  drapedj.the  other,  probably, 
that  of  a  Roman  emperor. 

Between  this  building  and  the  street  on  the  west 
was  Br  drain,  running  east  and  west,  large  enough 
to  admit.a  man's  body.  Over  this  drain  a  flight  of 
steps  led  down  into  the  street.  > 

,  On  the  south  of  the  paved  area  the  foundations 
ran  on  towards  the  edge  of  the  terrace ;  but  the 
walls  wero  roughly  put  together,  as  if  they  were  of  a 
later  period.  Between  the  paved  area  and  the  edge 
of  the  terrace  I  uncovered  part  of  a  Mosaic  pave- 
ment of  very  ordinary  character.  The  sculpture 
discovered  in  these  ruins  being  E;oman  and  deficient 
in  style,  I  did  not  examine  the  ground  further. 


470     SUPPOSED  TEMPLE  OP  VENUS,  ETC. 

A  little  to  the  north  of  the  north-west  angle 
of  the  Agwa  were  the  ruins  of  a  considerable 
edifice,  marked  ''Large  Building''  in  the  Plan, 
which  has  been  constructed  of  very  large  slabs  of 
salmon-coloured  marble. 

The  manner  in  which  the  joints  of  these  slabs 
were  dressed  indicated  that  the  masonry  was  of  a 
good  period.  No  columns,  or  traces  of  archi- 
tectural decoration,  appeared  among  these  ruins.  : 

From  the  great  size  of  the  blocks,  the  building 
must  have  been  of  a  very  ntiassive  character. 

The  absence  of  architectural  ornament  makes  it 
probable  that  it  was  an  edifice  intended  as  a  place 
of.  deposit  for  municipal  archives  or  other  public 
property.  On  excavation,  it  appeared  that  some 
late  Eoman  or  Byzantine  structure  had  been  erected 
here  after  the  original  edifice  fell  into  decay. 

Lieutenant  Smith  excavated  this  site  in  several 
places,  but  found  no  remains  of  sculpture  or 
inscriptions. 

To  the  north-east  of  the  Temple  of  the  Muses 
are  some  ruins  marked  *'  Doric  Building "  in  the 
Plan,  where  I  discovered  ^  small  altar  with  a 
dedication  to  the  Gods  by  a  Demiourgos.  (Plate 
XCII.,  No.  40.)  I  made  a  small  excavation  here, 
but  obtained  no  result. 


471 


CHAPTER  XIX. 

ANCIENT  BOAB. — NECBOPOLIS  ON  THE  EAST. 

Ancient  road  leading  throagb  Kecropolis  to  the  east  of  Cnidos. 
Character  of  the  tombs  in  this  cemetery ;  cippi;  inscription 
relating  to  the  iemenos  of  Antigonos  ;  mention  of  Hermes  and 
Pan  in  this  inscription ;  ruins  of  ancient  Christian  church ; 
sepulchral  inscriptions  found  here ;  Tripod  Tomb  j  hexagonal 
pillars;  discovery  of  inscribed  aorim  this  tomb. 

It  has  been  already  stated,  ante^  p.  365,  that  to  the 
east  of  Cnidus  aa  ancient  road  may  still  be  traced 
for  some  distance.  This  road,  issuing  out  from  one 
of  the  gates  in  the  eastern  wall,  passes  through  a 
Necropolis  extending  for  some  miles.  The  tombs 
nearest  the  city  have  been  noticed  by  several  tra« 
Tellers,  and  more  particularly  by  Mr.W.  J.Hamilton.* 
They  are  generally  square  structures  built  of  blocks 
of  travertine:  within  are  two  or  more  chambers 
covered  with  a  waggon- vault,  and  lined  with  stucco. 
Over  these  vaults  is  a  flat  roof,  on  which  statues 
or  cippi  have  probably  been  placed.^ 

In  many  cases  a  peribolus  wall  surrounds  two  or 
more  adjacent  tombs,  enclosing  a  small  space  which 

■  Travels  in  Asia  Minor,  ii.  pp.  42 — 44. 

^  Elevations  and  Plans  of  these  tombs  may  be  seen,  Texier, 
Asia  Mineure,  III.,  PL  164,  one  of  which  shows  the  original  iwa» 
tion  of  the  eippi  on  the  roof. 


472  ANCIENT-  ROAD. 

may  be  considered  as  the  Mieran  round  the  tomb. 
The  masonry  is  sometimes  isodomous,  but  much  of  it 
is  polygonal.'^  The  walls  are  very  solidly  and  neatly 
built,  but  large  blocks  are  not  much  used  among 
these  tombs.  Numbers  of  sepulchral  cij^i  arq  lying 
about.  They  are  almost  always  circular,  and  liave 
stood  on  square  plinths.  They  are  generally  oma* 
mented  with  a  snake  coiled  round*  Sometimes  the 
usu^  ornament  of  festoons  suspended  from  bulls' 
skulls  i&  used.  .  So  far;a»  I  have  been  able  to  asccr- 
tain,  all  these  tombs  have  been  broken  open  and 
plundered,  as  is  generally  the  case  with  architectural 
tombs  in  Asia  Minor.,  It  is  probable  that  most 
of  them  are  of  the  Homan  period.  At  the 
distance  of  about  half  an  hour  from  the  city^  the 
tombs  form  a  regular  street  on  each  side  of  the  an* 
cient  road,  which,  after  skirting  the  steep  side  of  a 
mountain-spur,  ujay  be  easily  traced  under  the 
brushwood  as  far  as  the  edge  of  a  deep  ravine, 
indicated  in  Plate"  L.;  by  the  coarse  of  a  rivulet 
which  flows  through  it.  In  this  part,  between  the 
mountain-spur  and  the  ravine,  I  discovered  under  a 
bush  a  limestone  blof[;k,:  on  which  wai^  an  inscription 
in  elegiac' verse.   (Plate 'XC,  No.  29.) 

In  this  inscription,  the  traveller,  before  entering 
the  ancient  city,,  is  invited  to  turn  a  little'  out  pf 
his  road  to  visit  the  temenoe  of  the  hero  Antigonos, 
whom .  we  may  suppojfe  to  havfe  been  some  distin* 
guished  mythical  or  historical  personage  who  was 
honoured  with  a  sacred  precinct  round  his  tomb. 

*  *  Specimens  of  the  masonry  are  given,  Texier,  Asie  Mineure, 
III.,  PL  163.  •  /  - 


NECROPOLIS  OX  THE  EAST.  473 

Within  this  temenos,  the  inscription  proceeds  to 
tell  the  traveller,  was  a  temple  and  altar  where 
poets  might  sacrifice  to  the  Muses,  a  stadium  and 
pakestra,  haths,  and  a  statue  of  Fan  playing  on  the 
syrinx.  The  whole  precinct  must  therefore  he  re- 
garded as  a  Gymnasium,  which  was  probahly  be- 
queathed for  that  purpose  by  the  hero  Antigonos, 
just  as  the  gardens  called  Academia  at  Athens 
were  said  to  have  been  given  originally  by  the  hero 
Academes.^ 

Prom  a  comparison  of  the  opening  of  the  inscrip- 
tion with  the  last  two  lines,  it  may  be  inferred  that 
the  statue  of  Hermes,  as  temenouros,  or  guardian  of 
the  temenosy  stood  at  the  entrance,  and  that  the 
god  himself  is  supposed  to  invite  the  traveller. 

From  the  address  to  the  stranger,  ^hog  (line  3  of 
this  inscription),  it  is  clear  that  the  femenos  stood 
near  the  public  road,  and  at  a  short  distance  from 
the  city,  as  may  be  inferred  from  the  expression 

Ba7oy  oSoiTop/ij^  in  TiSiTriTou  (line  1).' 

The  natural  features  of  the  locality  where  I  found 
the  inscription  correspond  to  a  certain  extent  with 
those  indicated  in  the  text,  for,  between  this  spot  and 
the  city  are  several  exyxij  or  ravines,  alternating  with 
ofTT}  or  heights,  and  there  is  more  than  one  natural 
fountain  which  would  have  afforded  water  for  the 
baths.  I  was  unable,  however,  to  discover  in  this 
part  of  the  environs  of  the  city  any  level  ground 
suitable  for  a  Gymnasium. 

*  See  Petersen,  Das  Ojmnaslatn  d.  Griechen,  in  Yorlesungen  im 
Hamburg.  AkacL  Oymnasium,  1858,  p.  15.  Compare  the  will  of 
Theophrastus,  Diogen.  Laert  v.  2,  §  53. 

n.  2  I 


474  ANCIENT  KOAD. 

The  stone  being  of  small  dimensions,  2'  2^''  by 
11''  by  10^",  may  easily  have  been  transported  to 
some  distance  from  the  place  where  I  found  it ;  but, 
from  the  general  condition  of  its  surfaces,  I  should 
infer  that  it  had  not  been  used  a  second  time  in 
some  later  building,  as  was  frequently  the  case. 

From  the  character  of  the  writing,  and  general 
style  of  the  inscription,  I  should  consider  that  it 
was  not  later  than  the  Macedonian  period. 

A  few  yards  to  the  north-east  of  the  spot  where 
I  found  this  stone,  I  noticed  a  row  of  short  thick 
columns  in  a  dense  mass  of  brushwood ;  on  clearing 
away  which,  I  laid  bare  the  foundations  of  an  early 
Christian  church,  of  which  the  east  end  terminates 
in  an  apse. 

Commencing  at  this  point,  I  found,  about  2' 
below  the  surface,  the  pavement  of  the  church  still 
in  position.  This  was  in  a  great  measure  composed 
of  slabs  bearing  Greek  sepulchral  inscriptions, 
which  had  evidently  been  taken  from  the  numerous 
plundered  tombs  in  the  midst  of  which  the  church 
is  situated. 

These  slabs  were  of  various  dimensions.  The 
largest  were  sides  of  sepulchral  aorif  on  which  the 
name  of  the  person  interred  was  inscribed.  The 
smaller  slabs  were  generally  stelee^  in  which  the 
inscription  is  commonly  surmounted  by  a  pediment 
raised  in  very  slight  relief. 

This  pediment  stands  as  the  symbol  of  the  heroon^ 
which  was  usually  a  small  distyle  temple. 

These  slabs  are  from  2'  to  4'  long. 

Other  inscriptions  were  on  square  bases  on  which 


NECROPOLIS  ON  THE  EAST,  A75 

short  sepulchral  columns,  xiovss,  had  stood.  In 
these  the  words  o  AdfjLog  usually  commence  the  in- 
scription, and  the  deceased  person  is  generally  styled 

This  form,  probably,  distinguishes  the  graves  of 
persons  who  had  rendered  some  service  to  the  com- 
munity, in  consideration  for  which  they  were 
thought  worthy  of  a  funeral  or  a  monument  at  the 
public  expense. 

The  title  of  "Hpaii;  in  later  Greek  was  very  gene- 
rally bestowed  on  the  dead,  and  seems  to  have  been 
the  equivalent  of  the  expression  S  [jLaxapirrig. 

With  perhaps  one  exception,  all  the  inscriptions 
which  I  found  in  this  church  arc  of  the  Roman 
period. 

Most  of  them  probably  belong  to  the  second  and 
third  centuries  A.D. 

They  are  chiefly  interesting  as  specimens  of  palaeo- 
graphy, and  as  affording  a  clue  to  the  age  of  the 
tombs  in  the  eastern  cemetery.  Many  of  the  atelce 
are  in  very  fine  condition. 

The  following  may  be  particularly  noticed : — 

(1.)  A  sepulchral  inscription  in  elegiac  verse 
(Plate  XCIV.  No.  54),  to  the  memory  of  a  female 
called  Atthis ;  her  husband  is  the  dedicator. 

It  is  graven  on  a  slab  25i"  by  26\  by  4^"  thick- 
ness.  On  the  edge  of  the  slab  is  an  inscription  in 
two  lines,  containing  the  name  of  a  certain  Meliton, 
son  of  Dexikrates,  a  citizen  of  Antioch,  who  resided 
as  a  [JLiroixog  at  Cnidus. 

This  inscription  is  placed  in  a  direction  contrary 
to  that  of  the  metrical  epitaph,  and  appears  to  be 

2  I  2 


476  ANCIENT  ROAD. 

of  an  earlier  date.  Tlie  slab  has  probably  been  used 
in  two  successive  tombs,  as  often  happened  in  an- 
cient cemeteries. 

(2.)  A  sepulchral  inscription  in  Latin,  in  memory 
of  Octavia  Sccunda,  12"  long,  by  9^''  wide. 

Inscriptions  in  the  Latin  character  are  rarely  met 
with  in  this  part  of  Asia  Minor. 

(3.)  A  slab  on  which  is  sculptured,  in  relief,  the 
farewell  scene,  so  frequently  represented  on  ancient 
sepulchral  monuments. 

On  the  left  is  the  deceased  person,  a  female  figure, 
in  a  chiton  and  peplos  ;  she  is  seated  in  a  chair,  her 
feet  on  a  footstool.  Before  her  stands  a  male  figure, 
probably  lier  husband,  clad  in  a  chiton  and  peplos, 
whom  she  is  clasping  by  the  hand.  At  her  feet 
stands  a  young  girl,  who  places  some  ofifering  on 
the  knees  of  the  seated  figure;  she  is  similarly 
attired.  Behind  the  male  figure  is  a  youth,  clad 
in  a  chiton  reaching  to  the  knees ;  he  holds  in  both 
hands  a  small  casket  or  other  offering.  Below  has 
been  an  inscription  in  two  lines,  about  half  of  which 
is  broken  away.  The  second  line  ends  with  the 
word  MfXaya. 

This  slab  is  broken  at  the  top  and  side ;  its  present 
length  is  2'  8"  by  V  8"  width. 

The  relief  is  as  well  executed  as  sculptures  of 
this  class  usually  are  in  monuments  of  the  Roman 
epoch. 

(4.)  Part  of  a  Decree  (Plate  XCII.,  No.  41),  de- 
daring  the  rate  of  contribution  due  from  the  mem- 
bers of  a  fhiasoa.  These  thiaai  were  religious  societies 
or  clubs,  which  assembled  periodically  to  perform 


NECROPOLIS  ON  THE  EAST.  477 

sacrifices  in  honour  of  some  particular  deity«  They 
were  endowed  with  lands  for  this  purpose,  and  each 
memher  was  bound  by  the  regulations  of  the  society 
to  the  observance  of  certain  rites,  and  to  the  pay- 
ment of  certain  dues. 

The  columns  of  the  church  were  short  thick  xiovsg, 
taken  from  tombs.  The  capitals  have  a  rude  volute 
like  that  of  Norman  capitals. 

On  one  of  them  I  found  the  following  inscription, 
recording  the  dedication  of  a  column, — 

Ei^^Tl  'PoSosiou. 

From  the  form  of  the  letters  in  this  inscription, 
and  in  another  on  a  fragment  of  cornice,  it  may  be 
inferred  that  the  church  was  a  very  early  specimen 
of  Christian  architecture. 

At  the  east  end,  I  found  a  portion  of  a  small 
Doric  cornice  in  travertine,  covered  with  stucco  and 
painted,  and  part  of  a  terracotta  relief,  representing 
Herakles.  These  fragments  probably  belong  to 
some  neighbouring  tomb  which  had  been  opened 
by  the  early  Christians. 

In  the  pavement,  occasional  intervals  between 
the  larger  slabs  were  filled  with  a  kind  of  marquetry 
composed  of  thin  slices  of  marble,  cut  into  lozenges 
and  other  geometrical  forms. 

Erom  the  site  of  this  church  a  remarkable  tomb 
may  be  seen  on  an  eminence  on  the  opposite  side  of 
the  ravine,  which  is  marked  in  Plate  L.  as  "  Tripod 
.  Tomb." 

A  plan  of  this  tomb  is  given  Plate  LXXIII. ;  by 
which  it  will  be  seen  that  it  consists  of  two  square 


4.78  ANCIENT   ROAD. 

basements  surrounded  by  a  pcribolua  wall  125' 
square.  This  wall  is  in  a  very  perfect  state  except 
on  the  north  side.  The  entrance  is  at  the  south- 
east angle.  The  basements  are  each  about  20' 
square.  Upon  them  have  anciently  stood  small 
pillars  composed  of  hexagonal  blocks  placed  one  on 
another,  each  course  consisting  of  a  single  block. 
It  is  probable,  as  the  authors  of  the  Dilettanti 
Mission  and  other  travellers  have  supposed,  that 
these  structures  were  surmounted  by  bronze 
tripods. 

The  hexagonal  blocks  are  now  all  thrown  down, 
and  lie  round  the  basements,  of  which,  as  will  be 
seen  by  the  section  in  Plate  LXXIII.,  very  little 
appears  above  ground.  I  dug  all  round  these  base- 
ments and  cut  trenches  in  several  parts  of  the  peri- 
bolus.  In  the  most  western  of  the  two  basements 
were  on  each  side  small  square-headed  thecce^  shown 
in  the  Plan,  in  which  I  found  three  small  soriy 
of  which  the  largest  measured  1'  11^"  by  T  6"  by 
V  Y*  One  of  these  was  inscribed  with  the  word 
"Hpa,  and  on  the  fragment  of  another  was  the 
word  KotipoTpo4)ou.  (See  Plate  XCIV.  Nos.  55,  56.) 
The  latter  of  these  inscriptions  doubtless  has 
reference  to  the  Chthonic  deity  Ge,  or  Demeter 
Kourotrophos. 

Nothing  was  found  in  any  of  the  cells,  and  it 
was  evident,  from  the  position  of  the  sori^  that  they 
had  been  opened  and  disturbed.  Prom  the  size  of 
the  petnbolns  with  which  these  tombs  are  encircled, 
it  may  be  inferred  that  the  space  thus  reserved 


NECROPOLIS^  ON   THE   EAST.  479 

round  them  was  a  temenos^  dedicated  to  some  deity 
or  hero.^ 

^  See  the  plan  and  restoration  of  these  pillai*s  and  of  the 
peribolu9,  given  by  Texier  (Asie  Mineure,  III.,  PI.  162), 
and  the  views  of  the  site  in  its  present  state,  ibid,  PI.  163; 
also  his  description  of  these  Plates,  ibid.  p.  176.  He  states  that 
the  uppermost  hexagon  of  each  pillar  had  four  sockets  for  the 
reception  of  the  legs  of  a  bronze  tripod.  (See  his  plan  of  one  of 
these  hexagons,  PL  161,  ^g.  3.)  M.  Texier's  supposition  that 
the  peribolus  was  a  Hieron  where  the  members  of  the  Doric 
Pentapolis  met,  was  not  confirmed  by  our  excavations.  There  is 
nothing  to  show  that  the  inclosure  is  of  a  very  early  period. 


480 


CHAPTER  XX. 

LION  TOMB. 

Discovery  of  Ihe  Lion  Tomb ;  description  of  the  lion ;  difficulties 
o{  its  removal ;  architectural  remains ;  structure  similar  to  that 
of  the  Treasury  of  Athens  ;  cells  for  sepulture ;  probable  date 
of  this  monument ;  the  naval  victory  of  Conon ;  suitability  of 
the  site  for  such  a  tomb  ;  employment  of  the  lion  in  sepulchral 
monuments ;  its  symbolical  import ;  the  lion  of  Ghseronea  j 
lions  at  Venice ;  at  Miletus ;  tombs  near  the  Cnidian  lion. 

While  I  was  engaged  in  excavating  the  site  of 
the  Mausoleum,  an  intelligent  Greek  &om  the 
island  of  Calymnos  named  Nicolas  Galloni,  on 
noticing  the  lions  from  the  Mausoleum,  which  I 
had  then  recently  discovered,  informed  me  that  a 
lion  of  much  larger  dimensions  was  to  he  seen  on  a 
promontory  a  little  to  the  east  of  Cnidus. 

This  information  induced  me  to  explore  the  coast 
to  the  east  of  Cnidus,  and  to  make  inquiries  among 
the  inhabitants  of  the  district.  In  the  course  of 
these  researches  the  lion  in  question  was  discovered 
by  Mr.  Pullan  lying  on  the  surface  of  a  rocky  slope. 
(See  Plate  LXI.) 

It  proved  to  be  a  magnificent  example  of  colossal 
Greek  sculpture,  measuring  ten  feet  in  length,  and 
six  feet  in  height  from  the  base  to  the  crown  of  the 
head. 

The  site  where  it  was  found  may  be  thus  described. 


LIOK  TOMB.  481 

Immediately  to  the  east  of  Cnidus  the  coast 
bends  round,  forming  a  bay.  The  curve,  after 
being  interrupted  by  two  smaQ  promontories,  is 
continued  till  it  terminates  in  a  bold  headland 
lying  opposite  to  Cape  Crio,  and  about  three  miles 
distant  from  it. 

On  the  summit  of  a  cliff  forming  part  of  this 
headland  are  the  ruins  of  an  ancient  tomb,  over- 
looking the  sea,  with  Cnidus  in  the  distance.  (Plate 
XLIX.) 

To  the  east  of  this  tomb  the  ground  slopes  gra- 
dually. The  upper  part  of  this  declivity  was  strewn 
with  architectural  ruins  from  the  tomb;  a  little 
below  lay  the  lion.  The  soil  being  rocky,  but 
little  of  the  mass  of  marble  has  been  imbedded 
in  it. 

The  tomb  has  been  a  square  basement,  sur- 
rounded by  a  Doric  peristyle  with  engaged  columns, 
and  surmounted  by  a  pyramid.  The  basement 
and  lower  portion  of  the  pyramid  still  remained, 
and  were  built  of  petrified  beach,  faced  externally 
with  marble.  It  was  evident,  from  the  position  in 
which  the  lion  was  lying,  that  it  had  once  sur- 
mounted this  tomb,  having  been  thrown  down, 
probably,  by  an  earthquake.  When  found,  it  was 
lying  on  the  right  side,  as  represented  in  the  Upper 
View,  Plate  LXI. 

The  left  side,  being  uppermost,  had  suffered,  as 
might  be  expected,  from  weather ;  but,  though 
some  of  the  finer  details  of  the  sculpture  had  been 
thus  obliterated,  the  main  anatomical  markings 
retained  their  original  boldness.   Much  of  the  right 


482  LION   TOMB. 

side,  lying  undermost,  was  as  fresh  as  when  it  left 
the  hand  of  the  artist.  The  body  is  couching, 
the  head  turned  round  to  the  right,  in  the  same 
manner  as  the  lion  is  frequently  represented  on 
Greek  coins.  The  entire  animal  has  been  sculp- 
tured out  of  one  block  of  Pentelic  marble  with 
the  exception  of  the  fore-paws,  which  have  been 
united  to  the  body  by  a  joint.  It  must  have  fallen 
in  one  solid  mass,  pitching  forward  on  the  fore- 
paws,  which  have  been  broken  oflf  at  the  joint. 
Part  of  the  lower  jaw,  and  of  one  hind-leg,  are  also 
wanting.  But  these  injuries  detract  but  little  from 
the  general  eflTect ;  and  the  original  design  of  the 
artist  is  presented  to  the  eye  with  a  completeness 
seldom  to  be  met  with  in  those  examples  of  colossal 
Greek  sculpture  which  have  been  preserved  to  us.'' 

No  attempt  is  made  to  imitate  the  natiural  form 
of  the  eye,  in  the  place  of  which  is  a  deeply -recessed 
cavity. 

It  is  a  question  whether  eyes  of  metal,  or  of 
vitreous  paste,  were  inserted  in  these  cavities,  or 
whether  the  deep  shadows  thus  created  under  the 
overhanging  brows  were  not  designed,  when  viewed 
at  a  distance,  to  convey  to  the  spectator  an  impres- 
sion equivalent  to  that  produced  by  the  real  eye. 

Such  a  mode  of  representation  by  equivalents  was 
adopted  by  the  ancient  artists,  whenever  mere  me- 
chanical imitation  failed  to  reproduce  in  art  the 
elffect  of  an  object  in  nature,  and  this  is  particularly 
the  case  in  the  treatment  of  the  eye,  in  the  repre- 

»  See  Plate  LXL,  Lower  View,  which  represents  the  lion  after 
it  had  been  tamed  over. 


LION   TOMB,  483 

sentation  of  M'hicli  much  variety  may  be  remarked 
in  different  branches  of  ancient  art.  It  is,  however, 
more  probable,  on  the  whole,  that  eyes  of  some  arti- 
ficial materistl  were  inserted  in  these  sockets,  for 
the  practice  was  not  an  uncommon  one  in  ancient 
sculpture.  Pliny^*  mentions  a  tradition  that  the 
tomb  of  a  certain  petty  prince  in  Cyprus  was  orna- 
mented by  a  lion  with  emerald  eyes.  It  is  a  curioua 
coincidence  that  this  lion  also  overlooked  the  sea. 

My  first  care,  after  making  this  remarkable 
discovery,  was  to  transport  the  lion  on  board 
Her  Majesty's  ship  "Supply."  This  was  no  easy 
task,  on  account  of  the  great  weight  of  the  mass  of 
marble,  and  the  broken  and  difficult  character  of 
th?  ground  over  which  it  had  to  be  transported.  A 
road  of  about  400  yards  in  extent  was  constructed 
along  the  side  of  the  mountain,  and  the  lion  having 
been  placed  in  a  strong  case  was  hauled  to  the  water's 
edge.  The  weight  of  the  case  being  about  eleven 
tons,  the  operation  of  drawing  the  sledge  this 
distance  over  a  newly-made  road  occupied  a  hun- 
dred Turkish  workmen  for  several  days. 

On  arriving  at  the  edge  of  the  cliflF,  it  was 
necessary  to  hoist  the  case  by  a  pair  of  sheers 
from  the  rock  on  to  a  raft  below.    This  proved 

^  N.H.  zxxvii.  5,  §  17.  Fernnt  in  ea  insula  tumulo  regiili  Hormiie, 
Jaxta  cetarias,  marmoreo  leoni  fuisse  indltos  oculos  ex  smaragdb, 
ita  radiantibas  etiam  in  gargitem  ut  territi  refugerent  thynni. 
Among  the  sculptures  recently  discovered  at  Gyrene  by  Lieut. 
Smitb,  R.K,  and  Commander  Porcher,  B.K.,  were  two  beads, 
both  of  which  have  had  enamelled  eyes ;  the  remains  of  the 
vitreons  paste  employed  still  remains  in  the  sockets  of  the  eyes. 


484  LION  TOMB. 

to  be  the  most  difficult  part  of  the  whole  em- 
barkation; for,  as  the  sheers  could  only  be  fixed 
on  a  narrow  ledge  of  rock  some  feet  above  the 
sea,  and  as,  from  the  depth  of  the  water  here, 
we  had  no  means  of  constructing  a  pier,  it  was 
impossible  to  bring  the  case  in  the  first  in« 
stance  perpendicularly  under  the  sheerhead.  We 
attempted,  therefore,  after  hauling  it  to  the  extreme 
edge  of  the  rock,  to  launch  it  into  the  air,  easing 
its  descent  gradually  by  a  number  of  check-tackles, 
attached  to  it  behind.  The  strain  of  this  immense 
weight,  as  it  inclined  forward  over  the  cliflF,  broke 
off  a  large  rock  to  which  one  of  the  check-tackles 
had  been  fastened ;  the  case  then  lurched  forward  in 
a  slanting  direction,  and,  most  fortunately,  was 
caught  against  one  of  the  sheerlegs,  into  which  one 
corner  imbedded  itself.  After  trying  several  inef- 
fectual experiments,  we  finally  succeeded  in  setting 
it  free  by  the  following  method : — The  case  was  first 
secured  from  slipping  further  forward  by  bending  a 
new  hawser  round  it,  which  was  then  strained  tight, 
and  also  by  supporting  the  sides  and  end  next  the 
sea  with  shores,  such  as  are  placed  round  a  ship  in 
dock.  An  inclined  plane  was  then  formed  under 
the  case  by  planks  laid  on  the  rough  surface  of  the 
rock,  so  as  to  fill  up  all  inequalities.  After  these 
precautions  had  been  taken,  one  of  the  purchases 
which  held  the  case  to  the  sheerhead  was  slackened, 
and,  on  this  strain  being  removed,  the  leg  of  the 
sheer  was  cleared  from  the  comer  embedded  in  it. 
The  sheers  were  then  altered  so  as  to  give  plenty 
of  room  for  the  passage  of  the  case  through  them. 


LION  TOMB.  486 

and  the  shores  being  removed,  it  was  launched 
forward  into  the  air  till  it  hung  plumb  with  the 
sheer-head,  when  it  was  lowered  on  the  raft.  The 
work  of  embarkation,  in  consequence  of  these 
difficulties,  occupied  one  month. 

I  next  proceeded  to  clear  away  the  ruins  round 
the  base  of  the  tomb,  when  its  original  structure 
was  clearly  shown.  The  marble  which  had  formed 
the  facing  of  the  sides  still  remained  in  the  lower 
courses,  above  which  were  courses  of  petrified 
beach  forming  the  core  of  the  masonry. 

Although  the  peristyle  was  thrown  down,  sufficient 
materials  existed  for  its  restoration.  Portions  of 
the  lower  step  of  the  podinm  still  remained  in 
position  on  all  the  four  sides  of  the  tomb,  being 
most  perfect  on  the  west  side. 

The  basement,  measured  from  angle  to  angle  of 
this  step,  formed  a  square  of  39'  2|"  each  way. 

Under  the  podium  was  a  foundation  course  laid 
on  the  native  rock,  which  had  been  levelled  for  its 
reception. 

The  columns  and  their  capitals  were  formed  of 
drums  engaged  in  the  marble  wall  behind  them  in 
such  a  manner  that  each  drum,  instead  of  being 
circular,  had  a  projection  at  the  back,  by  which  it 
was  toothed  into  the  masonry.  This  mode  of  con- 
struction must  have  added  strength  to  the  wall. 

The  drums  of  the  columns  were,  for  the  most 
part,  only  blocked  out;  some  few,  however,  are 
fluted. 

As,  from  the  destruction  of  the  upper  course  of 
the  stylobate,  none  of  the  bases  of  the  columns 


486  LION   TOMB. 

were  found  in  position,  their  height  had  to  be  oaU 
culated  from  the  general  proportions  of  the  order. 

Much  of  the  architectural  detail  was  only  roughly 
blocked  out;  but  the  execution,  wherever  it  had 
been  completed,  was  marked  by  that  simplicity  and 
decision  of  line  which  characterizes  the  best  period 
of  Doric  architecture. 

At  the  height  of  &  10"  above  the  surface  of  the 
upper  foundation  course  a  line  of  marble  slabs 
still  remained,  toothed  into  the  travertine  walls  be- 
hind them.  This  course  showed  the  manner  in  which 
the  two  materials  were  bonded  together. 

A  great  number  of  the  steps  forming  the  external 
pyramid  were  discovered  in  the  ruins.  Most  of 
these  had  an  average  width  of  14f' '  for  the  tread. 

On  an  angle  step,  however,  one  tread  measured 
14f " ;  the  other  10" ;  and  this  smaller  dimension 
occurred  in  several  other  steps  not  belonging  to  the 
angles. 

The  depth  of  the  face  of  the  step  averaged  13". 

It  may  be  inferred  from  the  difference  in  the 
width  of  the  tread  that  the  area  of  the  Pyramid, 
like  that  of  the  Mausoleum,  was  oblong. 

This  form  would  certainly  be  most  suitable,  if,  as 
will  be  presently  shown,  the  apex  of  the  Pyramid 
served  as  the  pedestal  for  the  lion. 

In  one  place  a  hole  large  enough  to  admit  a  man's 
body  had  been  made  in  the  wall  of  the  basement* 
On  entering  at  this  aperture,  I  found  a  circular 
chamber  within,  blocked  up  with  the  ruins .  of  its 
roof,  which,  as  in  the  case  of  the  well-known 
treasury  of  Atreus  at  Mycenae  and  other  Greek 


LION   TOMB.  A87 

buildings,  had  been  formed  by  a  dome  vaulted 
in  the  Egyptian  manner,  that  is  to  say,  with .  con-? 
centric  horizontal  courses,  overhanging  each  other 
so  as  gradually  to  converge  to  an  apex. 

On  clearing  out  this  chamber,  I  found  that  it  was 
17'  3"  in  diameter,  and  in  form  like  a  beehive.  (See 
the  Plan  and  Section,  Plate  LXII.)  The  apex  of 
the  vault  had  been  bridged  over  by  an  immense 
circular  stone,  which  was  in  form  like  a  bung,  and 
served  as  a  keystone.  In  his  account  of  the  Trea- 
sury of  Minyas,  at  Orchomenos,  Pausanias  describes 
such  a  structure  of  roof — 

Koprj^ri  8i  oux  eg  oiyav  o^t/  dvr^yftivriy  top  8^  Mwraro)  tcov 

^  ix.  38,  §  2.  Compare  the  use  of  apfxovla,  ibid.  ii.  25,  §  7, 
and  o{  &pfi6c,  Sophocl.  Antig.  1. 1216. 

In  other  extant  examples  of  tholi  the  stone  at  the  summit 
lias  a  different  form.  Compare  the  section  of  the  Koul  Oba 
(Antiquit6s  du  Bosphore  Cimm6rien  conserv^es  au  Mus^e  Im- 
perial de  TErmitage,  St.  Petersburg,  1855  ;  Atlas,  Plate  A),  and 
that  of  the  chamber  at  Mjcens,  called  the  Treasury  of  Atreus, 
as  described  by  Mr.  Donaldson  (Stuart's  Antiquities  of  Athens, 
Supplementary  Yol.,  pp.  25-32,  Plate  III.).  Mr.  Donaldson  there 
cites  the  following  interesting  particulars  as  to  the  structure  of 
this  vault,  ascertained  by  Mr.  C.  B.  Cockerell,  by  excavations  on 
its  summit : — 

"  The  chamber  was  formed  of  so  many  horizontal  rings,  each  of 
which  hangs  over  the  one  beneath  the  requisite  projection  to  form 
the  curve,  and  most  probably  the  form  was  produced  after  the 
whole  was  erected  by  cutting  away  the  projecting  angles.  Each 
stone  was  found  to  be  worked  fair  and  concentric  to  the  depth  of 
three  inches  from  the  inner  face  of  the  dome ;  the  remaining 
portion  of  the  joint  was  less  accurate  and  more  rough,  but  the 
deficiency  was  always  supplied  by  small  wedge-like  stones,  driven 
into  the  interstices  with  great  force,  securing  the  concentricity  of 


488  LIOK  TOMB. 

Chambers  so  vaulted  were  called  by  the  ancients 
tholL 

The  tomb  is  entered  by  a  doorway  in  the  centre  of 
the  north  side :  the  jambs  and  lintel  of  this  doorway 
have  been  shattered,  and  their  appearance  showed 
that  this  entrance  had,  at  some  time,  been  forced. 

The  pavement  of  the  chamber  was  laid  on  the 
native  rock,  the  surface  of  which  had  been  cut  away 
in  places  to  receive  it.  The  joints  of  the  stones  were 
polygonal,  as  in  Cyclopean  masonry.  A  large  por- 
tion of  them  had  been  taken  up,  doubtless  for  the 
purpose  of  ascertaining  whether  any  treasure  was 
concealed  below. 

The  floor  was  continued  at  the  same  level  under 
the  basement,  and  its  margin  on  each  side  formed 
the  foimdation  course  under  the  stylobate  already 
noticed. 

these  stones  in  their  whole  depth.  By  a  succession  of  these 
cylindrical  rings  in  rapid  diminution,  the  artist  calculated  on  their 
resistance  to  th^  superincumbent  weight  of  earth  purposely  heaped 
on  all  sides,  and  relied  on  their  well-secured  concentricity  for  the 
durability  of  the  interior  form  of  his  bold  and  novel  invention. 
In  another  rained  edifice  of  a  similar  description,  near  the  citadel 
gate  of  the  Lions,  the  construction  is  of  the  same  description,  but 
the  depth  of  the  stones  has  not  more  than  two-thirds  of  the  depth 
of  the  blocks  in  this  chamber,  and  its  greater  degree  of  dilapidation 
seems  to  prove  that  this  larger  chamber  owes  its  state  of  preser^ 
vation  to  the  superior  width  and  depth  of  its  blocks  of  stone. 

*'  Sir  William  Gell,  on  the  authority  of  Mr.  Gropius  of  Athens, 
mentions  a  similar  subterraneous  chamber  on  the  banks  of  the 
Eurotas,  at  about  seven  miles  from  Sparta.** 

The  ruins  of  a  similar  tholaa  were  seen  by  Dodwell  at  Pharsalus 
(see  his  Travels,  i.  p.  228),  and  two  others  at  Amyclae,  are  described 
by  Curtius,  Feloponnesos,  ii.  p.  248,  Anm.  48.  On  the  whole  sub- 
ject of  ihdi^  see  Dr.  K.  Tb.  Pyl,  Die  Griechischen  Bundbauten, 
Grei&wald,  1861. 


LION  TOMB.  489 

The  lower  part  of  the  chamber  was,  as  I  have 
ahready  stated,  built  of  marble  blocks.  On  reference 
to  the  Plan  (Plate  LXII.),  it  will  be  seen  that  this 
marble  wall  is  pierced  with  openings,  which  radiate 
like  embrasures  from  the  centre  of  the  chamber  to 
the  outside  of  the  basement. 

The  floor  of  these  passages  is  continuous  with 
that  of  the  chamber,  and  with  the  foundation-course 
of  the  podi/um.  They  extend  to  the  outer  face  of 
the  wall,  expanding  as  they  advance  outwards,  and 
terminate  flush  with  the  external  marble  facing, 
by  which  they  were  originally  closed.  Their  length 
varies  from  6'  to  7'  T* 

There  can  be  no  doubt  that  they  were  intended 
as  receptacles  for  bodies.  Such  an  arrangement  of 
cells  or  ^9cai,  branching  out  from  a  principal  cham- 
ber, may  be  seen  in  Hellenic  tombs  at  Budrum, 
and  at  •Pyli  in  the  island  of  Cos.  I  have  never, 
however,  before  met  with  the  circular  arrangement 
adopted  here. 

There  are  eleven  of  these  cells,  three  on  each 
side  of  the  tomb,  except  to  the  north,  where  the 
doorway  occupies  the  middle  place.  All  of  them 
were  choked  with  rubbish,  but  no  trace  of  sepul- 
chral remains  were  obtained  from  them,  except 
some  human  bones. 

No  bones,  pottery,  or  other  antiquities  were 
found  in  the  chamber  itself,  but,  on  one  side  of  the 
doorway  outside,  was  a  lekythoa  3i%"  high,  which 
had  originally  been  covered  with  black  varnish 
(see  the  cut  on  the  following  page) :  near  it  were 
found  some  fragments  of  painted  vases. 

II.  2  K 


LION   TOMB. 


This  pottery  was  all  much  corroded,  and  its 
fabnc  and  condition  lead  me  to  consider  it  as  of  the 
later  period  of  Greek  Fictile  Art,  wlien  a  lesa 
durable  varnish  was  employed. 


J>ttll«i/awvf  (■  Ltm  Tomb. 

The  masonry  in  the  walls  of  the  tomb  was 
generally  isodomous ;  the  marble  employed  was 
dove-coloured,  with  veins  of  purple  and  yellow. 

The  courses  of  petrified  beach  in  the  upper.part  of 
the  chamber  do  not  appear  to  have  been  faced  with 
marble,  or  any  ornamental  material. 

The  blocks  were  roughly  dressed,  with  a  finely- 
tooled  border. 

A  peribolua  wall,  built  of  rubble,  and  2'  5"  thick, 
could  be  traced  round  the  tomb  on  the  west  and 
north  sides.  It  ran  parallel  to  the  sides  of  the 
basement.  On  the  north  side  it  could  be  traced 
for  40'  from  the  north-west  angle  eastward,  and  on 
the  west  side  it  extended  from  the  same  angle  85' 
to  the  south ;  its  distance  from  the  basement  is  36^ 
on  the  north,  and  33'  on  the  west  side.  On  the 
south  and  east  sides  no  certain  trace  of  this  wall 
could  be  met  with.     An  angle  of  rubble  wall  near 


LION   TOMB.  491 

the  spot  where  the  lion  was  lying  may  perhaps  be 
the  south-east  comer  of  the  peribolus  ;  but  its  line, 
if  prolonged  to  the  west  in  a  direction  parallel  to 
the  basement,  would,  instead  of  meeting  the  south- 
west angle,  pass  beyond  the  edge  of  the  cliff,  which, 
on  this  side,  overhangs  the  sea. 

In  the  course  of  the  excavation,  the  most  minute 
and  careful  search  was  made  for  the  portions  of  the 
lion  which  are  wanting ;  namely,  the  forepaws  and 
the  lower  jaw. 

The  whole  of  the  ruins,  which,  except  on  the 
side  facing  the  sea,  extended  to  a  distance  of  40' 
all  round  the  basement,  were  examined,  stone  by 
stone,  and  the  ground  underneath  them  dug  down 
to  the  native  rock,  but  no  fragment  of  sculpture 
rewarded  our  search, 

I  examined  the  surface  of  all  the  architectural 
marbles  as  they  were  uncovered,  in  the  hope  of 
finding  an  inscription,  but  no  trace  of  letters  was 
observed. 

We  are,  therefore,  left  without  any  evidence  as 
to  the  date  of  this  tomb,  except  such  as  is  afforded 
by  the  style  of  the  sculpture  and  architecture. 

On  the  first  discovery  of  this  lion,  it  appeared  to 
me  a  work  of  the  same  school  as  the  sculptures  of 
the  Mausoleum ;  but,  on  seeing  it  in  juxtaposition 
with  these  sculptures,  I  think  that  the  lion  ex- 
hibits a  style  rather  more  severe,  and  less  rich 
and  flowing. 

If  this  impression  be  correct,  a  somewhat  earlier 
date  may  be  assigned  to  the  lion ;  we  may  take  the 
half-century  between  B.C.  350  and  B.C.  400  as  the 

2  e:2 


492  LION  TOMB. 

range  of  time  within  which  such  a  date  would 
faU. 

The  architecture  seems  to  present  nothing  in- 
consistent with  such  a  date. 

During  the  period  to  which  I  would  thus  assign 
this  monument,  Cnidus  was  certainly  a  repuhlic, 
and  the  erection  of  so  sumptuous  and  conspicuous 
a  tomb  to  the  memory  of  a  private  individual  seems 
inconsistent  with  the  jealous  spirit  which  prevailed 
in  the  ancient  commonwealths  before  the  age  of 
Alexander  the  Great. 

It  is,  therefore,  more  likely  that  the  tomb  is  a 
Polyandrion^  or  public  monument,  erected  to  com- 
memorate a  number  of  citizens  slain  in  battle. 

Such  an  edifice  may  not  have  been  originally 
designed  for  the  reception  of  bodies,  but  as  a  ceno- 
taph; indeed,  the  paucity  of  sepulchral  remains, 
and  the  unfinished  state  of  the  architecture,  lead 
me  to  doubt  whether  any  interment  ever  took  place 
in  this  tomb  at  the  period  of  its  erection. 

The  lekythoa  and  fragments  of  pottery  seem  of  a 
much  later  period  than  the  building,  and,  from  the 
place  in  which  they  were  found  at  the  side  of  the 
door,  there  can  be  hardly  a  doubt  that  they  were 
laid  there  as  an  offering  on  the  celebration  of 
periodical  rites.  The  few  bones  found  in  one  of 
the  cells  may  have  been  deposited  there  at  a  date 
long  subsequent  to  that  of  the  tomb. 

Among  the  ruins  on  the  western  side  was  dis- 
covered part  of  a  large  slab,  on  which  was  sculptured 
in  relief  a  circular  shield.  This  slab  was  broken 
on  two  sides,  so  that  its  original  dimensions  could 


LION   TOMB.  493 

not  be  ascertained.  Its  greatest  length  was  3'  6", 
its  thickness  1'  3''.  Kather  more  than  half  the 
shield  had  been  broken  away.  The  surface  of 
the  relief  had  never  been  finished,  but  the  sides 
of  the  slab  were  finally  tooled.  The  projection  of 
the  shield  was  2". 

This  fragment  was  found  on  the  western  side  of 
the  tomb.  It  was  evidently  too  large  to  have 
formed  part  of  the  architrave,  but  may  possibly 
have  been  inserted  between  the  two  central  columns 
over  the  doorway. 

If  we  suppose  the  tomb  to  have  been  a  public 
monument,  the  unfinished  shield  was  probably  in- 
tended to  receive  an  inscription  recording  the  names 
and  services  of  the  persons  commemorated. 

The  completion  of  the  work  may  have  been 
arrested  by  political  events,  and,  most  probably,  by 
one  of  those  revolutions  so  common  in  the  repub- 
Hcs  of  antiquity,  by  which  a  dominant  party  was 
suddenly  expelled  from  power,  and  all  their  acts 
annulled. 

During  the  period  to  which  I  would  assign  this 
tomb,  the  history  of  Cnidus  records,  as  far  as  I  am 
aware,  only  two  events  sufficiently  important  to 
have  given  occasion  for  such  a  public  monument. 

The  earliest  of  these  events  is  the  repulse  of  the 
Athenians,  when  they  attacked  and  nearly  took 
Cnidus,  B.C.  412 ;  the  second  is  the  defeat  of  the 
Lacedsemonians  by  Conon,  in  a  sea-fight  off  this 
place,  B.C.  394;  but  it  is  not  certain  that  any 
Cnidians  took  a  part  in  this  latter  engagement. 

It  may  be  observed  that  the  site  of  the  Lion 


/ 


Tomb  is  one  well  suited  for  a  monument  intended 
to  commemorate  a  naval  victory. 

It  stands  on  the  edge  of  an  abrupt  precipice,  cut 
sheer  down  to  the  sea,  to  the  depth  of  200\ 

The  summit  of  the  pyramid  must  have  com- 
manded an  extensive  view  of  the  neighbouring 
coast  and  islands. 

On  the  west  appears  Cnidus,  with  Cos  beyond. 
Below,  to  the  south,  are  the  islands  of  Nisyros, 
Telos,  and  the  more  distant  Rhodes.  (Plate 
LXVII.) 

This  tomb  must  have  been  to  the  mariners  on 
the  eastern  side  of  the  Archipelago  as  familiar  a 
sea-mark  as  the  Colossus  of  Rhodes,  the  Mauso- 
leum, or  the  Temple  of  Apollo  at  Branchidee.  ^ 

The  selection  of  a  lion  as  the  epithema  of  this 
monument  is  strongly  in  favour  of  the  supposition 
that  the  persons  it  commemorates  had  been  slain  in 
battle.  The  lion,  it  is  true,  constantly  occurs  as 
a  marked  feature  in  the  design  both  of  Hellenic 
and  Etruscan  tombs,  as  has  already  been  shown 
in  reference  to  the  Mausoleum,  and,  in  many 
instances,  the  simple  idea  of  custody  may  be  suffi- 
cient to  explain  the  import  of  this  symbol. 

But  it  is  clear  from  the  evidence  of  ancient 
literature,  that,  when  the  lion  was  placed  on  the 
tomb  of  heroes,  it  was  specially  selected  as  an  em- 
blem of  valour  and  force,  though  the  idea  that  the 
lion  was  the  guardian  of  the  tomb  was  not  lost 
sight  of.  This  we  see  very  clearly  jfrom  the  epi- 
gram of  Simonides  on  the  marble  lion  which  com- 


LION   TOMB.  495 

memorated  the  valour  of  Lsonidas  at  Thermopylae, 
and  which  runs  thus : — 

^po\}p&^  raids  ra^o)  Xafva>  efifis^awsJ^ 

The  same  sentiment  is  repeated  on  several  other 
epigrams  of  a  later  period.'' 

According  to  Pausanias/  the  courage  of  Leaina, 
the  mistress  of  Aristogeiton,  was  commemorated 
by  a  bronze  figure  of  a  lioness  placed  by  the  side 
of  a  statue  of  Aphrodite,  this  latter  being  the  work 
of  Calamis. 

Near  Thebes,  as  we  learn  from  the  same  author,* 
was  a  Folyandrioriy  surmounted  by  a  lion,  erected 
in  memory  of  the  Thebans  who  fell  in  battle  at 
Chaeronea. 

Pausanias,  in  describing  thistomb,  remarks  that 
the  lion  has  reference  to  the  courage  of  the  Theban 
warriors,  but  that  no  inscription  was  added,  be- 

^  Poet  Lyr.  Gr.  Bergk,  No.  114  (169),  and  Bergk's  note  in  loc. 
HerocL  vii.  225. 

^  Compare  tbe  epigram  on  Teleutias  by  Antipater  Sidonius, 
Brunck,  Analecta,  ii.  p.  31. 

(iow^y€ ;  Wc  ^dc  trac  ^£<oc  Jfy  ccf)crdc ; 
i/coc  Oiv^utpoio  TeXevTiaQj  oc  /icya  -Kavrtiiv 

^ipTipo^  ^Vy  ^ripCiv  otraov  iytSj  Kticpiftai, 
ov^c  fjiaray  itrraKaf  <^ipij  Zi  n  avfjijioXoy  aXcdc 

at'ipoc'  ijy  yap  ot^  ivfffxeyitaai  Xitoy, 

'  L  23.  cf.  Polyten.  Strat  viii.  45.  In  ibis  case  and  in  that  of 
the  monument  of  Leonidas,  tbe  symbol  employed  bad  evidently  a 
phonetic  value. 

f  ix.  40,  §  5. 


496  LION   TOMB. 

cause  they  were  defeated.  The  fragments  of  this 
lion  still  exist  on  the  spot  where  Pausanias  saw 
them,  and  a  restoration  of  it  by  M.  Siegel,  a  German 
artist,  is  given  by  Welcker  in  the  "  Monumenti  of 
the  ArchaBological  Institute  of  Rome.'*  ^  Accord- 
ing to  this  restoration,  the  lion  was  in  a  seated 
position,  and  in  height  about  12  feet. 

It  is  not  known  what  the  original  design  of  this 
monument  was,  as  only  fragments  of  the  pedestal 
remain,  and  no  traces  of  the  foimdation.  It  is  said 
that  the  lion  itself  was  dug  up  out  of  a  mound 
during  the  Greek  revolution,  and  broken  up  in  the 
hope  that  treasure  would  be  found  inside  it.'    . 

Lions  seem  also  to  have  been  dedicated  simply 
to  commemorate  victories,  without  forminrg  part  of 
a  sepulchral  monument.  Thus  the  city  of  Elatea, 
after  having  repulsed  Cassander,  dedicated  a  bronze 
lion  at  Delphi.^  At  Thebes,  in  front  of  the  temple 
of  Arteiinis  Eukleia,  Pausanias  saw  a  marble  lion 
which,  according  to  local  tradition,  was  dedicated 
by  Hercules  to  record  his  victory  over  the 
Orchomenians.^  V 

If  we  assume  that  the  Cnidfan  lion  commemo- 
rates the  victory  of  Conon,  which,  I  consider, 
on  the  whole,  the  most  probable  supposition  with 
respect  to  this  monument,  then  it  becomes  a 
matter  of  interest  to  ascertain  how  far  it  cor- 
responds in  style  and  treatment  with  the  Chse- 
ronea  lion  already  referred  to,  the  date  of  which 

^  1856,  pp.  1—5  ;  tav.  1. 

«  Mure,  Tour  in  Greece  (Edinburgh,  1842),  i.  pp.  218-21. 

J  Pauaan.  x.  18,  6.  k  i^.  17,  2. 


LION   TOMB.  497 

would  be  about  half  a  century  later.  I  had  hoped 
that  this  comparison  might  have  been  by  this  time 
effected  by  means  of  casts  from  the  fragments, 
which,  with  unaccountable  apathy,  the  Greek 
government  suffers  to  remain  at  Chseronea,  ex- 
posed to  weather  and  accident.  But  as  yet  this 
hope  has  been  unfulfilled,  and  those  who  have 
not  examined  the  remains  of  the  Cha3ronea  lion 
in  situ  can  only  form  their  idea  of  it  from  the 
descriptions  of  travellers. 

Colonel  Mure,  in  the  description  already  referred 
to,  observes  that  this  monument  "possesses  the 
affecting  peculiarity  of  being  erected,  not  as  usual, 
to  commemorate  the  victory,  but  the  misfor- 
tune of  the  warriors  whose  bodies  repose  in  the 
soil  beneath — the  valour,  not  the  success  of  their 
struggle  for  liberty;"  and,  he  adds,  that  "the 
artist,  with  an  accurate  perception  of  the  affecting 
specialty  of  the  case,  has  given  to  the  countenance 
of  the  animal  that  expression  of  fierceness,  and  of 
himiiliation,  of  rage,  sorrow,  and  shame,  which 
would  agitate  the  breasts  of  proud  Hellenic  free- 
men on  such  a  defeat."^ 

In  support  of  this  criticism,  I  would  quote  a 
remark,  made  to  me  by  one  profoundly  conversant 
with  Greek  art;™  namely,  that  the  lion  of  Chseronea, 
being  the  emblem  of  a  defeat,  is  placed  in  an 

*  Compare  Welcker's  remarks  in  the  Memoir  referred  to  note  ^. 

"  The  late  Sir  Thomas  Wyse,  who,  during  his  long  residence 
at  Athens  as  British  minister,  lost  no  opportunity  of  exerting 
his  influence  for  the  promotion  of  archaeological  research  and  for 
the  preservation  of  the  few  ancient  monuments  still  extant  in 
Greece. 


498  LION   TOMB. 

attitude  expressive  of  angry  defiance ;  while  the 
attitude  of  the  Cnidian  lion,  being  one  of  natural 
repose,  seems  rather  the  symbol  of  a  victory. 

If  we  admit  that  the  evident  diflference  in  the 
motive  of  these  two  works  may  be  thus  explained, 
the  criticism  itself  is  an  additional  argument  in 
favour  of  my  supposition  that  the  Cnidian  monu- 
ment commemorates  the  victory  of  Conon. 

I  would  here  draw  attention  to  the  fact  that 
one  of  the  colossal  lions  brought  from  Athens  to 
Venice  by  Morosini,  and  now  in  the  arsenal  there, 
is,  in  design,  style,  and  scale,  almost  an  exact 
counterpart  of  the  one  discovered  by  me  at  Cnidus. 
This  lion  has  lost  the  head,  which  has  been  re- 
placed by  a  clumsy  Cinque  Cento  restoration ;  but 
is  otherwise  perfect,  and  shows  the  action  of  the 
fore  paws,  which  is  wanting  in  the  Cnidian  lion. 

Observing  that  these  two  lions  corresponded  so 
ijearly  in  style  and  scale,  I  obtained  from  Venice  a 
cast  of  one  fore  paw  of  Morosini's  lion,  and  on  ad- 
justing  this  to  the  arm  of  the  Cnidian  lion,  found 
that  it  was  about  half  an  inch  larger.''    The  differ- 

^  Inter  csetera  vero  duo  spectabilis  magnitudiDis  Leonis  ac 
Leeenie  simulacra,  ex  marmore  constructa,  extremo  in  littore 
reperta.-^Mauroceni  Qesta  script.  J.  Gratian.  Fatav.  1698,  p.  338. 
Compare  the  inscription  placed  on  these  lions  by  the  Yenetian 
senate,  1687.  According  to  H.  W.  Uirichs,  Topography  of  the 
Harbours  at  Athens,  Engl,  transl.  London,  1847,  p.  18,  this  lion 
is  alluded  to  by  Plutarch  under  the  name  "AXki/jloc  in  the  expression 
TO  icara  top  "AXKifAoy  axpwfipiov.     Flut.  Themist.  32. 

At  the  eastern  foot  of  Hymettus,  Dodwell  saw  a  colossal  lion, 
which  he  describes  as  being  of  Fentelic  marble,  in  the  purest  style, 
and  well  preserved  except  the  legs,  which  are  wanting.  The  lower 
jaw  of  thb  lion  is  preserved.    This  lion  is  three-quarters  of  an 


LION   TOMB,  499 

ence  in  scale  must  have  been  originally  very  much 
less,  perhaps  not  more  than  a  quarter  of  an  inch, 
as  the  Cnidian  lion  has  suflfered  much  from  cor- 
rosion of  the  surface.  The  lion  at  Venice  was 
taken  by  Morosini  from  the  shore  of  the  Pirceus, 
and  there  can  hardly  be  a  doubt  that  it  once 
ornamented  an  Athenian  tomb,  probably  a  Poly^ 
andriofij  erected  in  honour  of  some  victory,  con- 
temporary in  date  with  that  gained  by  Conon.'' 

At  Falatia,  the  site  of  the  ancient  Miletus,  are 
two  colossal  marble  lions,  both  of  which  seem  to 
be  connected  with  tombs. 

One  of  these  I  found  lying  on  a  plain,  about  400 
yards  to  the  west  of  a  ruined  marble  mosque,  which 

hour  distant  from  the  monastery  of  St.  John  at  the  foot  of  Hy- 
mettas,  and  is  situated  near  a  church  in  great  measure  composed 
of  ancient  blocks  of  stone.  It  is  engraved  in  Dodwell,  Travels  in 
Greece,  London,  1819,  i.  p.  523-4.  [See  also  Wordsworth,  Greecci 
Pi  122.^  Dodwell  here  states  that  one  of  the  colossal  lions  taken 
by  the  Venetians  from  Athens  formed  part  of  a  fountain,  the  water 
of  which  was  intended  to  gush  from  its  mouth. 

Ibid.  p.  370.  '<  In  the  year,  1654,  Du  Loir  saw  a  large  statue 
of  a  lion  of  white  marble  near  the  temple  of  Theseus,  which  was 
also  noticed  by  Guillatidre  fifteen  years  afterwards,  and  by  Comelio 
Magni  in  1674.  Guillatiere  asserts  that  it  was  in  a  couching 
position.^  In  the  island  of  Ceos,  Brondstedt  found  a  colossal  lion 
sculptured  out  of  an  immense  block  of  rock  which  formed  its  base. 
(See  hid  Voyages  dans  la  Gr^ce,  i.  pp.  30,  31,  PI.  11.)  He  states 
that  this  lion  measured  29  feet  in  length  by  10  feet  in  heighti 
and  supposes  it  to  be  alluded  to  by  Herakleides  Ponticus,  De 
Hebus  Pnblicis  (art.  Kilwy), 

^  We  might,  indeed,  suppose  that  the  lion  of  the  Piraeus  was 
erected  to  commemorate  Oonon*s  great  naval  victory,  as  the  coun* 
terpart  of  the  monument  of  the  Cnidian  monument,  were  it  not 
that  we  know  that  the  Athenians  commemorated  this  same  victory 
by  a  dedication  to  Aphrodite  in  her  temple  on  the  shore  of  the 
Piraeus. — See  Pausan.  i.  1.  3. 


600  LION  TOMB. 

forms  a  conspicuous  object  in  the  modem  village 
of  Falatia. 

This  lion  is  8'  long  and  4'  high.  It  is  in  a 
couching  position;  the  face  is  badly  preserved; 
the  body,  especially  the  hind  quarters,  in  good 
condition.  The  fore  paws  are  wanting.  The  style 
is  conventional,  and  may,  perhaps,  exhibit  an  imi- 
tation of  archaic  sculpture  by  a  Roman  artist. 

A  few  yards  to  the  west  of  this  lion  are  the  ruins 
of  a  tomb  which  appears  to  have  been  a  Doric 
structure  on  a  basement. 

The  east  and  west  sides  of  this  basement  measure 
22',  and  the  north  and  south  sides,  26\ 

The  details  of  the  architecture  show  that  this 
edifice  was  of  the  Roman  period.  There  is  every 
reason  to  suppose  that  the  lion,  lying  so  near  the 
basement,  originally  surmounted  the  tomb. 

The  other  colossal  lion  at  Miletus  is  lying  near 
the  great  theatre,  a  little  to  the  west  of  the  north- 
west end  of  its  cavea^  on  the  edge  of  the  marshy 
ground  bordering  on  the  Mssander. 

This  lion  is  in  a  style  still  more  conventional 
than  the  one  I  have  just  described,  and  is,  pro- 
bably, of  a  later  period.  It  is  broken  in  the 
middle,  and  much  weatherworn. 

The  present  length  is  6';  the  fore  paws  are 
wanting. 

Close  to  this  lion  are  the  remains  of  a  Roman 
tomb,  of  the  Corinthian  order. 

The  basement  of  this  tomb  measures  50'  by  32'. 
Under  it  is  a  chamber  with  a  barrel  vault,  21'  long 
by  16'  6". 


LION  TOMB.  501 

The  height  from  the  ground  to  the  top  of  the 
vault  is  ir.  The  sides  are  composed  of  large  slahs 
6'  long  and  4'  wide,  with  fine  well-fitted  joints. 

It  seems  most  probahle  that  the  lion,  lying  near 
this  tomb,  formed  part  of  its  design. 

In  both  of  the  Miletus  tombs  the  motive  of  the 
design  may  have  been  borrowed  from  the  earlier 
Cnidian  monument.  It  may  be  remarked,  as  a 
singular  coincidence,  that,  both  at  Cnidus  and 
Miletus,  the  lion  was  the  prevailing  and  familiar 
type  on  the  coinage  in  Hellenic  times ;  and  hence, 
it  may  be  thought,  this  symbol  was  made  so  marked 
a  feature  in  the  design  of  sepulchral  monuments 
in  both  cities ;  but  the  testimony  of  the  ancients 
themselves  as  to  the  motive  which  led  them  to 
adopt  the  lion  so  generally  as  the  epithema  of 
tombs  is  so  distinctly  given,  that  I  do  not  think 
there  is  any  need  to  seek  for  a  less  obvious  expla- 
nation of  this  symbol  by  connecting  it  with  the 
local  myth  of  any  individual  city. 

On  the  land  side,  the  view  from  the  lion  Tomb 
at  Cnidus  presents  a  wild  and  barren  tract  of 
mountain  scenery. 

At  the  distance  of  about  half  an  hour  inland, 
in  the  direction  of  the  ancient  road,  another  tomb 
similar  in  structure  stands  on  an  elevated  spot. 
This  tomb  has  a  square  basement  of  fine  polygonal 
masonry,  which  had  been  surmounted  by  a  circular 
pyramid  now  thrown  down.  The  whole  was  built 
of  massive  blocks  of  limestone. 

Looking  inland  from  the  summit  of  this  second 
tomb,  I  discovered  on  the  next  considerable  emi- 


502  LION  TOMB. 

nence  a  third  tomb,  composed  of  a  square  basement, 
surmounted  by  a  circular  pyramid.  The  basement 
was  of  limestone,  the  pyramid  of  petrified  beach. 
The  masonry  was  less  massive.  On  the  right  are 
two  other  basements,— one  square,  the  other  cir- 
cular. All  these  monuments  present  the  same 
general  type. 

There  can  hardly  be  a  doubt  that  they  all  con- 
tained circular  chambers  vaulted  with  horizontal 
courses,  in  the  mode  which  I  have  already  described. 
It  is  probable  that  all  the  chambers  have  been 
broken  open  and  rifled. 

The  manner  in  which  the  several  tombs  are 
grouped,  seems  hardly  the  result  of  chance.  Their 
arrangement  would  seem  to  indicate  that  ad- 
vantage has  been  taken  of  the  principal  eminences, 
so  as  to  make  each  tomb  command  a  view  of  the 
one  nearest  to  it. 

Thus  they  may  have  served  as  a  chain  of  watch- 
towers,  and  for  the  communication  of  signals. 

The  sites  of  the  ancient  tumuli  in  many  parts  of 
England  seem  to  have  been  chosen  with  a  similar 
view. 


503 


CHAPTER   XXI. 

■ 

DESCRIPTION    OP   THE    AECHITECTTEE    OP    THE 

LION  TOMB. 

Bt  Mb.  B.  P.  PuLLAV. 

General  appearance  of  the  ruins ;  circular  chamber ;  cells  radiating 
from  the  centre ;  architectural  marbles ;  arrangement  of  courses 
of  the  basement ;  height  and  projection  of  podium  ;  arrangement 
of  triglyphs  ;  shield  probably  placed  between  middle  columns ; 
steps  of  the  pyramid  ;  pedestal  of  the  lion,  its  form  and  dimen- 
sions how  determined  ;  vault  of  the  chamber ;  probable  date 
of  the  Lion  Tomb. 

On  the  first  discovery  of  the  Lion  Tomb  it  pre- 
sented the  appearance  of  a  mass  of  tmns,  in  the 
centre  of  which  was  a  block  of  masonry,  about  30' 
each  way,  and  18'  high.  This  block  was  built  for 
the  most  part  of  petrified  beach,  laid  in  regular 
courseSj  of  an  average  depth  of  V  V\  and,  as  has 
been  already  stated,  had  been  faced  with  marble. 
Upon  the  top  lay  an  irregular  heap  of  stones, 
which  upon  examination  were  found  to  be  those 
of  the  upper  part  of  the  edifice,  which  had  fallen  in. 
Upon  removing  these  stones,  the  circular  chamber 
within  was  exposed  to  view.  Its  diameter  was 
IT  3".  On  the  level  of  the  floor  were  found  twelve 


504  ARCHITECTURE   OP  THE  LION   TOMB. 

recesses,  3'  4!'  high  by  2'  3''  wide,  and  varying  in 
length  from  6' to  7T.  One  of  them,  3' 6"  high,  and 
placed  in  the  centre  of  the  northern  side,  had  evi- 
dently been  the  entrance  to  the  chamber.  The  other 
eleven  had  been  used  for  the  reception  of  bodies. 

Around  the  tomb  lay  heaped  a  number  of  marbles 
which  had  formed  the  casing  to  this  core.  They 
were  piled  one  upon  another  in  the  greatest  con- 
fusion, and  had  evidently  been  pulled  down  and 
rolled  over  for  the  purpose  of  extracting  the  metal 
cramps  with  which  they  had  been  fastened  together. 

Those  heaps  which  were  in  the  immediate 
vicinity  of  the  monument  having  been  removed, 
and  the  soil  dug  to  the  depth  of  a  few  feet,  the 
lowest  course  was  found  in  situ.  It  was  composed 
of  large  blocks,  generally  6'  long  by  4'  and  5'  wide, 
and  of  the  uniform  thickness  of  1'  Y.  The  mea- 
surement of  the  course,  taken  from  angle  to  angle, 
was  40'  3".  There  was  a  square  sinking  of  the 
masonry  at  each  joint,  and  a  neatly-tooled  draught, 
\\"  round  each  sinking ;  the  rest  of  the  outer  sur- 
face of  the  stones  being  rough  hewn.  The  upper 
surface  was  smooth,  and  upon  it  a  tread  of  6^''  in 
width  was  marked  by  a  fine  line. 

In  close  proximity  to  the  building  were  found 
stones  faced. in  a  similar  manner.  Pour  or  five 
of  them  were  comer  stones,  corresponding  in 
thickness  with  the  step  in  situ,  already  described ; 
others  had  a  thickness  of  3'  6",  with  a  width  varying 
from  2'  r  to  1'  2". 

Now,  there  was  good  reason  to  suppose  that  these 
stones  all  belonged  to  the  podium,  or  basement ; 


ARCHITECTURE   OF   THE  LION   TOMB.  505 

first,  from  their  being  found  close  to  the  face  of  the 
building ;  secondly,  from  the  similarity  of  their 
dressing  to  that  of  the  lower  course  in  situ; 
thirdly,  because  there  were  comer-stones  of  this 
kind  found,  which  could  not  have  occupied  a  higher 
position  on  the  building,  as  we  know  that  there 
were  angle  columns. 

The  masonry  of  the  core  was  tolerably  even 
until  it  reached  the  height  of  6'  10"  above  the  lower 
course;  here  a  block  of  marble,  V  2"  in  entire 
thickness,  including  the  sinkings,  projected  from 
the  face  of  the  work  20",  at  which  length  it  had 
been  broken  off.  Above  it,  a  similar  block  existed 
at  the  angles,  and  in  the  centre  of  the  course ;  the 
depth  of  this  was  V  8"  A  stone  corresponding 
in  depth  with  this  upper  block  was  found  near  the 
building.  This  had  a  hollow  moulding  on  its  face, 
and  had  manifestly  formed  a  cornice  to  some  divi- 
sion of  the  structure,  and,  from  its  proximity  to  the 
face  of  the  building  and  to  the  stones  before  men- 
tioned, there  was  good  reason  for  supposing  that 
it  had  formed  the  cornice  of  the  podium. 

Five  varieties  of  comer-stones  were  discovered. 
Three  of  these  had  the  sinking  for  the  joint  on  the 
lower  edge  only.  One  had  the  sinking  both  on  the 
upper  and  lower  edges,  and  another  (the  3'  &'  stone) 
had  neither  sinking  nor  draught  on  the  upper  edge, 
but  a  line  of  drip  on  the  upper  surface  distant  2^" 
from  the  edge. 

The  natural  arrangement  of  these  comer-stones 
is  that  shown  in  the  Elevation  (Plate  LXIII.),  as 
will  be  subsequently  demonstrated,  and,  when  put 

II.  2   L 


606  ARCHITECTURE   OF   THE   LION   TOMB. 

together,  they  give  us  a  height  of  8',  which  will 
just  occupy  the  space  hetween  the  courpe  in  situ 
and  that  before  assumed  to  be  the  cornice  of  the 
podium. 

The  height  of  the  podivm  having  been  ascer- 
tained, the  next  thing  to  be  considered  was  its 
projection.  The  masonry  of  the  core  above  the 
supposed  cornice  of  the  podium  measured  from 
angle  to  angle,  28'  Y.  At  every  two  or  three  courses 
there  were  spaces,  from  which  the  drams  of  columns 
and  the  wall-stones  had  been  torn  out.  Now,  as  the 
thicker  wall-stones  had  evidently  been  tailed  into 
the  vacant  spaces  in  the  courses,  it  was  evident 
that,  by  applying  the  thinnest  wall-stone  to  the 
general  face  of  the  masonry,  the  width  of  the  tomb 
would  be  gained.  The  thinnest  wall-stone  was  T  6", 
which,  added  to  28'  1",  gave  31'  1"  for  the  size  of 
the  block  of  the  building,  exclusive  of  the  colunms. 
This  dimension  being  assumed,  the  next  point  was 
to  ascertain  if  the  measurements  of  the  architrave 
and  triglyphs  in  any  way  confirmed  it.  A  sufficient 
number  of  drums  were  found  to  show  that  there 
had  been  four  engaged  columns  on  each  face  of  the 
tomb.  Near  the  north-west  corner  were  found  six 
drums  of  an  angle  column,  of  which  the  respective 
depths  were  2'  6",  2'  7",  2'  3^",  2'  10",  1'  7",  1'  10". 
The  diameters  of  these  drums  were  not  exactly  to 
be  ascertained,  as  they  were  unfluted  with  an  irregu- 
larly  hewn  periphery,  showing  that  the  work  had 
never  been  quite  completed;  but,  by  arranging 
them  as  well  as  the  measurements  would  allow,  a 
column  with  a  height  of  between  five  and  five  and 


ARCHITECTURE   OF  THE   LION   TOMB,  507 

a  half  diameters  was  obtained.  The  stones  of  the 
capitals  and  bases  were  fluted  for  a  space  of  ^' ; 
the  architrave  and  cornice  were  in  good  preser- 
vation, the  lions*  heads  of  the  cymatium  were 
left  in  block.  (See  Plate  LXV.)  The  metopes 
varied  in  dimensions,  being  respectively  1"71, 
1"89,  2'00  in  width.  I  found  that,  if  the  angle- 
columiis  were  placed  so  that  the  centres  coin- 
cided with  the  outer  face  of  the  thinnest  wall- 
stone,  the  triglyphs  might  be  adjusted,  so  as  to 
allow  three  triglyphs  in  the  central  intercolum- 
niation,  and  two  triglyphs  in  each  of  the  side  inter- 
columniations.  It  will  be  seen  on  examination  of  the 
elevation  that  such  an  arrangement  of  the  triglyphs 
tallies  with  the  dimension  already  assumed  as  the 
size  of  the  block  of  the  building ;  namely,  31'  1". 

To  return  to  the  podium :  upon  a  stone  1'  1'' 
thick,  with  a  slight  nosing  1^''  wide,  were  foimd 
traces  of  the  plan  of  the  fluting,  as  though  there 
had  been  a  sinking  to  receive  the  lowest  drum ; 
below  this  course  came  the  cornice-stone  of  the 
podium,  of  which  the  projection  was  marked  by  a 
drip-line ;  below  the  cornice-stone  came  a  course 
which  had  a  sinking  both  above  and  below ;  under- 
neath this,  again,  came  the  3'  6"  stone,  on  the 
upper  surface  of  which  was  a  drip-line  2^"  from  the 
edge,  showing  that  from  this  course  commenced  a 
gradual  extension  of  the  base.  By  placing  below 
this,  again,  a  1'  Y  stone,  and  by  arranging  beneath 
this  again  two  steps  with  a  tread  of  14"  each, 
we  gain  ^,  podium  of  height  and  projection  appro- 
priate to  the  dimensions  of  the  order.     The  wall- 

2  L  2 


508  ARCHITECTURE   OF   THE   LION   TOMB. 

stones  which  were  placed  between  the  columns 
were,  like  those  of  the  stylobate,  rough  and  un- 
dressed, with  broad  tooled  draughts  all  round; 
Some  of  these  stones  were  4'  7"  high.  The  courses 
did  not  correspond  with  those  of  the  columns, 
for  one  of  the  drums  of  the  inner  columns  was 
grooved  halfway  down  its  side,  the  lower  part 
projecting  to  receive  an  adjoining  wall-stone.  The 
dotted  lines  on  the  elevations  show  those  lines  of 
the  masonry  joints  which  are  conjectural. 

A  shield  3'  6"  in  diameter  with  a  slight  projec- 
tion, was  found  carved  upon  a  detached  stone ;  it 
was  probably  intended  to  receive  an  inscription, 
and  its  most  appropriate  position  would  seem  to  be 
between  the  middle  columns. 

Having  put  together  the  building  as  far  as  the 
cornice,  we  come  to  the  consideration  of  the  part 
of  the  structure  above  it.  On  every  side  of  the 
tomb  were  found  blocks  V  V  thick,  with  treads 
marked  upon  them  by  fine  lines. 

These  treads  were  either  V  2f "  or  10"  wide  ;  they 
all  had  nosings  6J"  wide,  with  a  slight  projection. 
These  stones,  which  were  very  numerous,  had  ap- 
parently formed  the  steps  of  a  pyramid  with  un- 
equal sides,  like  that  of  the  Mausoleum,  for  several 
comer-stones  were  found  with  treads  of  these  two 
dimensions  on  them.  The  pyramid  seems  to  have 
rested  upon  courses  of  isodomous  masonry,  form- 
ing a  sort  of  attic;  the  comer-stones  of  these 
courses  were  found ;  they  were  finished  in  the 
same  way  as  the  pyramid  steps — ^that  is,  with 
neatly-tooled    faces — and    on    that    account    ap- 


ARCHITECTURE   OP  THE   LION   TOMB.  509 

pear  to  have  belonged  to  the  upper  part  of  the 
edifice. 

In  order  to  obtain  the  height  of  the  pyramid 
and  the  size  of  the  platform,  it  will  be  necessary 
to  consider,  in  the  first  place,  what  evidence  there 
was  as  to  the  form  of  the  pedestal  upon  which  the 
lion  was  placed.  A  large  stone,  measuring  5'  4"  by 
4'  10"  by  2'  4",  was  found,  with  a  cornice  on  three 
sides  of  it  consisting  of  a  cyma  with  a  square  fillet 
above,  and  a  bevelled  margin  at  the  top.  The  shape 
and  dimensions  of  this  stone  showed  that  it  had 
formed  part  of  a  .pedestal  for  the  lion.  It  had  been 
hollowed  out  so  as  to  diminish  its  weight,  which 
would  have  been  otherwise  very  great.  Had  the 
lion  been  placed  immediately  upon  this  pedestal,  a 
portion  of  the  figure  would  have  been  coticealed  by 
the  projection  of  the  cornice  when  seen  from  below, 
so  that  evidently  a  blocking  of  some  kind  must 
have  been  necessary.  This  was  afterwards  dis- 
covered in  a  solid  slab  of  stone,  measuring  5'  4J" 
by  2'  4r^"  wide  and  IT  thick,  chamfered  on  the 
upper  edge  on  two  sides.  It  was  found  that  two 
slabs  of  this  dimension,  when  placed  side  by  side, 
formed  a  plinth  of  the  exact  width — 4'  9''  on 
the  top — required  between  the  lion  and  the 
hollow  pedestal.  Now,'  a  pedestal  with  a  cor- 
nice and  blocking  of  this  kind  must  have  had 
a  base.  Portions  of  a  bold  cyma  moulding  (Plate 
LXVI.,  fig.  4)  were  discovered,  but  this  was 
out  of  proportion  to  the  upper  cornice,  and  gave 
reason  for  the  conclusion  that  there  had  been 
a    sur-base,    sub-plinth,    or    second    pedestal,   of 


510  ARCHITECTURE   OF  THE   LION   TOMB. 

which  the  cyma  was  the  base-mould.  The 
only  stone  which  could  have  formed  the  cornice 
of  this  second  pedestal  was  one  which  had  a  fillet 
with  a  chamfer  below  projecting  beyond  the  general 
face  of  the  stone:  this  may  have  been  left  un- 
finished, as  the  tomb  was  never  completed ;  it  is, 
therefore,  shown  as  a  cyma  forming  the  cornice 
of  the  lower  pedestal. 

It  will  be  seen  by  reference  to  the  Elevation  that 
from  their  diflFerence  in  scale  the  upper  and  lower 
pedestals  require  to  be  connected  by  an  intermediate 
member.  I  have,  therefore,  introduced  a  step  of 
slight  projection  between  them. 

The  circular  chamber  in  the  interior  was  covered 
with  a  vault  laid  in  longitudinal  courses.  The 
crowning  stone  of  this  was  found  in  the  midst  of 
the  rubbish;  it  measured  &  3^"  in  its  upper 
diameter,  and  5'  4"  in  its  lower  diameter,  and  was 
2'  2^'  in  thickness. 

In  considering  the  design  of  this  monument,  it 
must  be  borne  in  mind  that  it  was  situated  on  the 
summit  of  a  cliff  about  two  hundred  feet  high ;  and 
that,  seen  from  below,  the  pedestal  of  the  lion  would 
be  much  foreshortened. 

Had  the  epithema  been  placed  immediately  upon 
the  pyramid,  or  upon  a  low  base,  it  would  have  been 
almost  entirely  concealed  from  the  spectator  who 
looked  up  at  it  from  below  by  the  projection  of  the 
cornice  and  the  size  of  the  pyramid.  It  has  been 
shown  (ante^  pp.  491-98)  that  there  is  reason  for 
supposing  that  this  tomb  was  executed  in  the  first 
half  of  the  fourth  century  B.C.     The  flatness  of 


ARCHITECTURE   OF   THE   LION   TOMB.  531 

the  echinus  of  the  capital  and  the  proportions  of 
the  column  indicate  a  period  of  art  consistent  with 
such  a  date.  The  general  character  of  the  Order 
resembles  that  of  a  tomb  at  Labranda,  as  engraved 
in  the  Voyage  Arch^ologique  of  Lebas  *  and  which 
may  possibly  be  that  of  Hekatomnus.  In  that  case 
it  would  be  contemporary  in  date  with  the  Lion 
Tomb,  if  this  latter  commemorated  the  victory  of 
Conon. 

«  PL  xxi.,  fig.  35. 


t 


512 


CHAPTER   XXII. 

TOMB  ON  PENINSULA.      ENVIRONS  OP   CNIDUS. 

Tomb  on  the  FeDinsula ;  resemblance  of  its  plan  to  that  of  an 
early  Christian  Charch.  Female  statue,  probably  of  Ceres. 
Sarcophagi ;  inscription  in  honour  of  Lykiethios ;  fragment 
inscribed  with  the  name  of  Theopompos ;  tile  graves  ;  skulls  ; 
Tombs  to  the  north-west  of  the  Acropolia  Ancient  road  ; 
singular  chasm,  perhaps,  an  early  Christian  place  of  sepulture  ; 
road  from  Cnidus  to  Yasikoi ;  line  of  ancient  way  marked  by 
tombs  on  each  side ;  Hellenic  wall  near  Yasikoi ;  Genoese 
Castle  ;  Chesmekoi — ancient  bridge  ;  Hellenic  fortress  called 
Koumya  Kalessi ;  tombs  on  the  shore ;  inscription  at  Dum 
Galli ;  district  of  Datcha. 

A  LITTLE  to  the  west  of  the  city  on  the  Penin- 
sula are  some  ruins  marked  "  Roman  Tomb "  in 
the  Flan,  and  situated  on  rocky  ground  sloping 
down  to  the  shore. 

I  was  led  to  explore  this  tomb,  because  within 
it  part  of  a  draped  female  statue  in  white  marble 
was  discovered  by  Corporal  Spackman,  R,E.,  soon 
after  our  establishment  at  Cnidus. 

After  clearing  away  the  brushwood,  I  proceeded 
to  remove  the  soil  and  rubble,  which  had  accumu- 
lated to  the  depth  of  several  feet,  when  the  form  of 
the  tomb  became  apparent. 

The  plan,  as  will  be  seen  (Plate  LXX.),  resembles 
that  of  some  of  the  early  Christian  churches. 

It  consisted  of  a  chamber,  with  a  vestibule  on  the 
north,  and  an  apse  or  alcove  on  the  south.    In  each 


ENVIKONS  OF   CNIDUS.  513 

side  wall  was  a  smaller  apse  or  alcove.  The  walls 
were  built  of  grouted  rubble,  which  has  probably 
been  faced  externally  with  ashlar-work.  They  were 
of  considerable  thickness,  and  must  have  supported 
a  vault  of  grouted  rubble,  of  which  I  found  the 
remains  lying  on  the  floor  of  the  tomb. 

In  front  of  each  of  these  three  alcoves  was  a 
marble  sarcophagus,  9'  long.  The  alcove  on  the 
west  had  contained  the  draped  female  figure, 
the  discovery  of  which  in  the  mass  of  brushwood 
had  originally  drawn  my  attention  to  this  spot. 

The  body  of  this  statue,  from  the  waist  down- 
wards, I  found  in  its  original  position,  standing 
within  the  alcove  on  a  marble  pavement.  The 
lower  part  of  the  statue  was  in  good  condition. 

The  upper  portion  of  the  figure  appears  to  have 
been  broken  by  the  fall  of  the  roof  of  the  alcove. 

I  found  the  breast  and  shoulders  in  one  piece, 
the  head  in  two  pieces,  and  also  part  of  the  right 
arm  and  hand,  and  the  left  hand. 

The  fragments  which  make  up  the  upper  part  of 
the  figure  are  in  very  bad  condition.  The  original 
surface  of  the  sculpture  is  nearly  destroyed,  and 
enough  only  remains  to  indicate  the  motive  of  the 
figure. 

In  the  left  hand  of  the  statue  are  a  poppy-head 
and  ears  of  com.  These  are  the  well-known  attri- 
butes of  Ceres.  On  the  other  hand,  the  head-dress 
is  that  in  use  among  Roman  ladies  in  the  time  of 
Domitian,  when  the  hair  was  arranged  over  the 
forehead  in  a  double  row  of  formal  curls. 

The  statue  is  unquestionably  of  the  Boman  pe- 


514  TOMB   ON   PENINSULA. 

riod;  and,  judging  from  the  character  of  the  head- 
dress, I  should  imagine  that  the  figure  represents 
an  Empress  or  some  lady  of  the  time  in  the  cha- 
racter of  Ceres,  rather  than  the  goddess  herself. 
Such  adaptations  were  very  common  in  B/oman  art. 

The  drapery  of  this  figure  is  well  composed,  but 
the  form  is  rather  heavy,  and  the  execution  wanting 
in  refinement. 

Great  numbers  of  small  lamps  of  the  Boman 
period  were  found  at  the  foot  of  this  statue;  they 
were  all  of  coarse  red  unglazed  ware. 

Of  the  three  sarcophagi,  the  two  marked  A  and 
B  in  the  Plan  had  been  ornamented  with  festoons, 
suspended  at  the  angles  from  Satyrs'  heads,  and 
sustained  in  the  intervening  space  by  naked  boys 
standing  on  pilasters.  (See  Plates  LXIX.  LXXI., 
Lower  View.) 

Prom  these  festoons  depend  bunches  of  grapes. 
Above  these  ornaments  are  two  Gorgons'  heads  in 
relief,  between  which  on  sarcophagus  A  is  the 
bust  of  a  draped  male  figure,  doubtless  a  portrait  of 
the  person  interred  in  the  sarcophagus.  (See  Plate 
LXXI.) 

At  the  sides  of  the  sarcophagi  the  festoons  and 
bunches  of  grapes  are  continued;  the  backs  are 
left  plain.  f 

They  are  further  ornamented  with  a  cornice  and 
a  base,  the  mouldings  of  which  have  been  very  hap- 
pily adapted  from  the  Ionic  order. 

The  bases  are  in  a  much  better  condition  than 
the  rest  of  the  sarcophagi,  being  made  of  separate 
pieces  of  marble. 


ENVIRONS  OF  CNIDUS.  515 

The  third  sarcophagus,  C,  is  much  plainer  than 
the  others.     (See  Plate  LXX.) 

These  sepulchral  monuments  are  unquestionably 
of  the  Roman  period,  I  should  consider  them  to 
have  been  erected  at  the  same  date  as  the  statue. 
The  execution  of  the  ornaments  is  coarse,  and  the 
design  rather  remarkable  for  a  lavish  display  of 
decoration  than  for  refinement  of  taste.  But  the 
general  effect  of  the  ornament  was  very  rich,  and 
these  sumptuous  examples  of  Roman  art  would 
have  been  well  worthy  of  a  place  in  the  national 
collection,  had  they  been  in  finer  condition.  The 
sides  had  been  split  in  many  places  by  the  expan- 
sive force  of  the  roots  of  the  brushwood,  and  the 
marble  generally  was  in  so  unsound  a  state  that  the 
removal  of  the  sarcophagi  could  only  have  been  ac- 
complished by  dividing  them  into  many  fragments, 
and  packing  all  these  separately,  to  be  rejoined  and 
repaired  on  their  arrival  at  the  British  Museum. 

As  I  did  not  feel  sure  that  the  merit  of  these 
sculptures  would  have  repaid  the  cost  and  trouble 
which  their  restoration  would  involve,  I  left  the 
sarcophagi  in,  situ  Sifter  having  removed  the  statue. 

This  tomb  having  been  long  since  rifled,  the  sar- 
cophagi were  found  quite  empty,  and  only  fragments 
of  their  massive  lids  remained-.  •  A  few  pieces  of 
very  coarse  unglazed  red  pottery  and  of  Boman 
glass  were  met  with  in  the  rubbish  of  the  tomb. 
I  found  one  small  fragment  of  painted  ware  with 
red  ornaments  on  a  black  ground.  This  was  very 
coarse,  and  the  varnish  much  corroded,  as  in  the 
latest  specimens  of  Greek  ceramography. 


516  TOMB  QN   PENINSULA. 

In  the  earth  near  the  base  of  the  statue  I  dis- 
covered several  fragments  of  Greek  inscriptions  on 
thin  slabs;  and  in  the  alcove  behind  the^sarco- 
phagus,  A,  some  larger  and  thicker  pieces. 

All  these  appear  to  be  copies  of  decrees. 

The  three  fragments  (Plate  XCIII.,  Nos.  46,  49, 
50)  all  relate  to  the  same  subject,  and  probably 
belong  to  the  same  inscription.  All  three  make 
mention  of  a  decree  or  decrees  made  by  the 
Senate  and  people  of  Cnidus  in  honour  of  a  certain 
Lyksethios,  the  son  of  Aristokleides. 

The  substance  of  these  decrees,  so  far  as  the  in- 
scriptions in  their  present  fragmentary  state  can  be 
interpreted,  is  as  follows : — 

A  solemn  proclamation,  wayopiumg^  was  to  be 
made  at  the  Dionysiac  festival,  that  the  Senate  and 
people  of  Cnidus  honoured  with  a  crown  the  virtue 
and  public  services  of  LyksBthios.  A  commis- 
sioner was  to  be  appointed,  who  was  to  receive 
from  the  president  of  the  Senate,  a^sfrrripy  a  sum  of 
money  for  superintending  the  erection  of  a  statue 
in  honour  of  Lyksethios.  This  statue  was  to  be  set 
up  with  as  little  delay  as  possible.  The  decree  was 
ratified  by  open  vote,  p^fipoTov/a,  both  in  the  Senate 
and  the  Assembly  of  the  people,  and  carried  in  both 
bodies  unanimous|Jy.  The  inscription  has  recorded 
the  number  of  votes  given  on  this  occasion,  but  the 
word  representing  this  number  has  unfortunately 
been  broken  away  from  the  edge  of  the  stone.  The 
person  charged  with  the  erection  of  the  statue  was 
Nikephoros,  the  son  of  Sophron.* 

^  Tliere  is  no  proof  that  the  »tatae  which  I  found  in  the  tomb 


ENVIRONS  OF   CNIDUS.  617 

The  other  fragments  (Plate  XCIII.,  Nos.  44,  46, 
47,  48)  appear  to  form  part  of  honorary  decrees 
of  like  import ;  but  too  small  a  portion  of  these 
inscriptions  has  been  preserved  to  aflPbrd  a  de- 
tailed explanation  of  their  purport.  The  name  of 
Theopompos,  the  son  of  Artemidoros,  occurs  in 
No.  47.'' 

The  age  of  these  decrees,  so  far  as  I  can  judge 
from  the  form  of  the  letters,  corresponds  with  that 
which  I  have  assigned  to  the  statue.  The  slabs  of 
marble  on  which  they  are  inscribed  vary  in  thick- 
ness from  Y  to  2".  They  have  evidently  been  fixed 
against  the  walls  of  the  tomb,  which,  in  the  al- 
coves, has  a  wainscoting  of  marble  veneers. 

Above  this  wainscoting  the  large  alcove  has  been 
lined  with  stucco,  ornamented  with  vertical  crimson 

m 

stripes,  and,  perhaps,  other  patterns. 

The  walls  were  probably  lined  with  veneers  of 
coloured  marbles,  of  which  a  number  of  pieces  were 
found  in  the  rubble,  some  of  them  cut  into  tri- 
angles and  other  geometrical  forms. 

The  sarcophagi  rested  on  a  step  elevated  above 
the  floor  of  the  chamber.  This  step  and  the  floors 
of  the  alcoves  were  veneered  with  marble. 

is  the  one  voted  in  this  decree.  It  might  rather  be  expected 
that  the  statue  voted  in  honour  of  Lyksethios  would  have  been  one 
of  himself. 

^  See  arUe,  p.  468.  The  occurrence  of  this  name  leads  me  to 
donbt  whether  the  tomb  can  be  considered  as  erected  only  to  the 
memory  of  Lyksethios,  as  I  had  at  first  supposed.  Hence,  in  the 
titles  of  Plates  LXX.  LXXI.,  I  have  called  these  remains  "  Tomb 
in  Peninsula,"  instead  of  ''Tomb  of  Lyksethios/'  the  title  used 
Plate  LXIX. 


518  TOMB   ON   PENINSULA. 

The  remainder  of  the  chamber  had  a  floor  made 
of  cement,  composed  of  pounded  brick.  The  vesti- 
bule was  paved  with  coarse  tessellee^  Between  the 
sarcophagus  A  and  the  great  alcove  was  a  grave, 
and  between  the  end  of  this  sarcophagus  and  the 
side  wall,  another.  Between  the  sarcophagus  C 
and  the  side  wall  was  a  third  grave  (see  the  Plan). 
These  graves  were  made  of  thick  Roman  tiles 
strongly  cemented  together.  They  have  evidently 
been  inserted,  in  the  marble  pavement  at  a  period 
subsequent  to  the  construction  of  the  tomb,  and 
form  no  part  of  the  original  design. 

In  the  grave  at  the  back  of  the  sarcophagus  A 
were  found  a  number  of  human  skulls  and  bones, 
which  must  have  been  thrown  into  it  when  the 
sarcophagi  and  the  other  graves  were  plundered. 
The  skulls  appear  to  be  those  of  young  persons: 
the  teeth  in  fine  condition. 

In  the  earth  which  had  accumulated  over  this 
grave,  I  found  part  of  a  small  terminal  figure, 
coarsely  executed  in  marble. 

Having  completely  cleared  out  the  interior  of 
this  tomb,  I  dug  all  round  it  externally  as  low 
as  the  foundations  of  the  walls,  but  without  find- 
ing anything  to  encourage  me  to  explore  this  site 
further.  It  is  probable  from  the  appearance  of  the 
ground,  that  this  part  of  the  Peninsula  was  used 
as  a  cemetery,  but  I  failed  to  discover  any  other 
tombs. 

Immediately  to  the  north-west  of  the  Acropolis 
is  a  conical  hill,  rather  higher  than  the  Acro- 
polis,   and   separated  from  it  by   a   deep   ravine 


ENVIRONS   OF   ONIDUS.  619 

running  east  and  west.  The  summit  of  this  hill  is 
a  ridge  about  100  paces  long,  on  which  is  a  rough 
wall  of  loose  stones,  which  does  not  appear  Hel- 
lenic. A  small  pillar  of  stones  placed  on  the 
east  end  of  the  ridge  was  probably  set  up  by  the 
officers  employed  in  the  Admiralty  Survey,  of  this 
coast.  Along  the  base  of  this  hill  facing  the 
south-east,  are  foundations  of  Hellenic  tombs 
built  with  squared  stones.  Among  these  is  the 
ruin  of  a  circular  tower  9'  8"  in  diameter,  set 
on  a  square  basement.  On  one  side  are  four 
courses  standing,  making  up  together  a  height 
of  8'.  The  masonry  is  good  with  fine  joints. 
This  has  probably  been  a  tomb.  Near  these  tombs 
along  the  edge  of  the  valley  is  a  piece  of  road 
about  20'  broad,  raised  as  a  terrace  with  a  loose 
stone  wall  on  each  side,  the  masonry  of  which  does 
not  appear  Hellenic.  This  road  crosses  a  singular 
chasm  in  the  rock,  and  then  keeps  to  the  north 
for  a  few  yards  further,  after  which  we  lost  trace 
of  it.^ 

To  the  south  it  probably  went  along  the  valley 
opposite  to  the  Acropolis  Hill,  entering  the  city 
at  the  north-west  angle. 

The  length  of  the  chasm  crossed  by  this  road  is 
53'.  It  runs  north  north-west  by  south  south- 
east, narrowing  gradually  to  the  south.  Its  sides 
are  formed  by  the  natural  rock  lined  with  a  coarse 
stucco  made  of  tUe.  It  is  entered  on  the  south  by 
a  narrow  passage,  21'  long,  which  was  crossed  by 

^  The  position  of  the  tombs  and  ancient  road  is  marked  in  the 
Map,  Plate  XLTX.,  which  is  taken  from  the  Admiralty  chart. 


520  TOMB  ON   PENINSULA. 

the  ancient  road  already  noticed.  At  the  southern 
extremity  of  the  passage,  the  rock  on  each  side  is 
cut  in  steps  to  receive  foundations,  probably  of  a 
bridge  for  the  road.  At  the  distance  of  19'  from 
the  mouth  of  the  chasm,  it  is  crossed  by  a  wall 
2'  wide.  At  its  northern  extremity  the  chasm  is 
closed  by  another  waU  13'  wide.  Both  these  walls 
are  of  rubble  masonry,  without  mortar ;  the  stones 
are  small  and  carelessly  fitted.  The  present  depth 
of  this  chasm  in  the  deepest  part  is  33',  but  it 
appears  to  have  been  partially  filled  up  with  frag- 
ments of  rock  fallen  from  above. 

The  stucco  on  the  sides  runs  as  low  as  the 
bottom  of  the  chasm.  From  the  character  of  the 
masonry  I  should  infer  that  the  walls  were  of  the 
Byzantine  period ;  but  it  is  difficult  to  imagine  for 
what  purpose  the  chasm  was  used,  unless  it  was 
an  early  Christian  place  of  sepulture. 

On  the  opposite  side  of  the  valley,  and  east  by 
north  of  the  high  conical  hill,  is  an  eminence,  on 
the  top  of  which  is  a  double  circle  of  rough  stone 
walls.  The  diameter  of  the  inner  circle  is  about 
60' ;  of  the  outer  about  102'.  In  the  centre  of  the 
inner  circle  are  rectangular  foundations  built  of 
the  same  rough  stone. 

Below  this,  as  we  descended  the  hill,  we  found 
remains  of  an  outer  circular  waU  of  similar  ma- 
sonry, which  inclosed  the  whole,  and  the  diameter 
of  which  was  about  218'.  These  walls  are  so 
roughly  put  together  that  they  may  have  been  an 
old  sheepfold,  mandra. 

An   hour  from  Cnidus  on  the   shore   opposite 


ENVIRONS  OF  CNIDUS.  621 

Budrum  is  Barkas,  the  road  to  which  was  due  east 
through  the  valley  at  the  back  of  the  Acropolis. 
Here  are  Byzantine  ruins  and  the  outline  of  an 
ancient  harbour  and  sea-wall  now  filled  up*  This 
harbour  lies  along  the  shore,  and  is  about  150 
yards  long.  The  sea-wall  crops  up  above  the 
shingle.  In  the  Byzantine  ruins  are  squared 
blocks  of  marble  and  limestone,  and  west  of  these  re- 
mains is  a  square  Greek  tomb  of  isodomous  masonry 
about  16'  each  way.  About  one  hour  and  a  half 
beyond  Barkas  is  Killik.  Here  are  also  Byzan- 
tine ruins  inhabited  at  present  by  Greek  shepherds. 
On  the  left  of  the  road  I  observed  on  an  eminence 
a  wall  of  squared  stones,  apparently  a  tomb.  From 
Killik  to  Yasikoi  the  road  turns  from  north  to 
south.  The  country  from  Cnidus  to  Killik  is  sin- 
gularly barren,  surrounded  by  high  mountains 
and  full  of  ravines,  with  much  brushwood  and  but 
little  cultivation.  From  Killik  to  Yasikoi  the 
country  opens  out  into  a  rich  valley  planted  with 
the  vallonea  and  almond-tree. 

From  Cnidus  to  Yasikoi,  distant  about  two  hours, 
the  direct  road  follows  very  closely  the  line 
of  the  ancient  Way  which  passes  through  the 
Eastern  Cemetery.  (See  Plate  XLIX.)  From  the 
point  where  this  Way  ceases  to  be  visible  on 
the  surface  of  the  ground,  it  may  be  traced  by 
the  remains  of  tombs  on  each  side  of  the  modem 
road,  of  which  there  is  a  succession  till  within  half 
an  hour  of  Yasikoi.  These  ruins  all  consist  of 
square  or  circular  basements,  which  have  probably 
been  surmounted  by  pyramidal  or  conical  struc- 

ir.  2  M 


522  TOMB   ON   PENINSULA. 

tures  like  the  lion  tomb.  Half  an  hour  from 
Yasikoi,  on  the  right-hand  side  of  the  road,  are 
the  remains  of  a  circular  tomb,  72'  in  diameter, 
of  isodomous  Hellenic  masonry.  In  the  centre 
of  this  tomb  an  aperture  has  been  forcibly 
made,  through  which  it  has  been  opened  and 
plundered. 

This  hole,  which  is  large  enough  to  admit  a 
man's  body,  opens  into  a  grave  or  passage,  the 
sides  and  roof  of  which  are  composed  of  large 
ashlar  stones.  A  few  yards  to  the  north  of  this 
tomb  a  wall  of  good  Hellenic  masonry  forms  one 
of  the  sides  of  a  Turkish  house.  This  wall  has 
been  part  of  another  tomb,  the  basement  of 
which  measured  18'  from  east  to  west  and  10^' 
from  north  to  south. 

In  the  road  close  by  was  a  large  limestone 
block,  perhaps  an  architrave  of  the  tomb.  On  it 
were  the  remains  of  an  inscription,  which,  from  the 
form  of  the  letters,  was  probably  of  the  time  of 
Pericles.     I  distinguished  the  words — 

KaXX<o"TgaTow   Quyarpog     .     .     .     xT^iug 
yuvaix6$. 

As  we  approached  Yasikoi  we  skirted  on  our 
right  a  small  stream,  along  the  right  bank  of  which 
was  a  long  line  of  Hellenic  wall  beautifully  fitted 
with  polygonal  masonry,  and  evidently  intended 
to  support  the  land  from  the  undermining  action 
of  the  stream.  Beyond  this  stream  on  our  right 
was  an  isolated  steep  hill,  on  the  summit  of  which 
are  the  remains  of  a  Genoese  or  Turkish  castle. 


ENVIRONS   OF   CNIDUS.  523 

called  Assar  Kalessi,^  consisting  of  rough  walls, 
built  with  mortar. 

This  hill  commands  a  fine  view.  On  the  sea 
side  may  be  seen  Bhodes,  Chalce,  Telos,  Nisyros. 
It  is  distant  half  an  hour  to  the  south  of  Yasikoi. 

The  first  part  of  the  route  from  Cnidus  to  this 
village  passes  through  a  barren  and  mountainous 
country.  Near  Yasikoi  we  came  to  a  grove  of 
vallonea  oaks.  The  village  consists  of  about 
twenty  houses,  with  a  population  of  about  100 
souls. 

From  Yasikoi  we  proceeded  to  Chesmekoi,  dis- 
tant two  hours  from  Cnidus.  Between  Yasikoi 
and  this  place  the  road  passes  through  an  olive- 
ground,  succeeded  by  a  wilder  and  more  moun- 
tainous district  where  the  pine  begins  to  appear. 

In  the  plain,  three  quarters  of  a  mile  east  of 
Chesmekoi,  we  fell  in  with  an  ancient  road  run- 
ning east  and  west  along  the  length  of  the  valley, 
which  we  identified  as  the  road  which  passes 
through  the  eastern  cemetery  at  Cnidus  in  the  di- 
rection of  this  village.  (See  the  Map,  Plate  XLIX.) 

Following  this  piece  of  road,  near  Chesmekoi 
we  came  to  the  remains  of  an  ancient  bridge  which 
has  been  formed  by  horizontal  courses  of  stones 
laid  so  as  gradually  to  approach  each  other,  and 
forming  a  triangiQar  opening  instead  of  an  arch. 

One  side  only  of  the  bridge  remains. 

The  roadway  leading  to  the  bridge  from  either 
side  has  been  supported  by  walls,  the  courses  of 
which  terminate  abruptly   against    the    mass    of 

^  Marked  "  Mid.  Age  Fortress  *'  in  the  Map,  Plate  XLIX. 

2  M  2 


624  TOMB   ON   PENINSULA. 

masonry,  which  constitutes  the  hridge  itself,  and 
which  apparently  has  heen  built  against,  not 
bonded  into  them.  The  masonry  is  isodomons, 
with  blocks  of  a  moderate  size ;  the  material 
is  blue  limestone  hrought  from  the  neighbouring 
hills.  The  roadway  over  the  bridge  is  24'  wide. 
The  road  is  continued  at  the  same  width  from 
either  end  of  the  bridge  through  a  cutting  in  the 
rock.     This  bridge  is  certainly  Hellenic.* 

About  a  mile  to  the  south  of  this  bridge  is  an 
Hellenic  castle,  marked  in  the  Map,  now  called 
Koumya  Kalessi.  This  fortress  is  on  a  rocky  emi- 
nence, which  on  the  south  overlooks  the  sea  towards 
Hhodes  and  Symi,  and  on  the  north  conmiands  the 
ancient  road  and  bridge,  and  the  plain  beyond  it. 
The  walls  are  massive,  with  polygonal  masonry.  On 
the  south  side  is  a  very  perfect  gateway,  in  the 
sides  of  which,  at  the  height  of  about  6',  are  two 
holes  in  the  masonry  to  receive  a  bar.  Inside  the 
fortress  are  several  buildings  of  the  Byzantine 
period,  constructed  with  rubble  and  concrete  ma- 
sonry :  one  of  these  is  a  chapel.  Here  is  also  a 
pear-shaped  cistern.  To  the  south  of  the  fortress 
a  fertile  valley  stretches  down  to  the  sea,  planted 
with  vallonea  and  almond- trees.  On  the  east  side 
of  this  valley,  at  the  foot  of  the  hills,  is  a  broken 
marble  sarcophagus,  about  10'  long,  with  grotesque 
masks  at  the  angles.  The  style  is  very  late  Roman. 
It  appears  to  have  been  thrown  down  from  a  tomb 
above,  of  which  part  of  the  concrete  basement 

*^  For  the  description  of  two  bridges  supposed  to  be  Hellenic 
see  Mure's  Tonr  in  Greece,  1842,  ii.  p.  248. 


ENVIRONS   01?   CNIDUS.  525 

remains;  Continuing  along  the  shore  in  an  eastern 
direction,  we  came  to  the  Byzantine  ruins  marked 
in  the  Map  and  Admiralty  Chart. 

On  the  road  from  Cnidus  to  Datscha,  at  the  dis- 
tance of  four  hours  from  the  former,  and  four  and 
a  half  from  the  latter  place,  is  a  ravine  called  Dum 
GalU. 

In  this  ravine  is  an  isolated  mass  of  limestone 
rock  weighing,  prohably,  about  200  tons.  A  por- 
tion of  the  face  of  this  rock,  about  5'  square,  is 
wrought  nearly  smooth;  and  on  it  in  letters  9" 
long  is  inscribed  the  word  HPHIOY,  above  which 
a  rude  circle  is  incised.  This  inscription  probably 
extended  further  to  the  left,  where  the  rock  is 
broken  away.  From  the  form  of  the  H,  the  date 
of  this  inscription  is,  probably,  not  later  than  the 
time  of  Alexander  the  Great. 

East  of  this  point  I  did  not  explore  the  pen- 
insula; but  Lieutenant  Smith,  who  paid  several 
visits  to  Datscha,  the  residence  of  the  Aga  of  the 
district,  has  embodied  the  following  observations 
in  a  Report  of  one  of  his  tours : — 

"About  twenty  miles  from  Cnidus,  on  the 
northern  shore  of  the  Dorian  Peninsula,  is  a 
prominent  point  marked  in  the  maps  as  Cape 
Shuyun,  and  west  of  this  is  an  open  bay.  The 
part  of  the  peninsula  I  traversed  is  that  lying 
between  this  bay  and  the  larger  one  on  the  south 
side,  opposite  the  island  of  Symi.  From  the 
first-mentioned  bay,  which  may  be  called  the  Bay 
of  Karakoi,  westward  to  Cape  Krio,  the  moun- 
tains are  high  and  precipitous.    From  the  Bay  of 


526  TOMB  ON   PENINSULA. 

Karakoi,  however,  as  far  east  as  Cape  Emeji,  the 
land  is  comparatively  low,  rising  gradually  from 
the  shore  on  both  sides  to  a  range  of  low  hills  in  the 
centre. 

"  Cape  Shuyun  itself  is  a  bluff  headland,  and 
Cape  Emeji  is  formed  by  a  remarkably  fine  moun- 
tain, rising  abruptly  from  the  sea  on  the  north  and 
south,  and  from  the  low  land  to  the  east  between 
it  and  Cape  Shuyun.  From  Cape  Emeji  eastward 
to  the  Dorian  Isthmus  the  mountains,  though 
not  so  high,  are  similar  in  character  to  those 
between  the  Bay  of  Karakoi  and  Cape  Krio.  On 
the  low  hills  between  the  Bay  of  Karakoi  and  the 
Gulf  of  Symi  are  several  villages,  of  which  the 
principal  are  Ellakoi,  Datscha,  Baturkoi,  and  Kara- 
koi. The  first  three  are  on  the  southern  side  of  the 
hills,  and  Karakoi  is  on  the  northern.  The  valleys 
on  both  sides,  between  the  hills  and  the  shore,  are 
very  fertile  and  well  cultivated,  producing  large 
crops  of  figs,  olives,  and  vallonea.  There  is  a 
very  good  harbour  for  caiques  on  the  western  side 
of  the  large  bay  on  the  south,  called  Datscha  Scala. 

"  The  only  ancient  remains  I  saw  were  those  of 
a  wall  on  the  sea-shore,  two  or  three  miles  east  of 
Datscha  Scala.  This  wall  has  its  foundation  at  the 
water's  edge,  and  is  still  12'  or  14'  high.  It  is  built 
of  large  isodomous  blocks  without  mortar.  Near 
this,  and  also  on  the  shore  of  the  Gulf  of  Karakoi, 
are  remains  of  much  later  date,  probably  Byzantine. 
The  position  of  the  sea-wall  corresponds  with  that 
of  Acanthus,  as  laid  down  in  Kiepert's  map." 


527 


CHAPTER  XXIII. 

EXPEDITION   TO   BIIANCHID^, 

Visit  to  Branchide  in  the  "  Supply  ;'*  notice  of  BranchidsB  in  the 
''Ionian  Antiquities;*'  statues  in  the  Sacred  Way;  character 
of  the  site;  description  of  the  several  figures;  inscriptions; 
second  visit  to  BranchidsB  in  1858  ;  removal  of  the  statues ; 
excavations  on  the  Sacred  Way ;  tombs ;  inscription  by  sons  of 
Anaximander ;  probable  date  of  the  BranchidsB  statues ;  their 
Egyptian  character;  early  connection  of  Ionia  with  Egypt; 
tradition  respecting  Theodoros  and  Telekles. 

In  October  1857,  the  "  Supply"  having  to  proceed 
to  Malta,  I  took  advantage  of  that  opportunity  of 
visiting  Geronta  near  Miletus,  the  site  of  the 
ancient  Branchidse,  celebrated  for  its  Temple  and 
Oracle  of  Apollo  Didymeus. 

My  principal  object  in  this  excursion  was  to 
obtain  photographs  and  drawings  of  certain  archaic 
statues  still  remaining  at  the  side  of  the  Sacred 
Way  which  anciently  led  up  to  the  Temple. 

I  therefore  took  with  me  Corporal  Spackman, 
Bi.E.,  and  the  photographic  apparatus,  and  having 
been  landed  by  the  "  Supply"  in  the  island  of  Ca- 
lymnos,  which  lies  opposite  to  Geronta,  I  crossed 
over  in  a  Greek  vessel  which  was  most  kindly  lent 
to  me  for  this  purpose  by  Mr,  Antonio  Maill6,  a 
Greek  merchant  residing  at  Calymnos. 


52S  EXPEDITION   TO   BRANCHID^E. 

The  Temple  of  Apollo  at  Brancliidae  has  been 
fully  delineated  and  described  in  the  first  volume  of 
the  "Ionian  Antiquities,"'  but  the  statues  which 
formed  the  principal  object  of  my  visit  are  noticed 
in  that  work  in  a  very  cursory  manner.  They  are 
described  as  ranged  in  a  line  with  ancient  sarco- 
phagi along  both  sides  of  the  Sacred  Way  which 
led  up  to  the  Temple  of  Apollo  from  the  north- 
west, and  their  several  positions  are  marked  in  Sir 
William  Qell's  plan  of  the  environs  of  the  Temple.^ 

It  is  further  stated  in  the  "  Ionian  Antiquities," 
p,  48,  that  on  the  bases  of  these  statues  are  inscrip- 
tions in  very  ancient  characters ;  but  no  copies  of 
such  inscriptions  are  given,  nor  any  delineation  of 
the  statues  themselves,  except  in  a  small  vignette, 
ibid.  p.  29. 

This  engraving,'^  which  gives  a  general  view  of  the 
ancient  remains  in  the  Sacred  Way,  though  not  a 
true  representation  of  the  site,  serves  to  show 
the  peculiar  character  of  the  statues.  They  are  exe- 
cuted in  a  style  presenting  so  strong  a  resemblance 
to  the  Egyptian  as  to  suggest  the  idea  that  they 
were  the  work  of  Greek  artists  who  had  been 
educated  in  Egypt. 

The  country  traversed  by  the  Sacred  Way  forms 
part  of  an  uninclosed  district  round  the  Temple, 

*  Ionian  Antiquities,  Part  i.  o.  3,  pp.  30 — 52. 

^  Ibid  pi.  I. 

^  Republished  by  K.  O.  Mueller,  Deukniaeler  d.  A«  Kunst.  i. 
taf.  9,  fig.  33.  A  more  accurate  view  of  three  of  these  statues  is 
given  in  the  notice  of  the  Sacred  Way  by  L.  Ross,  in  Gerhard's 
Deukmaeler,  Forschungen,  d&c.  Berlin,  1849.  Na  13,  Taf.  xiii. 
pp.  130-1. 


EXPEDITION  TO  BRANCHID^.  529 

» 

and  may  be  described  as  a  rolling  plain,  which,  on 
the  north-west  side,  descends  by  easy  slopes  and 
ridges  towards  the  sea. 

On  reference  to  the  Plan  (Plate  LXXVI.)  it  will 
be  seen  that  the  Way,  commencing  at  a  short 
distance  from  the  Temple  of  Apollo,  may  be  traced 
for  a  length  of  about  580  yards  in  a  north-west 
direction  towards  a  small  harbour,  which  must 
have  been  the  ancient  port  of  Branchidse.  Through- 
out this  length  the  line  of  the  Way  has  been 
bounded  by  basements,  statues,  and  stone  coffins, 
or  80iHy  many  of  which  objects  still  remain  in  posi- 
tion on  the  south-west  side  of  the  Way. 

At  the  distance  of  rather  more  than  300  yards 
from  the  Temple,  the  line  of  the  Way  is  marked  by 
a  ridge  running  to  the  north-west,  and  deepening 
as  it  advances. 

The  ground  to  the  south  of  this  ridge  is,  for  some 
distance,  a  level  platform  or  terrace.  North  of 
the  ridge  the  ground  sinks,  farming  a  hollow. 

This  feature  of  the  ground  is  shown  in  the  Sec- 
tion (Plate  LXXVI.),  and  the  accompanying  View, 
taken  from  the  south-eastern  end  of  the  Way. 

Along  the  ridge  may  be  traced  a  continuous  line 
of  wall,  the  statues  being  placed  at  intervals  in 
front  of  this  wall,  and  burie^  in  the  soil.  In 
some  cases  only  the  base  of  the  neck  was  visible ; 
in  others  the  soil  did  not  rise  higher  than  the  lap 
of  the  figure. 

It  w^as  therefore  necessary,  before  taking  pho- 
tographs, to  remove  the  earth  which  had  accu- 
mulated round  each  figure.     As  I  had  only  two 


530  EXPEDITION   TO   BRANCHID.«. 

Turkish  workmen  with  me,  and  could  obtain  no 
assistance  from  the  Greeks  of  the  neighbouring 
village,  this  operation  occupied  some  days. 

The  statues  may  be  thus  generally  described. 
They  are  all  seated  in  chairs.  Their  original  height 
must  have  averaged  rather  more  than  five  feet. 
They  are  all,  with  one  exception,  headless.  The 
figures  are  all  clad  in  a  talaric  chiton,  over  which  is 
a  peplos,  the  arrangement  of  which  differs  in  each 
figure. 

They  may  be  severally  thus  described  ^ : — 

No.  1  (Plate  LXXIV.,  figure  on  the  right). — 
This  figure  differs  from  the  rest  in  the  arrangement 
of  the  drapery.  The  peploa^  as  will  be  seen,  passes 
diagonally  across  the  legs  and  knees,  and  winds 
round  the  thighs  in  a  horizontal  fold  across  the  lap. 

The  folds  of  the  chiton  are  strongly  marked  on 
the  body.  The  sleeves  terminate  at  the  elbow,  but 
below  this  point  an  outer  sleeve  hangs  down  at  the 
back  of  the  arm.     The  left  hand  is  preserved. 

No.  2  (Plate  LXXV.,  furthest  figure  on  the  right). 
— This  figure  is  in  good  condition,  and  has  the  left 
hand  better  preserved  than  the  rest.  The  peploa  is 
wound  diagonally  across  the  body ;  the  ends  fall 
vertically  over  the  left  shoulder ;  one  end  reaches 
halfway  down  the  calf. 

No.  3  (Plate  LXXV.,  second  figure  on  the  left). 
— ^This  figure  is  in  fair  condition  ;  the  left  hand  is 
preserved.     The  folds  of  the  chiton  are  very  distinct 

^  The  numbers  attached  to  the  several  descriptions  correspond 
with  those  by  which  the  positions  of  the  statues  are  marked  in 
the  Plan. 


EXPEDITION    TO   BRA.NCHID^. 


531 


on  the  breast  and  right  arm,  and  converge  to  a 
point  on  the  right  shoulder  where  the  chiton  has 
been  fastened. 

The  front  of  the  chair  is  ornamented  with  a  kind 
of  pilaster  similar  to  those  represented  in  early 
vases.    This  appears  to  have  been  surmounted  by  a 
projecting  capital,  now  broken  away.    (See  the  cut, 
No.  1.)     On  the  left  side  of  the  chair  a  portion  of 
the  lower  panel  has  been  left  rough,  as  if  unfinished. 
This  side  and  the  back  of  the  chair  are  cracked,  and 
have  been  anciently  mended  with  lead. 
No.  4.— This  fig- 
ure has  the  should- 
ers and  breast  bro- 
ken away;  the  left 
^ ;  -  hand  rests  on   the 
knee.    The  chiton  is 
wrought  in  narrow 
vertical  folds  on  the 
right   side.      The 
sleeves  have  oblique 
folds,  as  if  hanging 
loose.      Down    the 
outside  of  the  sleeves 
runs  a  vertical  seam, 
ornamented  with 
the  Meeander   pat-  - 


tern.  At  the  back  of  the  chair  is  an  inscription 
(N»xi]  rxaiixou),  cut  on  the  top  rail.'  The  tront  of 
the  chair  is  ornamented  similarly  to  that  of  the  last 
figure.     {See  the  cut,  No.  2.) 

•  Plate  XCVII.,  No.  73. 


532  EXPEDITION    TO    BRANCHIDiG. 

No.  5  (Plate  LXXIV.). — In  this  figure  the  peplo8 
passes  under  the  right  arm.  A  narrow  fold  falls 
from  over  the  left  shoulder  on  to  the  lap.  The 
peplos  is  carried  round  the  legs  as  far  as  the  hottom 
of  the  calf.  The  chiton  fits  close  to  the  body, 
reaching  to  the  base  of  the  neck.  Down  the  outside 
of  tlie  sleeves  is  a  broad  Mseander  stripe,  which 
makes  a  return  at  the  hem.'  Below  this  appears 
the  edge  of  the  sleeves  of  some  under-garment. 

Part  of  the  left  hand  remains.  This  figure  is 
superior  to  most  of  the  others  in  execution.  The 
anatomy,  particularly  about  the  breast  and  shoul- 
ders, is  more  correctly  rendered. 

On  the  chair  is  an  inscription  (Plate  XCVII., 
No.  72),  which  is  graven  on  two  adjacent  sides  of 
the  chair  in  two  lines,  of  which  one  appears  on 
the  front ;  the  other  is  on  the  return  face,  or  left- 
hand  side  of  the  chair.  The  lines  are  written 
boustrophedouy  that  is  to  say,  alternately  from  right 
to  left  and  from  left  to  right. 

We  learn  from  this  inscription  that  the  statue 
is  the  portrait  of  Chares,  the  son  of  Klesis,  the 
ruler  of  Teichioessa,  and  that  it  is  a  dedication  to 
Apollo.  Teichioessa,  or  Teichiousa,  as  we  know  from 
Thucydides,  viii.  26,  28,  was  a  fortress  near  Miletus. 

The  name  "  Chares,  son  of  Klesis,"  does  not,  as 
far  as  I  know,  occur  in  any  ancient  historian. 
He  was  probably  one  of  the  rvpappot,  who  ruled 
many  of  the  Greek  cities  on  the  western  coast  of 
Asia  Minor  in  the  sixth  and  fifth  centuries  B.C., 
and  of  whom  Herodotus  mentions  several. 

^  This  Mseandcr,  of  which  there  are  but  faint  traces,  and  which 
has  probably  been  coloured,  is  not  shown  in  the  engraving. 


EXPEDITION   TO.BRANCHIDJE,  533 

No.  6. — ^The  right  hand  of  this  figure  is  nearly- 
perfect,  and  paadLpf.  the  left  hand  remains.  Both 
hands  rest  otf  •  the ..  knees.  The  peploa  is  wound 
round  the  hody,  passing  under  the  right  arm.  On 
the  left  rail  of  the  cl^air.  is  an  inscription  contain- 
ing  part  of  the  name  of  an  artist  in  archaic  cha- 
racters.. (Plate  XCVII.,  No.  71.)  This  figure  is 
treated  in  a  very  monotonous  and  conventional 
manner. 

No.  7. — ^This  figure  wears  a  talaric  chiton  ;  the 
peploa  falls  over  the  knees  to  the  bottom  of 
the  calf.  The  shoulders  and  chest  are  broken 
away. 

No.  8. — This  is  a  female  figure,  and  on  a  smaller 
scale  than  the  rest.  The  chiton  has  sleeves  reach- 
ing below  the  elbow,  and  looped  down  the  arm. 
Over  it  is  a  diploidion  reaching  nearly  to  the 
knees.  This  figure  is  much  decayed.  The  left 
shoulder  and  arm  are  broken  away.  At  the  back 
of  the  chair  is  an  inscription  consisting  of  at 
least  five  lines.  The  writing  is  very  irregular, 
and  nearly  effaced,  and  appears  to  have  been  added 
to  the  marble  at  a  period  long  subsequent  to  that 
of  the  statue  itself. 

All  these  figures  are  placed  in  a  line  running 
from  south-east  to  north-west.  At  the  back  of  two 
or  three  in  the  centre  of  the  row  is  a  foundation 
wall  of  concrete  and  rubble,  apparently  of  Byzan- 
tine construction,  and  running  parallel  with  the 
row  of  figures. 

At  the  side  of  No.  5  was  found  a  square  base,  a 
plan  of  which,  marked  H,  with  a  section  of  its 


534 


EXPEDITION   TO  BRANCHIDJE. 


moulding,  is  given  Plate  LXXYI.  This  may  be 
the  base  of  the  statue  by  the  side  of  which  it  is 
placed. 

All  the  chairs  have  had  brackets,  projecting  about 
three  inches  in  front,  so  as  to  form  capitals  to  the 
pilaster.  TheSe  have  been  broken  away,  except  in 
the  case  of  No.  1,  where  a  single  bracket  has  been 
preserved. 

In  several  of  the  statues  the  upper  panel  at 
the  aide  of  the  chair  is  made  convex,  so  as  to 
represent  the  cushion  on  which  the  figure  is 
seated.  The  sides  of  these  cushions  are  orna- 
mented with  the  Meeander  and  zigzag  patterns, 
which  were  probably  painted.   These  are  represented 


in  the  accompanying  cuts.    In  the  rest,  this  panel 


EXPEDITION   TO   BBANOHIBiG.  635 

is  flat,  so  that  the  chair  appears  solid,  without  a 
detached  arm. 

To  the  north-east  of  .thi^..  row  of  figures  already- 
described,  I  discovered  two  mare  lying  half-con- 
cealed in  the  soil.  Of  these,  one  was  a  female 
figure.  No.  9  (Plate  LXXV.,  last  figiire  on  the  left), 
wearing  a  talaric  chiton  and  a  diploidion.  She  is 
seated  in  a  chair,  one  hand  resting  on  each  knee. 
Her  head  is  broken  away  at  the  neck ;  the  hair  falls 
in  long  tresses.  The  breasts  are  well  formed  and 
youthful.  The  chiton  has  sleeves  falling  below  the 
elbow  at  the  back  of  the  arm.  The  chair  has  been 
roughly  tooled  at  the  side ;  in  front  there  is  no 
rail.    The  feet  are  broken  away. 

No.  10  (Plate  LXXV.).— This  was  discovered 
at  the  distance  of  fifteen  paces  to  the  north-east 
of  the  ridge.  The  head  was  preserved,  but  the 
features  destroyed.  The  hair  falls  in  long  tresses 
down  the  neck.  The  dress  is  a  talaric  chiton  with 
sleeves,  and  a  peploa  differing  in  the  arrangement 
of  the  folds  from  that  of  the  others.  It  crossed 
the  left  shoulder,  being  brought  over  the  knees, 
and  thence  to  the  back  in  curved  lines.  The 
general  composition  is  ungraceful,  and  the  propor- 
tions of  the  figure  heavy  and  coarse.  The  ear 
is  well  formed,  and  finished  with  some  care.  The 
feet  are  wanting ;  they  have  been  sculptured  on  a 
separate  piece  of  marble. 

At  the  distance  of  118  paces  to  the  north-west 
of  the  figure  No.  8,  are  a  eoloesal  lion.  No.  11,  and 
a  sphinx.  No.  12. 

The  sphinx  I  found  above  ground,  greatly  muti- 


536  EXPEDITION   TO   BRANCHIDJE. 

lated ;  it  is  female ;  the  head  is  wanting,  and  the 
surface  generally  in  bad  condition. 

The  lion  had  been  nearly  buried  in  the  soil. 
The  head  is  wanting.  On  the  hind  quarter  is  an 
oblong  mark,  apparently,  a  monogram  composed 
of  several  letters,  but  which  I  was  unable  to 
decipher. 

Along  the  back  of  the  lion  runs  an  inscription  in 
five  lines  (Plate  XCVII.,  No.  66),  the  greater  part 
of  which  has  been  read,  though  not  without  diffi- 
culty. The  inscription  contains  a  dedication  of 
certain  statues,  aya?^jiAara,  as  a  tenth  to  Apollo  by 
several  persons,  of  whom  the  names  are  not  very 
legible. 

This  inscription  is  written  in  the  houatrophedofi 
maimer.  I  shall  subsequently  show  that  it  is  an- 
terior in  date  tq  the  Persian  war,  and  probably 
belongs  to  a  still  earlier  period. 

These  are  all  the  statues  which  I  could  dis- 
cover on  the  site  of  the  Sacred  Way.  It  would 
appear,  however,  that  at  the  time  of  Sir  William 
Gell's  visit  one  more  existed,  which  has  been  since 
buried  in  the  soil  or  destroyed. 

This  figure  is  represented  on  the  left-hand  side 
of  the  vignette  cited  ante^  p.  52s.  In  this  engraving 
the  upper  part  of  the  statue  is  broken  away ;  on 
the  side  of  the  chair  is  a  dedication  of  certain 
statues  to  Apollo  by  Hermesianax.* 

On  removing  the  earth  from  the  statues  for  the 
purpose  of  taking  photographs  of  them,  I  found 

8  Originally  publisbed  by  Leake,  Asia  Minor,  p.  239.     See  also 
Boeckh,  C.  I.  No.  39. 


EXPEDITION   TO   BRANCIIID^.  637 

that  it  was  impossible  to  protect  these  interesting 
monuments  from  wanton  injury.  Some  of  the 
Greek  inhabitants  of  Geronta  came  in  the  night 
during  my  stay,  and  scored  the  back  of  the  lion 
with  their  knives  in  such  a  manner  as  greatly  to 
increase  the  difficulty  of  reading  the  inscription. 

On  my  return  to  Budrum  in  November,  1857, 
I  stated  in  a  report  to  the  Earl  of  Clarendon, 
that  the  statues  on  the  Sacred  Way,  from  their 
remote  antiquity  and  the  historical  associations 
connected  with  the  site  where  they  were  foimd, 
would  form  a  most  interesting  addition  to  the 
sculpture  gallery  in  the  British  Museum,  while, 
on  the  other  hand,  in  their  present  position,  they 
were  exposed  to  further  mutilation,  and,  most 
probably,  to  ultimate  destruction. 

Her  Majesty's  Government  did  not  fail  to  re- 
cognize the  importance  of  these  monuments  as  a 
national  acquisition;  and  a  firman  having  been 
obtained  from  the  Porte,  through  the  intervention 
of  His  Excellency  Sir  Henry  Bulwer,  by  which  I 
was  authorized  to  remove  the  statues,  I  proceeded 
to  Geronta  in  the  "  Supply "  in  the  month  of 
August,  1858.  I  took  with  me  Corporal  Jenkins, 
B;.E.,  and  sixty  Turkish  labourers  from  Cnidas,  and 
a  good  supply  of  tools  and  appliances  of  all  kinds. 

On  arriving  at  Geronta,  I  lost  no  time  in 
transporting  to  the  shore,  and  preparing  for 
embarkation,  the  ten  statues  already  described, 
with  the  lion  and  the  sphinx.  The  distance  from 
the  Sacred  Way  to  the  place  of  embarkation,  a 
small  harbour  called  Kara  Koi,  was  about  three 

ir.  2  N 


538  EXPEDITION   TO  BRANCUIBJS. 

miles ;  but,  as  the  road  down  to  the  coast  was  an 
easy  incline,  and  we  were  provided  with  excellent 
four-wheeled  trucks,  the  twelve  statues  were  con- 
veyed to  Kara  Koi  in  as  many  days. 

After  accomplishing  this  principal  object  of  our 
expedition,  I  made  some  partial  excavations  along 
the  course  of  the  Sacred  Way,  of  which  the  results 
were  as  follows. 

It  has  been  already  stated  that  behind  the  row 
of  statues  a  continuous  line  of  wall  may  be  traced, 
marking  the  edge  of  the  ridge,  which  runs  to  the 
north-west  along  the  side  of  the  Way. 

Commencing  from  the  south-eastern  extremity 
of  the  Way,  I  laid  bare  this  wall  for  a  considerable 
length.  Its  width  in  this  part  was  3'  9'' ;  its  ma- 
sonry was  regular,  but  did  not  seem  to  be  Hellenic. 

After  tracing  the  wall  for  73'  to  the  north- 
west, I  found  its  line  interrupted  by  a  concrete 
foundation  ^  of  an  oblong  form,  8'  6"  from  north- 
east to  south-west,  and  T  ^'  from  south-east  to 
north-west.  Towards  the  north-east  this  founda- 
tion had  been  faced  with  a  large  slab,  of  a  kind  of 
limestone.  On  turning  over  this  slab,  I  found  on 
one  face  a  most  interesting  inscription  in  archaic 
Greek  characters,  containing  a  dedication  by  the 
sons  of  Anaximander  of  some  work  of  art  executed 
by  an  artist  called  Terpsikles  (PI.  XCVII.  No.  67). 

This  slab  was  in  length  about  7',  being  broken 
at  one  end ;  its  width  was  2'  8''.  The  mortar  of 
the  concrete  was  of  an  extreme  hardness;  we 
broke  it  up  to  the  depth  of  2'  6",  without  finding 

*  ^Farked  A  in  the  Plan. 


EXPEDITION   TO   BRANCHID.E.  539 

anything  below.  There  can  hardly  be  a  doubt  that 
it  was  Byzantine.  The  inscribed  stone  was  evidently 
taken  from  some  earlier  structure,  the  face  of  the 
inscription  having  been  bedded  in  the  concrete. 

Immediately  to  the  north-west  of  tliis  basement 
was  a  square  foundation,  T  5''  each  way,  built  of 
marble  blocks,  evidently  taken  from  some  earlier 
Greek  edifice.  The  masonry  of  this  basement 
seemed  also  to  be  Byzantine.  Its  position  is 
marked  B  in  the  Flan. 

Continuing  to  advance  from  the  foundations, 
A  B,  to  the  north-west,  I  left  a  space  of  53'  of 
ridge  unexplored.  Thence  the  excavations  were 
resumed,  and  the  wall  was  exposed  for  a  length 
of  85',  at  which  distance  occurred  a  break  of  5' 
for  the  insertion  of  one  of  the  seated  figures. 
After  this  interruption  the  wall  continued  for  34' 
to  the  north-west,  where  another  gap  of  5'  occurred, 
for  the  insertion  of  a  statue.  Beyond  this,  to  the 
north-west,  another  line  of  wall  took  the  place  of 
the  previous  one  for  a  length  of  16'.  The  masonry 
of  this  was  very  massive,  and  appeared  to  be 
Hellenic.  It  may  have  been  the  side  of  a  very 
large  basement.  One  stone  in  this  wall  w^as  11'  9" 
long,  3'  wide,  and  1'  thick ;  another  was  10'  long, 
2'  8"  wide,  and  11^"  thick. 

After  this,  the  old  wall  ran  on  for  13'  further  to 
the  north-west.  In  this  part  it  was  2'  9"  thick,  and 
r  8"  high.  Beyond  this  point,  distant  about  300' 
from  the  place  where  we  commenced  on  the  south- 
east, I  met  with  no  further  trace  of  the  wall. 

Seventy-four  feet  to  the  south-west  of  basements 

2  N  2 


540  EXPEDITION   TO  BRANCHID-^. 

A,  B,  and  a  little  to  the  south  .  of  the  line  of 
wall,  was  an  oblong  base,  C,  which  appeared  to  be 
Hellenic.  It  was  composed  externally  of  four  slabs, 
fitted  together  like  a  box ;  the  interior  was  filled 
up  with  solid  masonry.  The  slabs  forming  the 
sides  were  housed  into  the  end  slabs. 

The  exterior  dimensions  of  this  basement,  from 
north-west  to  south-east,  were  T  1^"  by  4/  1"  from 
north-east  to  south-west.  The  thickness  of  the 
slabs  was  V  S'\  They  stood  on  a  moulded  plinth, 
raised  by  three  steps  above  the  foundation  course. 
(See  the  Profile  of  Basement  0,  Plate  LXXVI.) 
The  entire  height  of  the  base,  inclusive  of  the 
steps,  was  6'.  The  faces  of  the  slabs  externally 
were  well  chiselled,  except  at  the  back  which  was 
left  rough.  Two  small  fragments  of  a  small  draped 
figure  in  terra-cotta  of  the  best  period  of  Greek 
art  were  foimd  at  the  side  of  this  tomb. 

While  tracing  the  line  of  wall  along  this  ridge, 
I  explored  the  ground  immediately  to  the  north- 
east of  it,  which,  as  I  have  previously  stated,  is  on 
a  lower  level  than  the  ground  at  the  back  of  the 
wall.  At  the  distance  of  88'  to  the  north-west  of 
basements  A,  B,  and  14'  to  the  north-west  of  base- 
ment C,  we  found  the  southern  kerbstones  of 
the  Way  still  in  position.  They  consisted  of  a 
single  course  of  rough  blocks  well  jointed  together, 
with  headers  at  intervals. 

These  blocks  were  large.  One  of  them  measured 
4'  4",  by  14"  width,  by  1'  thickness.  They  were 
laid  on  the  native  rock.  A  depth  of  3'  6"  of  earth 
had  accumulated  over  them. 


EXPEDITION   TO   BRANCHID^.  541 

We  traced  this  line  of  kerbstones  for  133'  to  the 
north-west.  At  its  south-eastern  extremity,  the 
interval  between  the  kerb  and  the  wall  was  3'  4" ; 
from  this  point  onwards  the  distance  of  the  kerb 
diminished  to  T  T'  inch.  The  ground  on  the  other 
side  of  the  kerbstones  was  dug  in  many  places  with 
a  view  of  ascertaining  the  width  of  the  roadway. 
No  other  part,  however,  of  the  original  pavement 
remained  in  position.  It  was  probably  composed 
of  polygonal  blocks,  adjusted  to  one  another  with 
nicety,  as  in  the  masonry  called  Cyclopean. 

At  Tusculum,  and  other  places  in  the  neigh- 
bourhood of  Rome  may  be  seen  good  examples  of 
such  polygonal  pavement.  The  native  rock  over 
which  the  Sacred  Way  is  laid  has  been  levelled  to 
form  its  bed. 

From  the  point  where  our  excavation  of  the 
wall  terminates,  the  ridge  contmued  to  run  on  to 
the  north-west.  Thirty-three  yards  beyond  this 
point  we  laid  bare  a  basement,  D.  This  was  placed 
north-west  and  south-east.  Its  dimensions  were 
as  follows:  Exterior  length  from  south-east  to 
north-west,  ir  10'' ;  from  south-west  to  north-east, 
11'.  Interior  dimensions,  south-east  to  north-west, 
T  6" ;  south-west  to  north-east,  6'  2".  Within  this 
inclosure  were  found  two  skulls,  and  bones  of  the 
arm  and  leg.  In  the  centre  was  an  oblong  slab, 
pierced  with  a  round  hole,  and  laid  on  the  earth. 
(See  the  Plan,  Plate  LXXVI.) 

This  basement,  in  form  and  dimensions,  and  in  the 
moulding  with  which  it  was  ornamented,  is  very 
similar  to  the  one  at  the  side  of  the  figure  of  Chares. 


512  EXPEDITION   TO  BRANCHIBiS. 

From  this  point  onwards  to  the  north-west  the 
line  of  the  Way  could  be  traced  by  the  seated 
figures  placed  at  intervals,  and  by  two  plain  sori. 
Beyond  the  furthest  of  the  seated  figures,  the  Way 
is  marked  by  a  depression  in  a  natural  ridge. 

This  hollow  appears  to  be  the  result  of  artificial 
cutting.  The  north-east  side  of  the  roadway  is 
bounded  by  a  raised  causeway,  composed  of  a  single 
course  of  large  slabs  of  freestone,  &'  thick,  and 
with  an  average  width  of  3'  &\  These  slabs  are 
laid  flush  with  the  present  surface  of  the  field. 

The  causeway  continues  along  the  side  of  the 
roadway  for  about  70' ;  the  interval  between  the 
causeway  and  the  row  of  figures  opposite  to  it,  is 
about  25\  The  two  figures  (Nos.  9  and  10  of  the 
Plan)  were  found  about  the  same  distance  from  the 
south-western  margin  of  the  Way,  and  a  little  to 
the  north-west  of  the  causeway.  The  general 
width  of  the  roadway  was,  therefore,  probably 
about  20',  and  the  statues  probably  formed  an 
avenue  leading  up  to  the  Temple. 

To  the  north-west  of  the  cutting  through  the 
ridge,  the  soil  deepens  over  the  native  rock. 
Though  the  road  itself  does  not  appear  as  a  distinct 
feature  in  the  ground,  its  onward  course  may  be 
traced  by  large  foundations  at  intervals. 

At  the  distance  of  140  yards  from  basement  D 
was  a  fragment  of  wall  E,  the  stones  of  which  were 
squared  and  dressed,  but  the  masonry  was  irregular, 
and  did  not  appear  Hellenic. 

The  direction  of  this  wall  was  nearly  south  and 
north.    Its  length  was  6'.     It  was  composed  of  two 


EXPEDITION   TO   BRANCHID.fJ.  543 

courses,  each  T  2"  high.  These  courses  rested  on 
a  foundation  of  concrete.  At  the  distance  of  10' 
to  the  south-east  of  this  was  a  fragment  of  base- 
ment of  Hellenic  masonry,  F,  which  measured 
24'  in  length,  by  a  width  of  IV  &'.  The  largest 
stone  in  position  in  this  basement  was  4!  long,  4'  6" 
wide,  and  9"  thick. 

Adjoining  this,  on  the  south-east,  were  the 
remains  of  a  stone  aoroa^  very  much  broken, 
measuring  in  length  8'  9",  in  width  4'.  The  lid 
was  lying  close  to  it,  presenting  the  usual  trian- 
gular section.  Its  length  was  9'  6",  its  width  4', 
its  thickness  T  6".  In  a  line  with  this  lid,  T  10" 
to  the  east  of  it,  was  a  foundation  running  to 
the  south-east,  with  a  return  at  right  angles  to 
the  south-west.  The  length  of  this  wall  was  4'  3", 
its  thickness  V  \'\  its  width  2'. 

Twenty-two  feet  to  the  north-west  of  the  wall,  E, 
was  the  spot  where  the  lion  and  sphinx  were 
found.  It  is  probable  that  the  Way  passed  im- 
mediately over  this  spot,  and  to  the  north  of 
basements  E,  F,  making  a  slight  bend  here  to 
the  south.  Pursuing  its  traces  westward,  at  about 
80  yards  onwards  I  foimd  the  line  of  the  Way 
marked  by  a  large  oblong  basement,  G.  (See  the 
Plan  of  this,  Plate  LXXVI.)  Its  height  is  2'  6". 
It  is  built  of  massive  blocks,  one  of  the  largest  of 
which  measures  10'  by  3'  2",  by  18"  thickness. 

All  round  the  basement  are  two  courses,  in- 
cluding the  foundation  course,  which  is  laid  on 
earth  and  small  stones.  On  the  south  side  a  third 
course  still  remains  in  position.  The  stones  of 
this  upper  course  arc  2'  3"  thick. 


542  EXPEDITION   TO   BRANCHID^. 

From  this  point  onwards  to  the  north-west  the 
line  of  the  Way  could  be  traced  by  the  seated 
figures  placed  at  intervals,  and  by  two  plain  sort. 
Beyond  the  furthest  of  the  seated  figures,  the  Way 
is  marked  by  a  depression  in  a  natural  ridge. 

This  hollow  appears  to  be  the  result  of  artificial 
cutting.  The  north-east  side  of  the  roadway  is 
bounded  by  a  raised  causeway,  composed  of  a  single 
course  of  large  slabs  of  freestone,  &'  thick,  and 
with  an  average  width  of  3'  &\  These  slabs  are 
laid  flush  with  the  present  surface  of  the  field. 

The  causeway  continues  along  the  side  of  the 
roadway  for  about  70' ;  the  interval  between  the 
causeway  and  the  row  of  figures  opposite  to  it,  is 
about  26'.  The  two  figures  (Nos.  9  and  10  of  the 
Plan)  were  found  about  the  same  distance  from  the 
south-western  margin  of  the  Way,  and  a  little  to 
the  north-west  of  the  causeway.  The  general 
width  of  the  roadway  was,  therefore,  probably 
about  20',  and  the  statues  probably  formed  an 
avenue  leading  up  to  the  Temple. 

To  the  north-west  of  the  cutting  through  the 
ridge,  the  soil  deepens  over  the  native  rock. 
Though  the  road  itself  does  not  appear  as  a  distinct 
feature  in  the  ground,  its  onward  course  may  be 
traced  by  large  foundations  at  intervals. 

At  the  distance  of  140  yards  from  basement  D 
was  a  fragment  of  wall  E,  the  stones  of  which  were 
squared  and  dressed,  but  the  masonry  was  irregular, 
and  did  not  appear  Hellenic. 

The  direction  of  this  wall  was  nearly  south  and 
north.    Its  length  was  6'.     It  was  composed  of  two 


EXPEDITION   TO   BRANCHIDJE,  543 

courses,  each  T  2''  high.  These  courses  rested  on 
a  foundation  of  concrete.  At  the  distance  of  10' 
to  the  south-east  of  this  was  a  fragment  of  base- 
ment of  Hellenic  masonry,  E,  which  measured 
24'  in  length,  by  a  width  of  11'  6".  The  largest 
stone  in  position  in  this  basement  was  4'  long,  4'  6" 
wide,  and  9"  thick. 

Adjoining  this,  on  the  south-east,  were  the 
remains  of  a  stone  soros,  very  much  broken, 
measuring  in  length  8'  9",  in  width  4'.  The  lid 
was  lying  close  to  it,  presenting  the  usual  trian- 
gular section.  Its  length  was  9'  6",  its  width  4', 
its  thickness  1'  5".  In  a  line  with  this  lid,  1'  10" 
to  the  east  of  it,  was  a  foundation  running  to 
the  south-east,  with  a  return  at  right  angles  to 
the  south-west.  The  length  of  this  wall  was  4'  3", 
its  thickness  1'  1",  its  width  2'. 

Twenty-two  feet  to  the  north-west  of  the  wall,  E, 
was  the  spot  where  the  lion  and  sphinx  were 
found.  It  is  probable  that  the  Way  passed  im- 
mediately over  this  spot,  and  to  the  north  of 
basements  E,  F,  making  a  slight  bend  here  to 
the  south.  Pursuing  its  traces  westward,  at  about 
80  yards  onwards  I  found  the  line  of  the  Way 
marked  by  a  large  oblong  basement,  G.  (See  the 
Plan  of  this,  Plate  LXXVI.)  Its  height  is  2'  6". 
It  is  built  of  massive  blocks,  one  of  the  largest  of 
which  measures  10'  by  3'  2",  by  18"  thickness. 

All  round  the  basement  are  two  courses,  in- 
cluding the  foundation  course,  which  is  laid  on 
earth  and  small  stones.  On  the  south  side  a  third 
course  still  remains  in  position.  The  stones  of 
tliis  upper  course  arc  2'  3"  thick. 


5i2  EXPEDITION   TO   BBANCHID^. 

From  this  point  onwards  to  the  north-west  the 
line  of  the  Way  could  be  traced  by  the  seated 
figures  placed  at  intervals,  and  by  two  plain  sort. 
Beyond  the  furthest  of  the  seated  figures,  the  Way 
is  marked  by  a  depression  in  a  natural  ridge. 

This  hollow  appears  to  be  the  result  of  artificial 
cutting.  The  north-east  side  of  the  roadway  is 
bounded  by  a  raised  causeway,  composed  of  a  single 
course  of  large  slabs  of  freestone,  6"  thick,  and 
with  an  average  width  of  3'  9".  These  slabs  are 
laid  flush  with  the  present  surface  of  the  field. 

The  causeway  continues  along  the  side  of  the 
roadway  for  about  70' ;  the  interval  between  the 
causeway  and  the  row  of  figures  opposite  to  it,  is 
about  26'.  The  two  figures  (Nos.  9  and  10  of  the 
Plan)  were  found  about  the  same  distance  from  the 
south-western  margin  of  the  Way,  and  a  little  to 
the  north-west  of  the  causeway.  The  general 
width  of  the  roadway  was,  therefore,  probably 
about  20',  and  the  statues  probably  formed  an 
avenue  leading  up  to  the  Temple. 

To  the  north-west  of  the  cutting  through  the 
ridge,  the  soil  deepens  over  the  native  rock. 
Though  the  road  itself  does  not  appear  as  a  distinct 
feature  in  the  ground,  its  onward  course  may  be 
traced  by  large  foundations  at  intervals. 

At  the  distance  of  140  yards  from  basement  D 
was  a  fragment  of  wall  E,  the  stones  of  which  were 
squared  and  dressed,  but  the  masonry  was  irregular, 
and  did  not  appear  Hellenic. 

riie  direction  of  this  wall  was  nearly  south  and 
north.    Its  length  was  6'.     It  was  composed  of  two 


EXPEDITION   TO   BRANCHID.«,  543 

courses,  each  T  2"  high.  Tliese  courses  rested  on 
a  foundation  of  concrete.  At  the  distance  of  10' 
to  the  south-east  of  this  was  a  fragment  of  base- 
ment of  Hellenic  masonry,  E,  which  measured 
24'  in  length,  by  a  width  of  11'  &\  The  largest 
stone  in  position  in  this  basement  was  4'  long,  4'  6" 
wide,  and  9"  thick. 

Adjoining  this,  on  the  south-east,  were  the 
remains  of  a  stone  saros,  very  much  broken, 
measuring  in  length  8'  9",  in  width  4'.  The  lid 
was  lying  close  to  it,  presenting  the  usual  trian- 
gular section.  Its  length  was  9'  6",  its  width  4', 
its  thickness  1'  5".  In  a  line  with  this  lid,  1'  10" 
to  the  east  of  it,  was  a  foundation  running  to 
the  south-east,  with  a  return  at  right  angles  to 
the  south-west.  The  length  of  this  wall  was  4'  3", 
its  thickness  1'  1",  its  width  2'. 

Twenty-two  feet  to  the  north-west  of  the  wall,  E, 
was  the  spot  where  the  lion  and  sphinx  were 
found.  It  is  probable  that  the  Way  passed  im- 
mediately over  this  spot,  and  to  the  north  of 
basements  E,  E,  making  a  slight  bend  here  to 
the  south.  Pursuing  its  traces  westward,  at  about 
80  yards  onwards  I  found  the  line  of  the  Way 
marked  by  a  large  oblong  basement,  G.  (See  the 
Plan  of  this,  Plate  LXXVI.)  Its  height  is  2'  6". 
It  is  built  of  massive  blocks,  one  of  the  largest  of 
which  measures  10'  by  3'  2",  by  18"  thickness. 

All  roimd  the  basement  are  two  courses,  in- 
eluding  the  foundation  course,  which  is  laid  on 
earth  and  small  stones.  On  the  south  side  a  third 
course  still  remains  in  position.  The  stones  of 
this  ui)per  course  are  2'  3"  thick. 


542  EXPEDITION   TO   BBANCHID^. 

From  this  point  onwards  to  the  north-west  the 
line  of  the  Way  could  be  traced  by  the  seated 
figures  placed  at  intervals,  and  by  two  plain  sort. 
Beyond  the  furthest  of  the  seated  figures,  the  Way 
is  marked  by  a  depression  in  a  natural  ridge. 

This  hollow  appears  to  be  the  result  of  artificial 
cutting.  The  north-east  side  of  the  roadway  is 
bounded  by  a  raised  causeway,  composed  of  a  single 
course  of  large  slabs  of  freestone,  &'  thick,  and 
with  an  average  width  of  3'  9".  These  slabs  are 
laid  flush  with  the  present  surface  of  the  field. 

The  causeway  continues  along  the  side  of  the 
roadway  for  about  70' ;  the  interval  between  the 
causeway  and  the  row  of  figures  opposite  to  it,  is 
about  25'.  The  two  figures  (Nos.  9  and  10  of  the 
Plan)  were  found  about  the  same  distance  from  the 
south-western  margin  of  the  Way,  and  a  little  to 
the  north-west  of  the  causeway.  The  general 
width  of  the  roadway  was,  therefore,  probably 
about  20',  and  the  statues  probably  formed  an 
avenue  leading  up  to  the  Temple. 

To  the  north-west  of  the  cutting  through  the 
ridge,  the  soil  deepens  over  the  native  rock. 
Though  the  road  itself  does  not  appear  as  a  distinct 
feature  in  the  ground,  its  onward  course  may  be 
traced  by  large  foundations  at  intervals. 

At  the  distance  of  140  yards  from  basement  D 
was  a  fragment  of  wall  E,  the  stones  of  which  were 
squared  and  dressed,  but  the  masonry  was  irregular, 
and  did  not  appear  Hellenic. 

riie  direction  of  this  wall  was  nearly  south  and 
north.    Its  length  was  6'.     It  was  composed  of  two 


EXPEDITION   TO   BRANCHID.«.  543 

courses,  each  T  2"  high.  These  courses  rested  on 
a  foundation  of  concrete.  At  the  distance  of  10' 
to  the  south-east  of  this  was  a  fragment  of  base- 
ment of  Hellenic  masonry,  E,  which  measured 
24'  in  length,  by  a  width  of  11'  &\  The  largest 
stone  in  position  in  this  basement  was  4'  long,  4'  6" 
wide,  and  9"  thick. 

Adjoining  this,  on  the  south-east,  were  the 
remains  of  a  stone  soroSy  very  much  broken, 
measuring  in  length  8'  9",  in  width  4'.  The  lid 
was  lying  close  to  it,  presenting  the  usual  trian- 
gular section.  Its  length  was  9'  6",  its  width  4', 
its  thickness  1'  5".  In  a  line  with  this  lid,  1'  10" 
to  the  east  of  it,  was  a  foundation  running  to 
the  south-east,  with  a  return  at  right  angles  to 
the  south-west.  The  length  of  this  wall  was  4'  3", 
its  thickness  1'  1",  its  width  2'. 

Twenty-two  feet  to  the  north-west  of  the  wall,  E, 
was  the  spot  where  the  lion  and  sphinx  were 
found.  It  is  probable  that  the  Way  passed  im- 
mediately over  this  spot,  and  to  the  north  of 
basements  E,  F,  making  a  slight  bend  here  to 
the  south.  Pursuing  its  traces  westward,  at  about 
80  yards  onwards  I  foimd  the  line  of  the  Way 
marked  by  a  large  oblong  basement,  G.  (See  the 
Plan  of  this,  Plate  LXXVI.)  Its  height  is  2'  &\ 
It  is  built  of  massive  blocks,  one  of  the  largest  of 
which  measures  10'  by  3'  2",  by  18"  thickness. 

All  round  the  basement  are  two  courses,  in- 
cluding the  foundation  course,  which  is  laid  on 
earth  and  small  stones.  On  the  south  side  a  third 
course  still  remains  in  position.  The  stones  of 
this  upper  course  arc  2'  3"  thick. 


542  EXPEDITION   TO   BRANCHID^. 

From  this  point  onwards  to  the  north-west  the 
line  of  the  Way  could  be  traced  by  the  seated 
figures  placed  at  intervals,  and  by  two  plain  sori. 
Beyond  the  furthest  of  the  seated  figures,  the  Way 
is  marked  by  a  depression  in  a  natural  ridge. 

This  hollow  appears  to  be  the  result  of  artificial 
cutting.  The  north-east  side  of  the  roadway  is 
bounded  by  a  raised  causeway,  composed  of  a  single 
course  of  large  slabs  of  freestone,  &'  thick,  and 
with  an  average  width  of  3'  9".  These  slabs  are 
laid  flush  with  the  present  surface  of  the  field. 

The  causeway  continues  along  the  side  of  the 
roadway  for  about  70' ;  the  interval  between  the 
causeway  and  the  row  of  figures  opposite  to  it,  is 
about  2b\  The  two  figures  (Nos.  9  and  10  of  the 
Plan)  were  found  about  the  same  distance  from  the 
south-western  margin  of  the  Way,  and  a  little  to 
the  north-west  of  the  causeway.  The  general 
width  of  the  roadway  was,  therefore,  probably 
about  20',  and  the  statues  probably  formed  an 
avenue  leading  up  to  the  Temple. 

To  the  north-west  of  the  cutting  through  the 
ridge,  the  soil  deepens  over  the  native  rock. 
Though  the  road  itself  does  not  appear  as  a  distinct 
feature  in  the  ground,  its  onward  course  may  be 
traced  by  large  foundations  at  intervals. 

At  the  distance  of  140  yards  from  basement  D 
was  a  fragment  of  wall  E,  the  stones  of  which  were 
squared  and  dressed,  but  the  masonry  was  irregular, 
and  did  not  appear  Hellenic. 

The  direction  of  this  wall  was  nearly  south  and 
north.    Its  length  was  6'.     It  was  composed  of  two 


EXPEDITION   TO   BRANCHID.«.  543 

courses,  each  T  T  high.  These  courses  rested  on 
a  foundation  of  concrete.  At  the  distance  of  10' 
to  the  south-east  of  this  was  a  fragment  of  base- 
ment of  Hellenic  masonry,  E,  which  measured 
24'  in  length,  by  a  width  of  IV  &'.  The  largest 
stone  in  position  in  this  basement  was  4'  long,  4'  &' 
wide,  and  9"  thick. 

Adjoining  this,  on  the  south-east,  were  the 
remains  of  a  stone  soroa^  very  much  broken, 
measuring  in  length  8'  9",  in  width  4'.  The  lid 
was  lying  close  to  it,  presenting  the  usual  trian- 
gular section.  Its  length  was  ^  &\  its  width  4', 
its  thickness  V  5".  In  a  line  with  this  lid,  V  10'' 
to  the  east  of  it,  was  a  foundation  running  to 
the  south-east,  with  a  return  at  right  angles  to 
the  south-west.  The  length  of  this  wall  was  4'  3", 
its  thickness  1'  1",  its  width  2'. 

Twenty-two  feet  to  the  north-west  of  the  wall,  E, 
was  the  spot  where  the  lion  and  sphinx  were 
found.  It  is  probable  that  the  Way  passed  im- 
mediately over  this  spot,  and  to  the  north  of 
basements  E,  E,  making  a  slight  bend  here  to 
the  south.  Pursuing  its  traces  westward,  at  about 
80  yards  onwards  I  found  the  line  of  the  Way 
marked  by  a  large  oblong  basement,  G.  (See  the 
Plan  of  this,  Plate  LXXVI.)  Its  height  is  2'  6". 
It  is  built  of  massive  blocks,  one  of  the  largest  of 
which  measures  10'  by  3'  2",  by  18"  thickness. 

All  round  the  basement  are  two  courses,  in- 
eluding  the  foundation  course,  which  is  laid  on 
earth  and  small  stones.  On  the  south  side  a  third 
course  still  remains  in  portion.  The  stones  of 
this  upper  course  are  2'  3"  thick. 


542  EXPEDITION   TO   BBANCHID^. 

From  this  point  onwards  to  the  north-west  the 
line  of  the  Way  could  he  traced  hy  the  seated 
figures  placed  at  intervals,  and  hy  two  plain  sort. 
Beyond  the  furthest  of  the  seated  figures,  the  Way 
is  marked  hy  a  depression  in  a  natural  ridge. 

This  hollow  appears  to  he  the  result  of  artificial 
cutting.  The  north-east  side  of  the  roadway  is 
hounded  hy  a  raised  causeway,  composed  of  a  single 
course  of  large  slahs  of  freestone,  &'  thick,  and 
with  an  average  width  of  3'  9".  These  slahs  are 
laid  flush  with  the  present  surface  of  the  field. 

The  causeway  continues  along  the  side  of  the 
roadway  for  ahout  70' ;  the  interval  hetween  the 
causeway  and  the  row  of  figures  opposite  to  it,  is 
ahout  26".  The  two  figures  (Nos.  9  and  10  of  the 
Plan)  were  found  about  the  same  distance  from  the 
south-western  margin  of  the  Way,  and  a  little  to 
the  north-west  of  the  causeway.  The  general 
width  of  the  roadway  was,  therefore,  probably 
ahout  20',  and  the  statues  probably  formed  an 
avenue  leading  up  to  the  Temple. 

To  the  north-west  of  the  cutting  through  the 
ridge,  the  soil  deepens  over  the  native  rock. 
Though  the  road  itself  does  not  appear  as  a  distinct 
feature  in  the  ground,  its  onward  course  may  be 
traced  by  large  foundations  at  intervals. 

At  the  distance  of  140  yards  from  basement  D 
was  a  fragment  of  wall  E,  the  stones  of  which  were 
squared  and  dressed,  but  the  masonry  was  irregular, 
and  did  not  appear  Hellenic. 

The  direction  of  this  wall  was  nearly  south  and 
north.    Its  length  was  6'.     It  was  composed  of  two 


EXPEDITION   TO   BRANCHID^,  543 

courses,  each  T  2"  high.  These  courses  rested  on 
a  foundation  of  concrete.  At  the  distance  of  10' 
to  the  south-east  of  this  was  a  fragment  of  base- 
ment of  Hellenic  masonry,  E,  which  measured 
24'  in  length,  by  a  width  of  ir  &\  The  largest 
stone  in  position  in  this  basement  was  4'  long,  4'  &' 
wide,  and  9"  thick. 

Adjoining  this,  on  the  south-east,  were  the 
remains  of  a  stone  soros^  very  much  broken, 
measuring  in  length  8'  9",  in  width  4'.  The  lid 
was  lying  close  to  it,  presenting  the  usual  trian- 
gular section.  Its  length  was  S'  &\  its  width  4', 
its  thickness  V  5".  In  a  line  with  this  lid,  V  10" 
to  the  east  of  it,  was  a  foundation  running  to 
the  south-east,  with  a  return  at  right  angles  to 
the  south-west.  The  length  of  this  wall  was  4'  3'", 
its  thickness  V  V,  its  width  2'. 

Twenty-two  feet  to  the  north-west  of  the  wall,  E, 
was  the  spot  where  the  lion  and  sphinx  were 
found.  It  is  probable  that  the  Way  passed  im- 
mediately over  this  spot,  and  to  the  north  of 
basements  E,  F,  making  a  slight  bend  here  to 
the  south.  Pursuing  its  traces  westward,  at  about 
80  yards  onwards  I  foimd  the  line  of  the  Way 
marked  by  a  large  oblong  basement,  G.  (See  the 
Plan  of  this,  Plate  LXXVI.)  Its  height  is  2'  &\ 
It  is  built  of  massive  blocks,  one  of  the  largest  of 
which  measures  10'  by  3'  2",  by  18"  thickness. 

All  round  the  basement  are  two  courses,  in- 
eluding  the  foundation  course,  which  is  laid  on 
earth  and  small  stones.  On  the  south  side  a  third 
course  still  remains  in  position.  The  stones  of 
tliis  upper  course  are  2'  3"  thick. 


544  EXPEDITION   aX)   BRANCUID^. 

The  dimensions  of  the  basement  are  19'  3"  by 
14j'  9''.  Beyond  this  area  the  foundation  course 
extends  so  as  to  form  an  external  margin  about  2^ 
wide  on  every  side,  except  the  south,  where  it  has 
been  displaced. 

The  width  of  the  courses  was  3'  4'\  They  in- 
closed an  oblong  area  without  pavement.  In  the 
centre  of  this  area  was  a  slab,  4'  3''  by  3'  h'\  by  8" 
thickness,  placed  on  the  earth  on  a  level  only  a  few 
inches  lower  than  that  of  the  walls  of  the  enclosure, 
and  set  in  a  direction  parallel  with  them.  In  the 
centre  of  the  stone  was  a  circular  hole,  14" 
in  diameter.  A  similar  stone  was  found  in  the 
centre  of  basement  D,  as  I  have  already  described. 

The  masonry  in  this  basement  is  not  good,  but 
from  the  great  size  of  the  blocks  it  may  be  inferred 
that  they  are  ancient.  Perhaps  they  originally 
belonged  to  some  early  tomb,  and  have  been  re- 
constructed after  being  thrown  down.  On  the 
second  course  is  a  moulding,  of  which  a  section  is 
given  Plate  LXXVI.,  and  which  does  not  appear  to 
have  been  finished.  Within  the  enclosure  the 
ground  was  dug  to  a  depth  of  2'  below  the  founda- 
tions, but  no  remains  were  found.  On  the  north 
side  of  the  basement,  at  the  distance  of  6',  was  a 
line  of  rough  pavement  which  may  be  the  edge 
of  the  Wav,  but  the  stones  were  not  massive  or 
well  set,  as  in  the  line  of  kerb  to  the  south-east 
previously  described. 

Basement  G  was  the  furthest  point  to  the 
north-west  to  which  our  excavations  were  con- 
tinued.    AVithin    a  few  yards  to  the   north-west 


EXPEDITION   TO  BRANCHID-fi.  645 

of  Q  was  another  smaller  basement,  which  we  did 
not  explore.  At  the  distance  of  about  100  yards 
to  the  north-west  the  stratum  of  rock  under  the 
soil  terminates  abruptly,  forming  a  step  or  brow, 
through  which  the  Way  appears  as  a  cutting  shown 
in  Gell's  map.  Below  this  crest  to  the  north-west 
the  ground  slopes  for  some  distance.  After  passing 
through  the  cutting,  some  plain  sori,  of  the  Ex)man 
period,  and  several  basements  similar  in  plan  to 
G,  mark  the  south-western  side  of  the  Way  for  a 
short  distance. 

Beyond  these  tombs  to  the  north-west  no  trace 
of  the  Way  appears  in  Gell's  map,  nor  could  I 
discover  any,  after  repeated  examination  of  the 
ground.  I  see,  however,  no  reason  for  doubting 
that  it  was  continued  to  the  small  harbour  which 
was,  probably,  the  Portus  Panormus,  by  which 
name  it  is  marked  in  the  Admiralty  Chart. 

It  will  be  seen  by  the  foregoing  account  that  our 
excavations  were  restricted  to  tracing  the  line  of 
the  Way  itself,  and  to  the  exploring  of  some  of  the 
foundations  which  bounded  it  on  the  south-west. 

I  have  already  stated  that  on  this  side  the 
ground  in  the  part  of  the  Way  nearest  the  Temple 
appears  like  a  platform  or  terrace. 

The  surface  of  this  level  is  hard  and  compact,  as 
if  there  were  foundations  underneath,  and  it  is 
probable  that  further  excavation  in  this  direction 
would  disclose  other  basements,  placed,  like  the 
Hellenic  foundation,  C,  at  a  little  distance  from  the 
margin  of  the  Way.  Had  time  permitted,  I  should 
have  made  several  sections  through  this  platform. 


546  EXPEDITION   TO   BRANCHID^. 

On  the  opposite  side  of  the  Way,  that  is,  to  the 
north-east  of  it,  there  was  no  appearance  of 
remains,  nor  did  any  ridge  or  other  feature  in  the 
ground  n3.ark  the  margin  of  the  road,  except  in 
that  portion  of  it  hounded  hy  the  causeway  already 
mentioned. 

In  Gell's  map,  however,  several  statues  are 
marked  in  position  on  this  side,  and  it  has  been 
already  stated  that  two  (Nos.  9  and  10  of  the  Plan) 
were  discovered  here  by  me,  lying  just  under  the 
surface  of  the  soil.  It  is,  therefore,  possible  that 
a  complete  excavation  of  the  ground  to  the  north- 
east of  the  Way  would  disclose  more  remains. 

A  few  Greek  and  Roman  copper  coins,  and  lamps 
of  the  Roman  period,  were  discovered  in  the  course 
of  these  excavations ;  but  no  small  antiquities  of 
any  interest,  except  the  two  fragments  of  a  terra- 
cotta figure  already  described,  and  a  small  intaglio 
impressed  on  glass,  representing  a  figure  on  horse- 
back. This  desioni  much  resembled  the  well-known 
type  of  the  silver  coins  of  Tarentum.  The  horse 
appeared  to  be  modelled  in  the  same  school  of 
art. 

Olass  intaglios  of  this  kind,  generally  called 
Pastes,  have  been  found  in  great  abundance  in 
Italy ;  but  I  have  never  before  met  with  one  in 
the  Levant. 

After  this  partial  excavation  of  the  Sacred  Way, 
the  unhealthiness  of  the  season,  and  several 
other  circumstances,  made  it  necessary  for  me  to 
return  to  Cnidus.  I  could  have  wished  to  have 
explored  more  completely  this  interesting  locality. 


EXPEDITION   TO   BRAKCHIDJE.  547 

where  other  archaic  statues  and  inscriptions  would 
probably  be  found  intermixed  with  Byzantine 
foundations,  if  the  whole  site  were  dug  over. 
Such  an  undertaking  would  be  well  worthy  of  the 
attention  of  some  future  archaeological  expedition. 
In  the  course  of  my  stay  at  Geronta,  I  obtained 
several  interesting  inscriptions  of  a  later  period, 
one  of  which  (Plate  XCV.  No,  60)  makes  mention 
of  an  ivory  door  of  great  value,  brought  from 
Alexandria  to  Branchidae  in  the  time  of  Ptolemy 
the  Eighth.  These  inscriptions  will  be  noticed  in  the 
Appendix. 

It  remains  that  I  should  offer  some  remarks  on 
the  probable  date  of  the  statues  which  I  found  on 
the  Sacred  Way,  and  on  their  character  as  works 
of  art. 

With  reference  to  the  age  of  these  sculptures,  we 
may  begin  by  assuming  that  they  are  certainly 
not  more  recent  than  the  close  of  the  Persian  war. 
This  is  to  be  inferred  from  all  that  we  know  in 
regard  to  the  destruction  of  the  Temple  of  Apollo 
by  the  Persians.  This  sacrilege  is  attributed  by 
Herodotus'  to  Darius  Hystaspes;  Strabo,  on  the 
other  hand,^  states  that  Xerxes  burnt  and  plun- 
dered the  Temple,  and  that  he  transported  to 
Susiana  the  Sacred  Oena  which  formed  the  priest- 
hood of  the  Temple,  and  which  claimed  descent 
from  Branchus.  According  to  Pausanias,^  Xerxes 
also  transported  to  Ecbatana  the  colossal  bronze 
statue  of  Apollo  by   Kanachos,  which  was  long 

*  vi.  19.         J  xiii.  p.  634.         ^  viii.  46,  2  ;   compare  i.  16,  3. 


548  EXPEDITION   TO   BRANCHID.E. 

subsequently  restored  to  Branchidae  by  Seleucus 
Nicator. 

It  is  difficult  in  this  case  to  reconcile  the  state- 
ment of  Herodotus  with  those  of  Strabo,  and  we 
must,  therefore,  either  prefer  the  testimony  of  the 
earlier  historian,  inasmuch  as  he  speaks  of  an 
event  whicli  occurred  within  the  memory  of  his 
own  generation,  and  in  the  immediate  neighbour- 
hood of  his  native  place,  or  we  must  suppose  that 
the  destruction  of  the  Temple  by  Darius  was  only 
partial,  and  that  the  dedication  of  the  work  of 
Kanachos  took  place  in  the  interval  between  this 
first  desecration  and  the  final  plunder  and  burning 
of  the  Temple,  which  Strabo  attributes  to  Xerxes.^ 

In  either  case  it  seems  historically  certain  that 
both  the  statue  of  the  god  and  the  Sacerdotal  Oena 
were  transported  to  Susiana  before  the  close  of  the 
Persian  war. 

.  We  can  hardly,  therefore,  suppose  that,  after 
the  oracular  shrine  had  been  thus  dismantled  and 
deserted  by  its  ministers,  new  statues  would  have 
been  dedicated  to  the  god  until  the  rebuilding  of 
the  Temple ;  but  this  did  not  take  place  till  more 
than  a  century  later. 

From  the  evidence  of  the  inscriptions  which  I 
discovered  on  the  Sacred  Way  (see  Plate  XCVII. 
Nos.  66,  67,  68,  70,  71,  72),  it  may  be  inferred  that 
the  date  of  the  statues  found  with  them  ranges 

^  See,  on  this  qitestion,  Brunn,  Geschicbte  d.  Griech.  Knenstler, 
i.  p.  76,  who  thinks  that  the  work  of  Kanachos  was  dedicated  in 
the  interval  between  the  burning  of  the  temple  by  Darius  and  its 
plundering  by  Xerxes. 


EXPEDITION   TO   BRANCHIDiE.  549 

from  B.C.  580  to  B.C.  520,  as  I  hope  to  show  more 
fully  in  the  Appendix. 

The  peculiar  style  of  the  sculptures  them- 
selves confirms  this  date.  It  can  hardly  be  disputed 
that,  both  in  their  arrangement  as  an  avenue  and 
in  their  general  proportions,  these  statues  have  a 
very  Egyptian  character."'  This  resemblance  is  seen 
not  only  in  the  great  breadth  of  the  shoulders,  but 
also  in  the  modelling  of  the  limbs,  in  which 
the  forms  of  the  bones  and  muscles  are  indicated 
with  far  greater  refinement  and  judgment  than  at 
first  sight  seems  to  be  the  case  ;  the  main  points  of 
the  anatomy  being  indicated,  however  slightly, 
without  that  accumulation  and  exaggeration  of 
details  so  general  in  Assyrian  and  early  Greek  art.** 

This  subdued  treatment  of  the  anatomy  contri- 
butes to  the  general  breadth  and  repose  for  which 
these  figures  are  so  remarkable,  and  suggests  the 
idea  that  they  were  executed  by  artists  who  had 
studied  in  Egypt."* 

There  is  nothing  A  p7Ho7*i  improbable  in  such  a 

"  See  the  notice  of  these  figures  by  Hosa,  already  referred  to, 
anUf  p.  528,  who  remarks  that  they  cannot  be  of  a  later  period  than 
Olymp.  80,  and  that  their  date  is  probably  about  Olymp.  70,  or 
about  B.C.  500. 

**  There  are,  in  the  Egyptian  collection  of  the  British  Museum, 
two  small  statues,  Nos.  35  and  461,  of  which  No.  35  is  considered  by 
Mr.  Birch  to  be  of  the  fourth  dynasty.  On  comparing  these  with 
the  Branchidse  statues,  a  marked  similarity  of  style  may  be  traced, 
not  merely  in  the  position  of  the  hands,  but  also  in  the  attempt 
made  by  the  sculptor  to  indicat^e  in  the  muscles  of  the  forearm  the 
action  required  to  place  the  hand  in  such  a  position. 

®  From  the  extreme  flatness  of  treatment  in  the  drapery  there 
can  hardly  be  a  doubt  that  all  these  statues  were  coloured. 


560  EXPEDITION  TO  BRANCHIDJE. 

supposition.  We  know  that  a  direct  connection 
between  Ionia  and  Egypt  had  been  established  in 
the  reign  of  Psammetichus  I,,  who  maintained  a 
large  force  of  Ionian  and  Carian  mercenaries.^ 

The  importance  of  the  trade  between  Egypt  and 
the  Greek  colonies  on  the  west  coast  of  Asia  Minor 
led  to  the  establishment  of  an  Hellenic  factory  at 
Naukratis,  in  the  reign  of  Amasis:**  the  costly 
dedications  made  to  Hellenic  deities  by  Neco  at 
BranchidsB,  and  by  Amasis  at  Lindus/  are  further 
evidence  of  the  friendly  relations  which  those 
monarchs  maintained  with  the  Asiatic  Greeks. 

The  influence  of  Egyptian  art,  which  is  so  mani- 
fest in  the  Branchidse  statues,  is  still  more  clearly 
demonstrated  through  the  discoveries  recently  made 
by  Messrs.  Salzmann  and  Biliotti,  at  Camirus  in 
Bhodes,  where,  in  several  instances,  the  same  tomb 
contained  works  of  unquestionable  Egyptian  fabric 
and  objects  imitated  from  Egyptian  prototypes  by 
early  Greek  artists.* 

The  evidence  of  these  extant  monuments  is  an 


P  See  ante,  p.  15.       9  See  ante,  p.  13.       '  Herod,  ii.  159,  182. 

"  Compare  the  objects  found  in  the  grotto  of  Polledrara  near 
Vulci,  engraved  in  Micali,  Momiui.  Ined.  Firenze,  1844.  Taw. 
iv. — viii.  and  now  in  the  British  Museum.  The  small  bronze 
figure,  now  in  the  Pourtales  collection  at  Paris,  and  formerly 
in  the  Museum  Nanianum  at  Venice,  engraved,  Mueller,  Denk- 
maeler  d.  a.  Kunst,  I.  Taf.  ix.  fig.  32,  which  bears  the  inscrip- 
tion UoXvKpdrrf^  avidriKi^  may  also  be  considered  as  somewhat 
Egyptian  in  character,  or,  to  use  the  expression  of  Diodorus,  i. 
98, — Trapifi^ipt^  Toif:  Aiyvirr/oic.  The  genuineness  of  this  work 
has  been  doubted  by  Clarac,  but  admitted  by  Panofka  and 
othei-a.     There  is  a  curious  description  in  Cedrenus  (Histor.  Comp. 


EXPEDITION  TO  BRANCUID^.  551 

interesting  corroboration  of  the  well-known  story 
told  by  Diodorus,*  that  the  Samian  artist  Theodores 
made  one  half  of  a  statue  in  his  workshop  at  Samos, 
while  his  brother,  Telekles,  made  the  other  half  at 
Ephesus ;  and  that  the  same  canon,  of  proportions 
was  observed  so  exactly  by  the  two  brothers  work- 
ing  independently,  that  the  two  halves  of  the  statue 
were  subsequently  found  to  tally  exactly. 

This  canon,  according  to  Diodorus,  they  obtained 
from  Egypt.  Though  it  has  been  somewhat  the 
fashion  among  recent  writers  on  Greek  art  to  re- 
gard this  statement  as  mere  legend,  I  see  no 
reason  for  doubting  that  it  embodies  the  general  fact 
that  certain  Greek  sculptors  of  Asia  Minor  studied 
the  principles  of  their  art  in  Egypt  as. early  as  the 
seventh,  or  perhaps,  the  eighth  century  B.C. 

In  asserting  that  the  Branchidae  statues  were 
executed  more  or  less  under  Egyptian  influence, 
I  would  note  at  the  same  time  certain  peculiarities 
in  the  costume  and  treatment  which  show  that 
these  sculptures  were  the  work  of  Hellenic  artists. 

p.  322,  B),  of  a  statne  of  Athene  made  of  emerald,  four  cubits  high, 
the  work  of  Dipoenus  and  Scyllis,  which  Sesostris,  king  of  Egypt, 
gave  to  Eleobulutt,  tyrant  of  lindus.  (See  Bi-unn,  Geschichte  d.  Gr. 
Kunst,  i.  p.  45,  who  thinks  that  this  story  may  refer  to  some  real 
work  by  these  artists.)  We  know  from  Herodotus  that  Amasis 
dedicated  two  statues  at  Lindus,  and  M.  Salzmann  has  recently 
found  in  tombs  near  that  ]>lace  a  statuette  representing  an 
Egyptian  deity,  and  other  objects  similar  to  those  discovered  at 
Caminis ;  the  tradition  preserved  by  Cedrenus  may,  therefore,  be 
regarded  as  an  additional  proof  of  the  connection  of  the  early 
Greek  artists  with  Egypt. 

*  Diodor.  i.  98 ;  cf.  Athenagoras,  Leg.  pro  Christ,  p.  61.     See 
Brunn,  Geschichte  d.  Griech.  Kuenstler,  i.  j».  36. 


552  EXPEDITION   TO   BRANCH ID^. 

Such  are  the  Maeander,  lotos,  and  other  orna- 
ments on  the  chairs  and  the  borders  of  the  gar- 
ments, the  patterns  of  which  may  be  at  once 
identified  as  those  which  constantly  occur  on  vases 
and  other  examples  of  archaic  Greek  art,  and  which 
doubtless  were  originally  derived  from  Assyria. 

Again,  in  the  varied  compositions  of  the  dra- 
peries, and  in  the  mode  of  representing  hair,  we 
recognize  peculiarities  of  treatment  characteristic 
generally  of  early  Greek  sculpture  ;"*  but  these  pecu- 
liarities are  subordinate  to  the  main  effect.  The 
predominant  impression  which  these  figures  pro- 
duce on  the  mind  at  the  first  sight,  is  their 
resemblance  to  Egyptian  sculptures;  and  it  is 
not  till  after  contemplating  them  for  some  time, 
that  this  first  impression  loses  its  force,  and 
that  we  are  able  to  detect  certain  essential  qua- 
lities, which  prove  them  to  be  the  work  of  Hellenic 
artists. 

These  remarks  may  be  best  understood  by  com- 
paring the  BranchidsB  statues  with  a  seated  figure 
of  Athene  in  white  marble,  preserved  in  the 
Acropolis  at  Athens.""  This  latter  is  strikingly 
archaic,  but  not  at  all  Egyptian  in  character,  and 
is  evidently  the  work  of  a  school  very  distinct  from 
that  of  the  sculptures  at  Branchidae. 

With   regard  to   the   question   to   what   school 

^  The  female  figure  described  ante,  p.  535,  as  No.  9,  perhaps  pre- 
sents more  of  the  characteristics  of  early  Qreek  atid  less  of  Egyp* 
tian  art  than  the  rest,  and  may  therefore  be  a  later  work. 

*'  See  the  engraving  and  de^cnption  of  this  statue  by  Mr.  G. 
Scharf,  Museum  of  Classical  Antiquities,  i.  pp.  190-2. 


? 

^ 

*  '      /                '      >'  , 

.     v'  V  'A  »  •    .•     .  ,    t     .         '     -• 

•   ♦v  t-e 

/ 

...                                 •                                < 

'^/.. 

» 

•i 

EXPEDITION   TO   BBANCHIDJE.  553 

Terpsikles  and  the  other  sculptors  of  the  Branchidee 
figures  belonged,  it  would  not,  I  think,  be  safe  to 
assert  anything  positive.  The  proximity  of  Samos 
to  the  Sacred  Way,  taken  in  connection  with  the 
story  in  Diodorus  already  referred  to,  at  first  in- 
clined me  to  believe  that  these  sculptures  were  the 
product  of  the  school  of  Theodores  and  Telekles. 

On  the  other  hand,  it  is  a  curious  coincidence 
that  the  earliest  peripd  to  which  these  figures  can  be 
assigned  by  the  evidence  of  inscriptions, — namely, 
about  B.C.  680,  coincides  with  the  received  date  of 
Dipoenos  and  Scyllis,  Cretan  sculptors,  who,  ac- 
cording to  Pliny,  were  the  first  artists  of  note  who 
worked  in  marble.'' 

^  Plin.  N.  H.  xxxvi.  4. 


II.  2  o 


554 


CHAPITER  XXIV. 


TEMPLE  OP  HEKATE  AT  LAGINA. 


Route  from  Eski  Hisaar  to  Lagina ;  site  of  temple  of  Hekate ; 
architectural  remains;  sculptures  of  frieze ;  Peribolvs;  inscrip- 
tions ;  various  ministers  of  the  temple  mentioned  in  them ; 
Procession  of  the  Kej ;  Hekate  Trivia ;  the  priests ;  their 
term  of  office  ;  their  largesses  to  the  people ;  festivals  ;  district 
round  the  temple  ;  civil  magistrates  and  names  of  towns  men- 
tioned in  the  inscriptions. 

During  a  tour  in  Caria  made  in  the  spring  of 
the  year  1856, 1  visited  the  site  of  the  temple  of 
Hekate  at  Lagina. 

This  place  is  situated  about  two  hours  north 
by  west  from  Eski  Hissar*  (Stratonic^ea).  It  still 
retains  its  ancient  name,  which  is  pronounced 
Laina. 

*  In  Kiepert's  Map,  and  that  of  Lebas,  Lagina  is  placed  to  the 
north-east  of  Stratonica^  ;  and  in  the  Map  prefixed  to  this  volume 
I  have  followed  their  authority.  But  the  real  position  of  Lagina 
is  to  the  north-west  of  Stratonici^  as  has  been  noted  by  three 
travellers,  Fococke,  Boss,  and  lieuienant  Smith,  all  of  whom  made 
the  journey  from  Eski  Hissar  to  Lagina ;  and  in  his  Memoir  ueber 
die  Construction  der  Karte  von  Kleinasien,  Berlin,  1854,  p.  77, 
Kiepert  acknowledges  that  he  has  been  misled  by  Arrowsmith's 
map.  He  remarks  that  the  position  neither  of  Stratonic^a  nor  of  ii 
Mughla  can  be  considered  as  fixed.  I 


TEMPLE  OF  HEKATE  AT  LAGINA.      555 

The  site  of  Lagina  is  on  elevated  ground,  and 
commands  an  extensive  view  to  the  north  and 
south. 

The  temple  of  Hekate  is  described  by  Strabo  as 
being  a  most  celebrated  one  (sTrifPaifitrrarov)  in  his 
time;  and  he  states  that  it  was  in  the  territory 
of  the  neighbouring  city  of  Stratonicafea.^ 

I  had  no  difficulty  in  discovering  the  ruins, 
which,  as  will  be  seen  by  the  Plan  (Plate  LXXVII.), 
lie  on  the  surface  of  its  temenos^  round  which  the 
ancient  peribolus  may  be  still  traced/ 

On  examining  the  ruins  I  found  the  remains  of 
a  temple  of  the  Corinthian  order,  with  a  frieze  in 
high  relief,  several  slabs  of  which  were  lying 
among  the  ruins  in  good  preservation.  Inter* 
mixed  with  these  remains  were  a  number  of 
inscriptions  relating  to  the  worship  of  Hekate, 
which  I  spent  several  days  in  copying. 

In  the  month  of  July,  1857,  Lieutenant  Smith 
proceeded  to  Lagina,  accompanied  by  Corporal 
Spackman,  and  in  the  course  of  ten  days  suc- 
ceeded in  obtaining  photographs  of  nearly  all  the 
slabs  of  frieze  lying  on  the  surface ;  he  also  made 
a  plan  of  the  site,  and  measurements  of  the  archi- 
tectural remains. 

*  xiv,  p.  660.  ttrri  ^^  ly  rn  X^P9  ^*^''  SrparoriArcwv  ^vo  itpa,  if 
fjiey  Aayivotg  to  ttIq  'FA-ar;/c  kirK^vitrraTOVy  wayriyvpeig  fxeyaXntj 
avvayov  icar  iyiavrdy.    Cf.  Tacitus,  Annal.  iii.  62. 

*  These  ruins  were  visited  bj  L.  Ross  in  1844.  See  his 
Kleinasien  and  Deutscbland,  Halle,  1850,  pp.  90-91,  103-104. 
It  is  singular  that,  though  Pococke  visited  Lagina,  and  noticed 
a  castle  on  a  hill  about  a  mile  from  the  village,  he  did  not  discover 
the  temple  of  Hekate.     See  his  "  Travels,"  iL  Pt.  2,  p.  65. 

2  o  2 


C 
/ 


556  TEMPLE   OF   HEKATE   AT  LA6INA. 

The  following  description  of  the  site  and  ruins 
is  drawn  up  partly  from  his  description,  and  partly 
from  my  own  notes. 

The  ruins  of  the  temple  at  Lagina  are  distant 
about  half  an  hour  from  the  village  of  the  same 
name,  on  lower  ground.  The  site  overlooks  a  plain 
to  the  north-east,  and  commands  an  extensive  and 
beautiful  view  bounded  by  mountains.  In  the 
village  is  a  mosque  almost  entirely  built  of  frag- 
ments of  white  marble,  among  which  I  noticed  an 
Ionic  volute  and  other  architectural  fragments.  In 
the  road  descending  from  the  village  to  the 
temple  is  an  abundant  spring,  which  was  probably 
used  in  the  rites  of  Hekate.  At  this  fountain  the 
water  faUs  into  an  oblong  marble  basin  which 
appears  ancient. 

Erom  an  examination  of  the  site  Lieut.  Smith 
ascertained  that  the  temple  has  been  peristyle 
and  octostyle  in  the  fronts ;  its  direction,  as  will 
be  seen  by  the  Plan,  is  north-west  and  south-east. 
The  ground  being  much  encumbered  by  ruins,  the 
only  place  where  the  wall  of  the  cella  can  be  dis- 
tinctly traced  is  at  the  north-west  end  of  the 
temple.  Here  the  width  of  the  cella,  measured 
from  comer  to  comer  of  the  north-west  wall,  is 
26'  10".  The  side  walls  may  be  traced  for  about 
22'  on  the  south-west,  and  18'  5''  on  the  north- 
east. 

On  the  north-west  front  the  bases  of  four 
columns  remain  in  their  original  positions.  Tliese 
are  distant  from  the  wall  of  the  cella  14'  4%  mea- 
sured to  the  centre  of  the  columns. 


TEMPLE   OF   HEKATE   AT   LAGINA.  557 

The  intercolumniations,  measured  from  centre 
to  centre  of  each,  are  8'  0^'\ 

On  the  north-east  side  the  base  of  a  single 
column  still  remains  in  position  at  the  distance  of 
14'  7-J"  from  the  wall  of  the  eella^  an  interval 
rather  greater  than  that  between  the  cella  and  the 
pei*istyle  on  the  north-west  front- 

The  line  of  the  temple  from  these  bases  towards 
the  south-east  may  be  traced  by  a  mass  of  ruins 
composed  of  drums  of  columns,  pieces  of  frieze 
and  architrave,  and  other  marbles,  forming  an 
irregular  mound  extending  for  about  73  paces 
from  the  north-west  to  the  south-east.  This 
mound  presents  to  the  eye  two  principal  heaps, 
which  occupy,  respectively,  its  north-west  and 
south-east  extremities,  and  are  connected  by  an 
intermediate  lower  ridge,  where  the  mass  of  ruins  is 
very  much  less.  See  the  Plan  and  the  View  of  the 
ruins  taken  from  a  point  near  the  middle  of  the 
south-west  wall  of  this  peribolvs  (Plate  LXXVIII.) 

On  the  south-eastern  heap  occur  shafts  from 
columns  on  a  smaller  scale  than  those  already 
noticed  in  the  other  heap,  and,  apparently,  of  a 
diflferent  Order.  These  smaller  columns  are  fluted 
only  in  the  upper  half  of  the  shaft.  The  diameter 
of  the  unfluted  part  is  2'  V\  Lieutenant  Smith 
also  noticed  here  the  following  architectural 
marbles. 

(1)  Two  pieces  of  a  cornice  1'  3"  in  depth.  This  is 
composed  of  a  cymatium,  enriched  with  honeysuckle 
pattern,  above  which  are  two  fascias  separated  by 
a  bead,  enriched  with  the  bead-and-reel  moulding. 


558      TEMPLE  OF  HEKATE  AT  LAOINA. 

These  fascias  have  not  the  usual  projection  of  a 
corona,  hut  are  on  a  level  with  the  upper  pro- 
jection of  the  cymatium  beneath;  they  are  sur- 
mounted by  an  egg-and-tongue  moulding  and 
enriched  bead. 

(2)  An  entablature  V  lOJ"  deep,  on  which  are 
sculptured,  all  in  one  block,  a  cornice,  frieze,  and 
architrave.  The  frieze  is  greatly  compressed  and 
the  corona  has  a  very  slight  projection.  From  the 
smallness  of  the  scale  this  probably  formed  part 
of  the  internal  decoration  of  the  temple. 

(3)  A  piece  of  Doric  architrave,  with  guttte^ 
V  r  deep. 

(4)  A  piece  of  cornice  2'  1"  deep,  of  rather  a 
heavy  proportion. 

No  portions  of  the  larger  columns,  the  frieze,  or 
other  members  of  the  Corinthian  order,  such  as 
form  the  bulk  of  the  north-west  heap,  were 
observed  by  Lieutenant  Smith  among  the  ruins 
in  the  south-east  heap ;  and  this  difference  in  the 
character  of  the  architectural  remains  led  him  to 
suppose  that  the  ruins  which  form  this  part  of  the 
mound  belong  to  an  edifice  originally  distinct  from 
the  Corinthian  temple,  and  that  the  two  heaps 
represent  two  separate  buildings. 

In  reference  to  this  question  it  may  be  observed 
that  the  breadth  of  the  temple,  as  shown  by  the 
wall  of  the  cella  and  columns  in  situ  at  the  north- 
west end,  is  69'  5".  On  the  other  hand,  the  length 
of  the  entire  moimd,  from  the  bases  of  columns 
at  the  north  end  to  its  south-east  extremity,  is 
about  72  yards. 


T£HPLE  OF  HEKATE  AT  LAGINA.  669 

If  we  suppose  the  temple  to  have  occupied  this 
mound,  its  length  would  be  unusually  great  in 
proportion  to  its  width. 

If,  on  the  other  hand,  following  the  usual  pro- 
portions of  Greek  temples,  we  suppose  its  length 
to  have  been  about  double  its  breadth,  or  118',  such 
a  building  would  occupy  rather  more  than  half  of 
the  entire  length  of  the  mound,  and  would  be 
altogether  contained  in  the  north-west  heap. 

In  the  eastern  part  of  the  mound  I  noticed  a 
partition-wall  of  travertine,  with  a  doorway  in  the 
centre,  the  jambs  of  which  were  still  standing. 

This  part  of  the  mound  was  so  encumbered  by 
ruins  and  brushwood  that  Lieutenant  Smith  was 
altogether  unable  to  trace  the  lines  of  any  building 
here.  The  angular  portion  of  wall  marked  in  the 
Flan  at  the  north-eastern  comer  of  the  ruins, 
appears  to  be  Byzantine,  being  built  of  rubble, 
cemented  with  mortar. 

In  reference  to  the  temple  of  which  the  ruins 
compose  the  north-west  heap,  the  following  par- 
ticulars may  be  noted.    The  Order  is  Corinthian. 

The  following  measurements  were  taken  by 
Lieutenant  Smith : — 

Coliimns. — ^The  base  was  very  similar  to  one 
from  Cnidus,  engraved  in  the  "  Ionian  Anti- 
quities," iii.,  Plate  24.  The  plinth  was  3'  9f'' 
square*  The  upper  torus  of  the  base  formed  part 
of  the  shaft.  The  full  diameter  of  this  torus  was 
3'  4",  and  of  the  fillet  above  it  3'  0^".  The  dia- 
meter  of  the  shaft,  taken  at  the  distance  of  6'  2^ 
from  the  base,  was  2'  10^'.    The  diameter  of  a 


560  TEMPLE  OF   HEKATE  AT  LAGINA. 

drum  4'  long  was  at  one  end  2'  ^^*\  at  the  other 
end  2'  9^''.  The  diameter  of  the  upper  end  of  the 
column,  so  far  as  could  be  inferred  from  the  broken 
base  of  a  capital,  was  2'  2".  The  depth  of  the 
fluting  was  1^^  ^^^  *he  breadth  of  the  face  of 
the  fluting,  on  an  average  -5^".  The  height  of 
the  capital  was  3'  2". 

The  architrave  was  in  height  2'  3J".  It  consisted 
of  two  flEiscias,  surmounted  by  an  egg-and-tongue 
moulding.  The  height  of  the  frieze  was  3'^''. 
This  dimension  includes  an  enriched  ogee  mould- 
ing. The  slabs  were  generally  4'  in  length  by 
V  ^Y  thick.  The  proportions  of  the  cornice  could 
not  be  ascertained. 

The  details  of  the  architecture  were  somewhat 
coarsely  executed.  There  are  still  many  points  to 
be  examined  in  reference  to  the  Order,  which  could 
only  be  ascertained  by  a  further  exploration  of  the 
site.  In  the  north-west  heap  are  some  fluted 
shafts,  of  which  the  diameter,  exclusive  of  fluting, 
is  r  10^'".  On  the  south-west  side  of  the  mound 
are  some  lacunaHa,  principally  towards  the  south- 
eastern heap.  They  are  1'  square,  and  are  sepa- 
rated by  bands  &'  broad.  Each  contains  some 
object  sculptured  in  relief,  such  as  a  fruit,  a  rosette, 
a  pine-cone. 

The  frieze  is,  as  I  have  stated,  in  high  relief. 

Nine  slabs  in  all  were  examined  by  Lieutenant 
Smith  and  myself,  photographs  of  six  of  which 
were  taken.  On  all  these  slabs  are  groups  of 
standing  and  seated  male  and  female  figures.  The 
composition  and  general  type  of  these  figures  show 


TEMPLE  OF  HEKATE  AT  LAGINA.      661 

that  they  are  deities ;  most  of  the  scenes  seem  to 
represent  assemblies  of  the  gods  in  Olympus. 

The  subjects  may  be  thus  described,  commencing 
with  those  of  which  photographs  have  been  taken. 

I.  Two  groups,  each  composed  of  one  seated 
and  two  standing  figures. 

On  the  left  is  a  female  figure  seated  on  rocks, 
turned  to  the  right,  the  lower  half  of  the  body 
i^lothed. 

She  looks  up  towards  a  female  figure  standing  on 
the  right,  who  turns  to  the  right,  and  holds  some- 
thing, perhaps  a  cornucopia,  in  her  left  arm.  On 
the  extreme  left,  behind  the  seated  figure,  are  two 
female  figures  standing. 

These  three  last  figures  wear  talaric  chitons  and 
pepli. 

On  the  right  is  a  female  figure  turned  to  the 
right,  looking  towards  a  seated  male  figure  on 
the  extreme  right,  who  is  turned  towards  her.  His 
left  hand  is  placed  on  some  object  which  appears 
like  a  rock  with  drapery  thrown  over  it.  His  right 
foot  rests  on  a  footstool,  or  a  small  rock ;  a  veil 
hangs  from  his  head.  A  peploa  is  thrown  over  his 
lower  limbs.  The  female  figure  in  front  of  him 
wears  a  talaric  chiton  and  peplos  ;  in  her  left  hand 
she  holds  some  object.  This  slab  belongs  to  an 
angle,  the  return  being  on  the  left. 

On  this  face  is  a  group  of  two  female  figures  :  the 
one  on  the  left  is  seated ;  the  other  stands  on  the 
right,  holding  her  right  hand  over  the  seated  figure. 
Both  these  figures  wear  the  talaric  chiton  axidpeplos. 
I  was.  unable  to  examine  them  closely,  from  the 


562  TEMPLE  OF  HEKATfi  AT  LAGINA. 

position  of  the  slab.  The  sculpture  on  this  slab 
was  much  decayed, 

II.  Group  of  one  seated  and  five  standing 
figures.     Plate  LXXX.  (subject  on  the  left). 

On  the  extreme  right  is  a  male  figure,  Zeus  (?) 
seated  on  a  throne ;  a  pephs  is  thrown  over  his 
lower  limbs.  His  right  hand,  which  holds  a  phiale, 
is  advanced  towards  a  female  figure  standing  in 
front  of  him.  She  wears  apeploa  and  talaric  chiton^ 
and  with  her  left  hand  draws  a  veil  over  her  cheek. 
In  the  background  is  a  female  figure,  placing  her 
hand  on  the  shoulder  of  the  veiled  figure.  This 
last  figure  has  her  hair  tied  behind,  near  the  head ; 
the  ends  of  the  tresses  hang  down  loose. 

On  the  left  of  this  group  are  two  male  figures 
looking  on.  The  one  nearest  the  veiled  figure 
is  half-turned  to  the  left  with  the  head  looking 
to  the  right.  He  wears  a  chiton  reaching  nearly 
to  the  knees  and  falling  in  a  fold  over  his  girdle. 
In  his  left  hand  is  a  club  or  perhaps  a  thyrsus. 
His  companion,  Ares(?)  wears  a  helmet,  and  a 
chlamys  or  chiton^  which  leaves  his  right  shoul- 
der and  side  naked ;  at  his  left  side  hangs  a  sword 
suspended  by  a  shoulder-belt ;  in  his  left  hand  is 
a  spear.  He  stands  in  an  easy  attitude,  his  right 
hand  placed  on  his  hip. 

Next  to  him  on  the  extreme  left  is  a  female 
figure,  looking  out  of  the  composition  to  the  left. 
She  wears  a  talaric  chiton  and  peplos ;  her  hair 
hangs  down,  as  in  the  case  of  the  figure  already 
described.  The  anatomy  of  the  figure  of  Zeus  is 
good ;  all  the  faces  of  these  figures  are  gone. 


TEMPLE  OP  HEKATE  AT  LAGINA.      563 

III.  Group  of  one  seated  and  four  standing 
figures.  Plate  LXXIX.  (lower  subject). — On  the 
left  is  a  female  figure  seated  on  a  throne ;  before 
her  stands  a  male  (?)  figure,  with  whom  she  appears 
to  be  conversing. 

The  standing  figure  holds  in  the  left  hand  a 
sceptre,  his  right  hand  is  extended  towards  the 
seated  figure.  On  the  right  of  this  pair  is  a  group 
of  three  figures,  one  male  and  two  female.  The 
one  next  the  seated  female  figure  holds  in  her 
left  hand  what  appears  to  be  a  small  figure,  appa- 
rently a  new-born  female  child,  wrapped  in  swad* 
dling-clothes.  Her  right  hand  is  raised  to  draw  a 
veil  forward  from  the  back  of  the  head.  Next  to 
her  on  the  right  is  a  female  figure  leaning  on  her 
shoulder  in  an  affectionate  manner.  In  her  left 
hand  she  holds  a  cornucopia.  On  the  extreme 
right  is  a  youthful  male  figure,  nearly  naked;  a 
peplos  hangs  from  his  shoulder  behind.  All  the 
female  figures  in  this  scene  wear  the  peploa  and 
chiton.  This  slab,  having  been  lying  with  its  face 
buried  in  the  soil,  is  in  very  much  better  condi- 
tion than  the  rest.  I  failed  to  discover  it  in  my 
visit,  but,  so  far  as  I  can  judge  from  a  photograph, 
the  sculpture  is  very  good. 

IV.  Group  of  one  seated  and  five  standing 
figures.  Plate  LXXX.  (subject  on  the  right).— 
In  the  centre  of  the  composition  is  a  group 
of  three  figures,  of  which  the  centre  one  wears  a 
cuirass  and  chlamya^  and  holds  in  his  left  hand  a 
spear.  A  female  figure,  naked  to  the  hips,  turns 
towards  him,  placing  her  right  hand  on  his  shoulder. 


56  i>  TEMPLE  OF  HEKAT£   AT  LAGINA. 

This  pair  appears  like  Ares  and  Aphrodite.  On 
the  left  is  a  male  figure,  who  holds  in  his  right 
hand  a  spear ;  apeploa  is  gathered  round  his  lower 
limbs.  He  looks  to  the  front ;  the  central  figure 
turns  towards  him,  placing  his  right  hand  on  his 
shoulder.  On  the  extreme  left  is  a  veiled  female 
figure,  seated,  looking  up  towards  the  central 
group ;  behind  her  is  a  veiled  figure  standing,  hold- 
ing in  her  left  hand  some  object.  These  two  figures 
are  too  much  mutilated  to  be  clearly  made  out. 
On  the  extreme  right  is  a  draped  female  figure, 
looking  away  from  the  central  group ;  this  figure 
is  also  very  much  mutilated.     I  did  not  see  this  slab. 

V.  Three  standing  figures  and  a  horse. — On 
the  extreme  right  a  youthful  male  figure  standing 
by  a  horse,  which  he  holds  by  the  bridle.  Be- 
fore him,  on  the  left,  stands  a  female  figure,  too 
much  decayed  to  be  made  out,  behind  whom  is 
another  female  figure,  matronly  in  character.  She 
wears  a  talaric  chiton  and  a  peplos,  the  edge  of 
which  she  draws  forward  with  her  left  hand ;  her 
head  is  veiled ;  her  right  hand  rests  on  her  right 
hip.  Behind  her  is  a  youthful  male  figure  wearing 
a  chlamySy  much  broken.  This  composition  may 
represent  a  farewell  scene,  in  which  a  youthful 
warrior  is  taking  leave  of  his  family ;  a  well-known 
subject  on  Greek  vases. 

VI.  Plate  LXXIX.  (Upper  View).- In  the 
centre  is  a  female  figure  reclining  on  a  couch.  She 
wears  a  chiton  and  peplos  :  her  head  is  turned  to 
the  right ;  her  right  hand  rests  on  the  edge  of  the 
couch.     A  male  figure,  clad  in  a  chiton  reaching 


TEMPLE  OF  HEKATE  AT  LAGINA,  665 

to  the  knees,  stands  at  her  head;  he  leans 
hack,  and  appears  to  he  grouped  with  a  figure 
of  whom  the  right  side  and  shoulder  are  seen 
behind  the  reclining  figure,  the  right  arm  raised 
horizontally  as  if  in  action.  On  the  extreme  right 
is  a  youthful  female  figure,  wearing  a  chiton 
and  peplosy  and  moving  rapidly  away  towards  the 
right.  On  the  left  is  a  female  figure  and  indica- 
tions of  another,  neither  of  which  can  be  clearly 
made  out.    This  slab  escaped  my  notice. 

VII.  Six  figures. — On  the  left  is  a  female  figure 
reclining,  turned  to  the  right,  the  lower  half  of 
the  body  draped.  She  appears  to  be  resting  on 
a  rock.  On  her  left  is  a  female  figure  seated, 
her  feet  on  the  same  rock.  Apeploa  is  thrown 
over  her  lower  limbs ;  overher  head  is  an  arched 
veil.  On  the  right  is  a  female  figure,  wearing 
a  talaric  chiton  and  pephs.  Her  right  elbow 
rests  on  a  tall  altar,  the  opposite  comer  of  which 
supports  the  left  elbow  of  the  figure  last  de- 
sribed.  Next  on  the  right  is  a  female  figure, 
who  stands  with  her  right  foot  on  a  rock,  her 
right  hand  on  the  shoulder  of  the  figure  by  the 
altar ;  she  wears  a  talaric  chiton ;  a  peploa  hangs 
over  her  arm. 

On  the  extreme  right  are  the  remains  of  a 
female  figure  similarly  attired;  she  is  appa- 
rently moving  to  the  right,  her  head  looking  back 
to  the  left;  her  right  hand  is  extended  towards 
the  figure  last  described.  On  the  extreme  left 
are  remains  of  a  sixth  figure  looking  round 
the    angle  to   the    left.     This    slab   belongs    to 


566      TEMPLE  OP  HEKATE  AT  LAGINA. 

an  angle  of  the  building.  On  the  return  is  a 
female  figure,  seated  on  the  body  of  a  horse,  or 
some  animal. 

VIII.  On  the  left  is  a  female  figure  reclining  on 
a  couch ;  in  her  right  hand  is  a  phiale :  behind  her 
stands  a  youthful  male  figure.  On  the  extreme 
left,  at  the  angle,  is  a  female  figure  in  rapid  motion : 
she  looks  back  at  the  seated  figure  as  she  moves. 
On  the  right  is  a  male  figure,  standing  before  a 
female  figure. 

IX.  On  the  left  is  a  female  figure  seated  on  a 
throne ;  in  her  right  hand  a  sceptre ;  before  her,  on 
the  extreme  left,  is  a  female  figure,  standing.  On 
the  right  are  two  female  figures :  one  holds  some 
uncertain  object,  perhaps  a  cornucopia ;  the  other, 
a  cornucopia ;  beyond,  on  the  extreme  right,  is  a 
naked  youthful  male  figure,  Hermes.  The  female 
seated  figure  has  long  hair  tied  behind  on  the  nape 
of  the  neck.  All  the  female  figures  have  talaric 
chitons  and  pepli.  No  photograph  was  taken  of  the 
three  slabs  last  described. 

I  am  unable  to  oflfer  any  explanation  of  the 
several  groups  which  occur  in  these  reliefs,  as  they 
do  not  at  present  form  g^  continuous  composition. 
As  Hekate  was  called  Kouporpo^og,  and  was  sup- 
posed to  take  young  children  imder  her  especial 
protection,*  this  attribute  may  be  represented  in 
the  scene,  Slab  III.,  in  which  a  female  figure 
holds  in  her  arms  what  appears  to  be  a  new-born 
female  infant.  In  that  case  the  seated  figure 
would  probably  be  Hekate.     Or  again  this  scene 

*  See  Welcker,  Oriechische  Goetterlehre,  i.  p.  567. 


TEMPLE  OV   HEKATE  AT  LAGINA.      667 

may  represent  the  birth  of  Hekate  herself,  whose 
parents,  according  to  one  tradition,  were  Zeus  and 
Her6 ;  or,  according  to  another,  Zeus  and  Demeter. 
The  seated  figure  might  then  represent  the  mother 
of  Hekate,  Demeter  or  Her6 ;  the  figure  with  the 
cornucopia,  Tyche ;  the  male  figure,  Hermes ;  and 
the  figure  holding  the  child,  Eileithyia,  or  one  of 
the  nymphs  to  whom  Zeus  intrusted  Hekate  to  he 
brought  up  under  the  name  of  " kyys'kogj' 

It  is  probable  that  many  of  the  intermediate  slabs 
lie  buried  under  the  ruins,  and  that  they  are  in  a 
much  better  state  of  preservation  than  those  here 
described,  which,  with  one  or  two  exceptions,  have 
suffered  much  from  the  weather.  The  style  of  the 
sculptures  is  bold  and  forcible,  though  rather  coarse 
and  conventional.  The  composition  of  the  drapery 
is  deficient  in  flow.  The  folds  are  rather  too  an- 
gular. This  style  of  drapery  is  characteristic  of  the 
Macedonian  period. 

In  the  south-east  heap  I  found  a  statue, lying  half- 
buried  in  the  ground.  It  is  engaged  at  the  back  in 
a  pilaster,  and  was,  therefore,  probably  an  architec- 
tural statue.  It  represents  a  female  figure,  draped 
to  the  feet,  rather  larger  than  life-size.  The  style 
is  somewhat  meagre. 

jPeribohia  of  the  Temple. — The  temple,  as  may 
be  seen  from  the  Flan,  is  surrounded  by  a  peri^ 
bolus  of  an  oblong  form,  its  sides  being  paral*- 
lel  to  those  of  the  temple.  On  the  south-west, 
the  wall  of  the  peribolua  may  be  very  distinctly 

«  For  both  thette  legends  relative  to  the  birth  of  Hekate,  see 
Schol.  ad  Theokr.  Idyll,  ii.  1.  12. 


668      TEMPLE  OF  HEKATE  AT  LA6INA, 

traced.  It  commences  near  the' north-west  angle, 
and  runs  to  a  gateway. 

This  gateway  is  formed  of  three  stones,  an  archi- 
trave and  two  jamhs,  slightly  converging  towards 
each  other.  (See  Plate  LXXVIII.)  On  the  archi- 
trave  is  an  inscription  in  several  lines,  of  which  I 
could  only  make  out  a  few  letters,  on  account  of 
its  height  and  decayed  condition : — ^The  words 
{Kou<r)ap  dso5  ulig  may  he  distinguished. 

On  the  same  side  of  the  peribolaSy  but  more  to 
the  west,  were  steps  with  a  projecting  cyma,  like 
those  of  a  theatre,  ranged  in  horizontal  rows  one 
above  another. 

The  north-west  boundary  of  the  peribolus  is 
marked  by  many  drums  of  columns  strewn  about. 
The  shafts  of  these  columns  were  fluted  for  half 
their  length.  The  diameter  of  the  fluted  part  of 
the  shaft  was  V  &\  without  reckoning  the  flutings, 
which  were  so  much  broken  away  that  their  depth 
could  not  be  ascertained.  The  building  material 
employed  in  this  temple  is,  throughout,  a  very 
coarse-grained  white  marble. 

Among  the  ruins  in  all  parts  of  the  site  are 
inscriptions,  chiefly  on  large  architectural  blocks 
of  marble.  Of  these  about  thirty  were  copied  by 
Lieutenant  Smith  and  myself,  a  selection  from 
which  will  be  published  in  the  Appendix.  Some  of 
these  are  fragments,  but  the  greater  part  are  well 
preserved,  and  several  are  in  very  fine  condition. 

These  inscriptions  are,  so  far  as  I  know,  unpub- 
lished.'   They  contain,  for  the  most  part,  registers 

^  I  am  not  aware  that  any  inscriptions  from  Lagina  have  ever 


)U/Uii.^  //fcLit:.  ^^  ^^-^.  ^^-^^  ^  k^ 


^^i^. 


TEMPLE  OF  HEKATE  AT  LAGINA.      569 


of  the  names  of  priests  of  ITekate,  and  of  benefac- 
tors to  the  temple.  The  following  particulars  may 
be  gathered  from  them : — 

The  Temple  of  Hekate  probably  had  a  nume- 
rous sacerdotal  body  of  both  sexes,  and  mention 
occurs  of  the  high  priest,  'Ag;^ isg«w^ ;  the  priests, 
'Icgs7ip,  with  whom  their  wives  were  associated  as 
priestesses;  the  'Isgoxaijitij'nj^  and  the  'Is§ox«iju,i)ti^; 

the  'E^ijLifiXoujDiffyo^  rcoy  Mti(r'n}giaiy,and  the  KXecSo^oco^, 

or  KXfiSo^opouera.  The  office  of  this  last  priestess 
is  explained  by  the  expression  KxeiSo^  Trofiin^  and 
KxsiSo^  ayeoyi^,  the  Procession  of  the  Key,  M'hich 
occur  in  several  inscriptions.  This  Key  was  one  of 
the  attributes  of  the  Hekate  Trivia,  the  goddess 
whose  statue  was  usually  placed  at  the  intersection 
of  three  roads. 

Among  the  Roman  sculptures  in  the  British  Mu- 
seum, may  be  seen  a  statue  of  this  Hekate  Trivia, 
represented  with  three  bodies,  looking  in  different 
directions.     In  one  of  her  hands  she  holds  a  key.*^ 

The  priesthoods  were  probably  limited  to  par- 
ticular families,  and  with  succession  in  rotation ; 
they  appear  to  have  been  held  for  one  year.  In  one 
inscription  we  find  a  person  with  a  Roman  name 
mentioned  as  having  held  the  priesthood  five 
successive  times,  conjointly  with  his  wife :  their 
daughter  was  KxsiSo^ogoy. 

The  priests,  doubtless,  had  the  management  of 
the  sacred  lands  belonging  to  the  temple,  out  of 

been  published,  except  a  few  fragroents  given  in  Lebas,  Voyage 
Archfologique,  Nos.  537-547. 

*  Museum  Marbles,  x.  Plate  41,  i5g.  1,  pp.  100-5. 

n.  2  p 


570  TEMPLE   OF    HEKATE   AT  LAGINA. 

the  revenues  of  which  they  gave  largesses  and 
public  entertainments.  On  one  occasion,  certain 
priests  presented  to  each  citizen  two  denarii,  about 
one  shilling  and  fourpence.  This  largess  was  given 
in  the  theatre,  the  citizens  being  called  over  by 
name  from  the  registers  (SeXroi)  of  their  deme,  or 
township. 

The  names  of  certain  other  priests  are  recorded, 
because  they  contributed  2,000  drachmw  (rather 
more  than  £66)  to  the  building  of  a  public  bath. 

There  appears  to  have  been  a  great  fes- 
tival in  honour  of  the  goddess  every  five  years, 
called  Pentaeteins.  The  Procession  of  the  Key 
appears  to  have  been  an  annual  festival  of  great 
importance,  on  which  occasion  gymnastic  enter- 
tainments were  given  by  the  priests. 

There  were  also  in  the  course  of  the  year  various 
other  festal  days  sacred  to  Hekate. 

The  temple  had  a  territory  (TregiTroXio*')  which 
contained  villages.'' 

This  was  probably  part  of  the  neighbouring 
canton,  or  eruerTTjjaa,  of  villages,  of  which  the  Temple 
of  Zeus  Chrysaoreus,  near  Stratonicsea,  was  the 
central  point.*  Lagina  is  described  by  Stephanus 
Byzantius  as  TroX/p^viov  Ka^iagj 

In  most  cases,  after  the  name  of  the  individual, 


^  See  Boeckh,  C.  I.  No.  2,715,  1.  17  : — KaTaXiyuv  U  rwF  kv  rf 
vepiiroXit^  ri/c  6eoD  jcai  rwy  eruveyyvd  k,  r.  X. 

i  See  Boeckh,  C.  L  Nos.  2,693  and  2,715. 

i  S,  V,  Aaywa'  see  ibid,  8.  v.  'Fjcarrftna^  where  he  states  that 
the  city  Idrias  was  called  Hekatesia,  because  a  temple  of  Hekate 
Laginitis  was  built  there. 


TEMPLE    OF    HEKATE    AT   LAGINA.  571 

follows  that  either  of  his  deme  or  tribe,  among  which 
may  be  noticed  the  uncouth  gentile  names  Ao^oxS/eu^, 
KoXio^ysuy,  Atov^a^rsig,  which  are  evidently  Carian. 
In  the  course  of  the  inscriptions,  mention  is  made 
of  the  0otiXT]  and  the  SSjjito^  and  of  civil  magistrates, 
such  as  Prytanes  and  Stephanephoriy  in  whose  name 
the  decrees  made  by  the  senate  and  people  were 
registered.  The  "  city,"  ttoXij,  is  also  named.  It  is 
uncertain  whether  this  refers  to  Stratoniccea  or  to 
Lagina  itself;  more  probably  to  the  former.''  In  one 
case  only  is  there  reference  to  general  history :  this 
is  in  a  fragment  from  a  decree  in  which  mention  is 
made  of  some  king  of  whom  the  name  has  perished, 
and  in  which  occur  the  names  of  two  towns,  ;co>§*a, 
Themessos  and  Keramos,  the  latter  of  which  still 
retains  its  name.  ,  There  is  also  an  allusion  to  the 

acts  of  Lucius  Cornelius the  cognomen 

being  wanting.  It  is  not  improbable  that  the 
Roman  whose  prcBnomen  and  nomen  are  thus  given, 
was  Sylla,  who,  after  the  defeat  of  Mithradates, 
was  all-powerful  in  Asia  Minor. 

Three-quarters  of  an  hour  to  the  north-east  of 
Lagina  Lieutenant  Smith  discovered  a  tomb  built 
of  marble,  of  which  the  interior  measurement  was 
10'  by  9'.  On  the  right  of  the  entrance  was  a 
marble  floor,  2'  3"  in  breadth,  extending  nearly  to 
the  back  of  the  tomb.  The  walls  inside  consisted  of 
two  courses  of  squared  blocks  of  marble,  rough- 


^  Compare  the  inscription  from  the  Amphiaraion,  wliere  the 
neighbouring  city  of  Oropus  is  spoken  of  as  //  woXtc. — Boeckli, 
C.  I.  No.  1.570. 

2  p  2 


572      TEMPLE  OF  HEKATE  AT  LAGINA. 

hewn.  On  the  npper  course  was  a  cornice  2'  &|'' 
above  the  level  of  the  pavement.  Over  the  entrance 
was  a  marble  architrave,  6'  5"  long,  by  V  8"  depth, 
by  2'  thickness,  supported  on  two  marble  jambs. 
The  entrance  was  3'  &'  wide  in  the  clear.  The  roof 
was  formed  of  large  slabs  from  the  neighbouring 
rock,  extending  across  the  breadth  of  the  tomb. 
One  of  these  was  11  T  by  2'  5"  by  r  2".  This 
tomb  lies  nearly  north-w^est  and  south-east;  the 
entrance  is  on  the  south-east  side.  It  is  quite 
below  the  level  of  the  surrounding  plain.  Accord- 
ing to  the  local  tradition,  much  treasure  had  once 
been  found  in  it. 

At  the  distance  of  three-quarters  of  a  mile  from 
Lagina,  on  the  road  to  Stratonica^a,  is  a  village 
called  Gibeyeh,  where  I  noticed  an  inscription  on 
a  cippus,  published  by  Lebas,  No.  536.  It  contains 
the  names  and  titles  of  Septimius  Severus,  Julia 
Domna,  and  Caracalla,  written  both  in  Latin  and 
Greek.  The  date  of  the  inscription  is  the  eighth 
tribuneship  of  Severus,  or  A.D.  200,  when  he  was 
engaged  in  his  Eastern  expedition. 

It  is  remarkable  that  in  this  inscription  Caracalla, 
as  well  as  his  father,  is  styled  Pontifex  Maximus, 
a  fact  which  serves  to  explain  the  words  P.  Max. 
on  a  coin  of  Caracalla,  supposed  by  Eckhel  to  be  the 
abbreviation  of  Parthicus  Maximua.  (See  his  Doctr, 
Num.  Vet.  vii.  p.  201.)  Between  Gibeyeh  and 
Eski  Hissar  I  noticed  squared  blocks  and  other 
ancient  remains  in  several  places. 


573 


CHAPTER  XXV. 

EXCURSIONS   IN   THE    NEIGHBOUBHOOD   OF   BUDEUM. 

Route  from  Budrum  to  Myndus  (Giimisclilu),  description  of  the 
site  of  Myndns ;  city  walls  ;  remains  of  Hellenic  and  Byzantine 
buildings ;  fortified  peninsula ;  mole ;  Myndus  to  Assarlik  ; 
Medieval  Castle  at  Kadi  Kalessi ;  tombs  at  Assarlik  ;  Aero* 
polis ;  massive  gateway  and  wall ;  ancient  road  from  Assarlik 
to  Chifoot  Kalessy ;  reasons  for  considering  Assarlik  as  the 
ancient  Syangela  ;  Strabo's  notice  of  the  tombs  and  fortresses  of 
the  Leleges  ;  Chifoot  Kalessy,  the  ancient  Termera ;  description 
of  the  site  ;  Pasha  Liman ;  Tombs  at  Farillia ;  Roumeli-koi ; 
sarcophagus ;  Hellenic  remains  at  Gill ;  this  site  probably  the 
ancient  Caryanda  ;  return  to  Budrum. 

In  the  autumn  of  1857,  accompanied  by  Lieut. 
Smith,  I  explored  the  northern  shore  of  the 
peninsula  on  which  Budrum  is  situated.  We  com- 
menced by  an  excursion  to  Gumischlu,  the  site  of 
the  ancient  Myndus,  which  is  situated  nearly 
due  west  of  Budrum,  and  at  the  distance  of  about 
five  hours  from  it.  The  road  from  Budrum  to 
Myndus  traverses  a  succession  of  low  rocky  ridges, 
formed  by  spurs  thrown  out  from  the  high  moun- 
tain-range which  runs  through  the  Budrum  penin- 
sula from  Djova  westward  to  the  sea.  Between 
those  ridges  are  small  fertile  valleys  running  down 


574  EXCURSIONS   IN   THE 

to  the  sea,  and  planted  with  fig-trees  and  vines. 
The  general  direction  of  these  ridges  and  valleys 
is  from  north  to  south. 

In  the  first  of  these  valleys  after  leaving  Budrum 
is  a  small  hamlet,  written  Petesa  in  the  Admiralty 
Chart,  but  i)ronounced  Bitez  by  the  Turks.  The 
bay  which  takes  its  name  from  this  hamlet  is 
pronounced  Biteh.  The  second  valley,  two  hours 
distant  from  Budrum,  contains  a  village  called 
Piscopi,  pronounced  by  the  Turks  Muscaba.  At 
the  distance  of  three  hours  from  Budrum  is 
another  village  called  Yasi-koi,  and  half  an  hour 
further  on,  another  called  Pesmet. 

Along  this  road  the  hills  on  each  side  rise  up 
into  fantastic  peaks.  As  we  approached  Gumischlu 
a  fine  view  of  Calymnos,  and  the  group  of  small 
islands  round  it  opened  out. 

On  our  arrival  at  Myndus  we  traced  the  outline 
of  the  walls  all  round  with  the  aid  of  the  Admiralty 
Chart,  No.  1531.  The  area  of  the  city  is  nearly 
square,  lying  north-west  and  south-east.  On  three 
sides  it  is  bounded  by  the  walls  and  ancient  mole. 
On  the  west  are  the  harbour  and  a  rocky  peninsula. 
On  the  north-west  and  north-east  sides  the  walls  are 
built  on  a  natural  ridge  of  rock,  the  steepness  of 
which  has  been  improved  by  art.  The  south-east 
side  lying  next  the  plain  is  less  naturally  strong. 
Hence  it  is  strengthened  by  towers  at  frequent 
intervals.     The  masonry  is  isodomous  throughout. 

The  blocks  are  not  very  large,  but  regularly  laid, 
with  bond-stones  at  intervals,  as  in  the  peribolus 
wall  of  the  Mausoleum. 


NEIGHBOURHOOD  OF   BUDRUM.  575 

At  the  angle  where  the  north-west  and  north- 
east sides  of  the  wall  meet  is  a  tower,  marked  in 
the  Chart. 

A  few  feet  within  this  angle  are  the  ruins  of  a 
Byzantine  church,  consisting  of  a  nave  and  apse 
flanked  by  two  aisles.  The  plan  of  this  church  is 
given  Plate  LXXXIII.     It  measures  90'  by  45'. 

This  church  has  a  tessellated  floor.  The  cubes 
are  of  coloured  marble,  rather  coarsely  put  to- 
gether. 

The  foundations  on  the  isthmus,  marked  "  large 
substructure"  in  the  Chart,  are  of  concrete  and 
probably  Byzantine. 

The  foundations,  marked  *•  Baths,"  are  those  of 
an  oblong  building,  set  in  the  shoal  water,  and  con- 
taining three  oblong  cells  or  chambers,  through 
each  of  which  the  sea  is  admitted  by  a  small 
covered  entrance.  (See  Plate  LXXXIII.)  The 
water  here  is  about  V  in  depth.  Only  the  foun- 
dation course  of  this  building  remains.  It  is  of 
a  dark  volcanic  rock.  On  one  side  the  natural 
rock  has  been  levelled. 

To  the  north-east  of  the  "  large  substructure," 
and  west  of  the  "Modern  Church,"  is  a  square 
foundation,  marked  in  the  Chart.  It  appears  like 
the  basement  of  a  temple  or  some  Hellenic  building. 
One  face  looking  nearly  west  is  formed  by  the 
native  limestone,  cut  vertically  down  for  a 
depth  of  about  3',  within  which  is  a  wall  of 
Hellenic  blocks  nmning  parallel  to  the  cutting. 
The  length  of  this  face  is  about  thirty-two 
paces.     The  other  sides  of  the  basement  are  not 


576  EXCURSIONS  IN  THE 

clearly  defined  ;  in  the  centre  of  the  platform  thus 
formed  the  native  rock  is  not  levelled,  so  that  the 
purpose  of  this  substructure  is  not  clear. 

Along  the  shore  of  the  harbour  appear  the  fifty- 
two  bases  of  columns  laid  down  in  the  Chart.  Some 
of  these  are  standing  in  situ,  others  thrown  down. 
They  are  of  green  stone,  resembling  that  used  in 
the  foundations  of  the  Mausoleum. 

In  the  walls  of  the  building  marked  in  the  Chart 
"  Temple,"  a  little  to  the  south-west  of  the  modern 
church,  are  some  architectural  marbles  from  a 
Greek  temple.  In  the  south-east  wall  are  blocks 
of  marble,  in  each  of  which  a  fluted  column,  2'  1'' 
in  diameter,  is  half  engaged  like  a  pilaster.  The 
face  of  the  block  on  each  side  of  the  pilaster  is 
ornamented  with  a  Maeander  fret : — 

The  length  of  one  of  the  blocks  is  4'  8" ;  the 
breadth,  including  the  projection  of  the  pilaster, 
is  3'  Y\  thickness,  V  2";  diameter  of  pilaster, 
2'  V ;  depth  of  projection  of  Mseander,  ^'\  In  the 
centre  of  the  Mwander  is  a  flower  of  four  leaves, 
set  in  a  square,  of  which  the  side  is  4r^'\ 

In  the  north  wall  of  this  church  is  inserted  a 
piece  of  Corinthian  cornice,  richly  carved  with  a 
floral  pattern  in  white  marble :  it  is  surmounted 
by  the  egg-and-tongue  moulding.  The  depth  of 
this  cornice  is  V  2". 

Inside  the  church  is  a  small  fragment  of  a  draped 
figure  larger  than  life-size,  sculptured  in  white 
marble  in  a  good  style. 

We  could  find  no  sure  traces  of  the  temple 
marked  in  the  Chart,  as  lying  between  the  fifty-two 


NEIGHBOURHOOD   OP  BUDRUM.  577 

columns  and  the  shore.  At  the  spot  where  it  is 
laid  down  are  some  blocks  of  green  stone,  such  as 
may  have  served  for  foundations. 

The  outline  of  the  stadium  is  still  visible,  though 
nearly  obliterated.  It  is  probable  that,  since  the 
Chart  was  made,  much  marble  has  been  carried  off 
by  sea ;  and,  on  the  other  hand,  the  plough  has 
effaced  in  many  places  the  traces  of  foundations. 
The  greater  part  of  the  low  land  near  the  shore  is 
now  cultivated. 

We  next  proceeded  to  examine  the  fortified 
peninsula.  We  walked  from  the  baths  along  the 
edge  of  the  cliffs  which  are  very  steep  here,  round 
to  a  point  opposite  the  ancient  mole,  tracing  the 
wall  laid  down  in  the  Chart  the  whole  way.  It  is 
built  of  oblong  blocks  of  green  stone,  with  bond 
stones.  The  foundation  course  crops  up  at  in- 
tervals, but  the  wall  only  once  rises  to  a  second 
course. 

At  the  point  where  we  stopped,  the  face  of  the 
cliff  is  so  precipitous  that  no  wall  would  be  there 
necessary.  We  then  ascended  to  the  oblong  fortifi- 
cation on  the  summit.  Here  has  been  a  mediaeval 
fortress  or  other  building  of  concrete,  with  a 
vaulted  chamber. 

From  this  elevated  spot  we  had  a  view  of  the 
middle  wall,  running  down  towards  the  baths  in  a 
north  direction.  This  wall  is  built  of  rough  lime- 
stone blocks,  and  is  loosely  constructed.  It  is 
very  distinct,  rising  in  places  to  several  courses. 

The  mole  on  the  south  side  of  the  harbour  is  still 
very  clearly  visible.    It  is  built  of  isodoriious  blocks 


578  EXCURSIONS   IN   THE 

standing  half  out  of  the  water.  An  isthmus  is 
gradually  forming  inside  it.  This  mole  connects 
the  mainland  with  an  isolated  rock,  the  summit  of 
which  is  crowned  by  the  ruins  of  a  mediaBval  for- 
tress built  with  concrete  and  rubble.  Ascending 
from  the  mole,  we  observed  some  large  blocks  and 
drums  of  white  marble. 

The  neck  of  land  at  the  base  of  the  rock  which 
connects  it  with  the  mole,  is  fortified  by  an 
Hellenic  wall  composed  of  massive  blocks  of  iso- 
domous  masonry,  which  runs  at  right  angles  to 
the  mole. 

The  isthmus  connecting  the  Acropolis  with  the 
mainland  is  very  low ;  the  fortified  peninsula  rises 
from  it  abruptly,  as  at  Cnidus — a  site  which  resem- 
bles Myndus  in  the  general  configuration  of  the 
ground.  In  the  course  of  our  journey,  I  could 
find  no  inscription  but  the  following  near  the 
church,  in  late  Roman  characters  : — 

AniONTPAIANO 
ON  E  Y 

NTOZeEOAOTO .  TO 

NE-NOZ 
OTPITON 

Ov^Xviovl  Tpaiay6{y 
*'Apxo)i^ot  1  Qeo^6ro{v)  to{v 

N£(w)*'OC 
t)6  TplTOV 

also  the  words  6  S^jito^,   on  a  pedestal  of  white 
marble. 

The  site  of  Myndus  presents  a  most  desolate 
appearance,  being  stripped  of  marbles,  and  nearly 


NEIGHBOURHOOD   OF   BUDRUM.  579 

all  traces  of  ancient  edifices  having  disappeared, 
except  what  is  built  into  Byzantine  churches. 

The  view  sea-ward  from  the  north-west  wall, 
looking  south,  across  the  harbour,  is  very  pictu- 
resque. The  scenery  is  singular  from  the  number 
of  jagged,  abrupt  mountain  ridges,  which  rise  from 
the  islands  of  Karabaghlar  and  Pserimo,  inter- 
secting one  another.  Beyond  these  islands  are  Cos 
and  Calymnos. 

We  had  not  time  to  examine  the  tombs  at  Myn- 
dus,  marked  in  the  Chart.  To  the  south-east  is  a 
singular  mound  at  the  distance  of  about  a  mile 
from  the  ancient  city.  This,  from  its  outline, 
appeared  to  be  artificial. 

After  spending  a  day  at  Myndus,  we  went  to 
Kadi  Kalessi,  where  we  passed  the  night.  This  is 
a  small  bay  opposite  Calymnos.  Here  are  two  or 
three  magazines  and  a  coffee-house,  for  the  con- 
venience of  ships.  Cargoes  of  figs  are  shipped  at 
this  anchorage.  We  found  no  antiquities  here, 
except  the  remains  of  a  castle,  consisting  of  a 
curtain  wall  about  100  yards  long,  flanked  at  each 
end  by  a  circular  tower.  The  masonry  is  very  solid, 
consisting  of  rubble  grouting  within,  with  an  ex- 
ternal facing  of  ashlar-work.  The  blocks  are  of 
green  stone,  apparently  from  some  Greek  building. 
From  the  regularity  of  the  work,  it  is  probably  the 
remains  of  a  small  castle  built  by  the  Knights  of 
Rhodes. 

The  wall  is  dismantled,  being  now  ten  feet  high. 
This  fortification  appears  to  be  a  horn-work ;  at  the 
back  are  no  traces  of  walls. 


580  EXCURSIONS   IN   THE 

We  left  this  place  the  following  morning,  at 
840  a.m.,  for  Kara  Toprak.  We  passed  on  the 
south-east  the  village  of  Kara  Bagh,  above  which 
was  a  range  of  mountains  with  sharp,  rugged  peaks. 
The  plain  along  the  shore  was  swampy,  and  full  of 
rank  vegetation.  Half  an  hour  from  Kara  Koi  is 
Kara  Toprak,  a  small  harbour,  so  called  from  the 
black  sand  on  the  shore,  used  for  drying  Turkish 
ink.  My  object  in  going  to  this  place  was  to 
ascertain  Miiether  there  were  any  inscriptions 
there,  as  I  had  seen  in  the  house  of  a  Greek  called 
Demetri  Platanistes,  at  Cos,  a  marble  inscribed 
with  the  name  of  the  Artemis  of  Kindya,'  which 
had  been  brought  from  this  spot.  I  could  not, 
however,  hear  of  any  remains  in  situ. 

At  Kara  Toprak  we  turned  to  the  north-east,  and 
after  half  an  hour,  reached  a  large  village  called 
Ak-shalleh,  marked  Ak-chah  in  the  Chart. 

This  is  situated  at  the  foot  of  the  hills  which 
skirt  the  plain  on  the  south. 

From  this  village  we  ascended  in  a  south-eastern 
direction  towards  the  base  of  a  tall  hill,  with  a 
flat  table-like  top.  The  road  was  steep.  At  about 
half  an  hour's  distance  on  the  side  of  a  hill,  was  a 
tomb,  consisting  of  an  oblong  chamber,  contained 
in  an  enclosure  of  circular  or  elliptical  form,  and 
approached  by  a  passage  facing  east.  (See  the 
Plan,  Plate  LXXXIII.) 

The  passage  was  7^'  in  length,  its  width  4^',  its 
present  height  4';  but  it  appeared  to  be  partly 
tilled  up  with  soil,  and  is  probably  much  deeper. 

«  It  appears  from  Polyb.  xvi.  12,  3,  that  there  was  near  Bargjlia 
H  temple  of  Arteutis  Kindyas. 


NEIGHBOURHOOD   OF   BUDRUM.  581 

The  chamber  was  in  length  10^',  measured  to 
the  inside  edges  of  the  walls.  Its  width  was  8|'. 
The  sides  were  built  of  oblong  blocks,  inclining 
inwards  in  the  upper  courses;  these  must  have 
converged  so  as  to  form  an  Egyptian  arch,  which 
has  now  fallen  in. 

The  passage  leading  through  the  outer  enclo- 
sure into  the  chamber,  was  formed  of  isodomous 
courses  of  oblong  blocks.  The  longest  blocks  were 
in  the  upper  courses ;  some  of  these  are  6'  in  length. 
The  thickest  of  these  blocks  were  V  in  depth.  The 
passage  communicated  with  the  chamber  by  a 
doorway  formed  of  two  jambs  4'  high,  and  more 
regularly  dressed  than  the  rest.  Overhead,  the 
passage  was  covered  with  large  slabs  of  which  the 
width  is  2'  2^" ;  thickness  1'.  The  masonry  of  the 
passage  was  more  massive  than  that  of  the  chamber. 

The  enclosure  round  this  tomb  might  be  traced 
at  intervals. 

On  each  side  of  the  doorway  it  was  very  perfect, 
consisting  of  three  courses,  and  rising  to  a  height 
of  3'  &\    The  thickness  of  this  wall  was  3'. 

To  the  west  of  this  tomb  a  ridge  of  stones  ran 
north  and  south  for  about  10'.  A  similar  ridge 
reappeared  in  an  adjoining  field,  running  east 
and  west  for  about  thirty  yards.  I  was  told  by 
a  peasant,  that  four  large  flanged  tiles  had  been 
dug  up  near  the  ridge.  Perhaps  this  ridge  m  as 
a  terrace  wall. 

A  few  hundred  yards  beyond  this  tomb  was  part 
of  another  tomb,  of  which  the  chamber  remains. 
It  was  built  of  largo  isodomous  blocks. 


582  EXCURSIONS   IN   THE 

The  length  of  one  wall  was  10^' ;  of  the  other, 
9  J'.  The  height  was  about  4'.  The  doorway  faced 
the  south-east.  The  walls  leant  inwards  towards 
each  other.  This  inclination  in  a  height  of  3'  8''  was 
9''.  The  masonry  was  good- 
Part  of  the  circular  wall  behind  the  chamber 
remained.  From  the  west  corner-stone  to  the 
outer  circle  the  distance  was  10' ;  and  from  the 
north  corner-stone  to  the  circumference  on  that 
side,  13';  but  it  is  not  certain  that  this  latter 
corner-stone  was  in  its  original  place. 

Close  to  this  tomb,  and  under  the  same  hill, 
was  another,  resembling  the  first,  but  better  built. 

This  consisted  of  a  square  chamber,  to  which  a 
passage  led  from  the  north-east;  the  whole  con- 
tained within  a  circular  wall. 

This  chamber  had  the  following  dimensions  :— 
length,  ir  4" ;  width,  8'  8''.  From  the  accumu- 
lation of  rubbish  the  depth  could  not  be  ascer- 
tained. The  walls  rise  to  one  course  above  the 
doorway. 

The  chamber  lay  north-east  and  south-west. 
The  four  sides  inclined  inwards,  showing  that  the 
chamber  had  been  covered  by  an  Egyptian  vault. 
The  inclination  of  the  longer  sides  was  7V'  i^  ^ 
depth  of  2'  6",  and  of  the  ends  4^"  in  a  depth 
of  2'  3". 

Both  these  measurements  were  taken  from  the 
level  of  the  top  of  the  doorway  leading  into  the 
passage.  The  walls  were  built  of  isodomous  courses 
of  squared  stones,  of  wliich  the  longest  was  4',  and 
the  thickest  varied  from  1'  to  1'  3". 


NEIGHBOUKHOOD   OF   BUBRUM.  583 

The  doorway  was  marked  by  a  slight  groove  and 
two  square  holes  cut,  one  on  each  side  under  the 
architrave  to  receive  a  bar,  or  the  head  of  the  door. 
The  length  of  the  passage  was  11'  2" ;  the  width 
at  the  bottom,  3'  3'' ;  at  the  middle,  3'  r ;  at  the 
top  2^  lOJ" ;  the  height  was  4'  9".  The  walls  leant 
towards  each  other  very  slightly. 

On  each  side  of  the  doorway  the  ends  of  the 
circular  enceinte  advance.  The  distance  from 
these  ends  to  the  side  of  the  chamber  opposite 
the  door  was  23  feet. 

Again  from  the  west  corner  of  the  chamber  to 
a  point  in  the  circle  13'  3"  from  the  doorway, 
measured  round,  was  26'  2".  The  external  circular 
wall  had  at  the  doorway  three,  and  on  one  side 
two  courses.  A  modem  house  appears  to  have 
been  built  on  the  top  of  this  tomb. 

This  and  the  tomb  previously  described  were 
probably  circular  tumuli,  such  as  are  frequently 
met  with  in  Etruria.*"  In  this  class  of  tumultts 
the  external  circular  wall  encircled  the  base  of  a 
mound  heaped  up  over  the  chamber  and  passage 
within.  In  the  two  tombs  described  above,  the 
inner  core  of  masonry  has  been  exposed  by  the 
washing  away  or  removal  of  the  earthen  mound. 

We  next  proceeded  to  examine  the  hill  with  the 
level  top.    This  hill  is  called  Assarlik. 

In  ascending  it  we  came  to  a  piece  of  the  wall 
of  an  ancient  city  with  a  massive  gateway,  run- 
ning down  the  hill  from  north  to  south. 

^  See  Cauiua,  L'Aiitica  Etruria  Maritima.  Koma,  1851.  Taw. 
x1.,  Ixix.,  Ixxii.,  Ixxiii. 


584  EXCURSIONS   IN   THE 

On  one  side  of  the  gateway  this  wall  runs  for 
60',  on  the  other  side  for  20'.  It  is  composed 
of  nine  courses  ;  its  total  height  is  20'.  Its  thick- 
ness is  T  6".  One  stone  of  this  wall  measures 
T  &'  in  length.  The  gateway  is  in  width  6'  4". 
Near  it  were  several  very  large  stones,  which 
appeared  to  he  lying  as  they  fell.  One  of  these 
was  8'  hy  3',  hy  3'  3"  ;  another  9'  long ;  another  8'. 
These  were  prohahly  from  the  architrave  of  the 
doorway. 

From  this  gateway  a  road  leads  through  an 
opening  in  the  hill  to  the  south-east  in  the  direc- 
tion of  Chifoot  Kalessy.  This  is  prohably  the  line 
of  an  ancient  road. 

Ascending  from  this  gateway  we  passed  several 
other  lines  of  ancient  walls,  and  on  gaining  the 
summit  of  the  hill  found  a  platform  artificially 
levelled.  There  are  not  many  traces  of  walls  here. 
The  sides  of  the  hill  are  so  steep  on  the  north 
and  east  that  they  do  not  require  walls.  The 
platform  terminates  on  the  north-east  in  a  rock 
rising  vertically  for  many  hundred  feet  from 
the  valley  below.  The  top  of  this  rock  is  cut 
into  beds  to  receive  a  tower.  The  view  from  this 
platform  is  magnificent. 

To  the  east  appear  Budrum,  Orak,  and  the  coast 
of  the  Dorian  peninsula,  from  above  Cnidus  far 
inland  towards  Djova.  On  the  south  is  a  peaked 
mountain ;  on  the  west  the  vallev  of  Gumischlu 
spreading  out  towards  the  sea.  In  the  distance 
towards  Mughla  may  be  distinguished  Latmus, 
Labranda,  and  Mount  Lida,  above  Kcramo. 


NEIGHBOURHOOD   OF   BIIDUUM.  585 

The  steep  mountains  which  surround  this  plat- 
form on  every  side  make  it  appear  to  stand  in 
the  centre  of  a  kind  of  natural  crater. 

On  the  east  this  crater  is  formed  by  the  range 
of  barren  hills  running  down  to  the  sea  at  Aspat 
Kalessi  or  Chifoot  Kalessi.  These  hills  run  nearly 
north  and  south.  On  the  north  is  a  long  ridge  of 
jagged  mountains  running  east  and  west  through 
the  peninsula. 

On  the  west  the  plain  of  Gumischlu  rises  gra- 
dually from  the  sea. 

In  the  middle  of  the  platform  is  a  foundation 
with  two  deep  chambers  separated  by  a  wall/ and 
walled  all  round.  The  masonry  is  irregular,  and 
more  like  mediseval  than  Greek  work.  The  length 
of  the  foundation  is  41';  its  breadth,  21'.  The 
chambers  are  11'  wide ;  the  roof  has  fallen  in. 

Descending  the  hill  we  found  several  tombs  of  a 
very  ancient  form.  One  consisted  of  a  chamber 
surmounted  by  an  angular  roof.  Its  height  from 
the  groimd  is  6'.  The  lower  part  of  the  chamber 
was  filled  up  with  earth.  At  the  depth  of  G',  the 
width  of  the  chamber  is  8'  2".  Its  present  length 
is  11',  but  it  may  have  been  longer. 

This  tomb  is  a  beautiful  example  of  isodomous 
masonry.  The  length  of  the  largest  block  em- 
ployed is  4'  2"  by  2'  G".  Two  stones  converged  at 
the  top  so  as  to  form  an  acute  angle. 

Lower  down  the  hill  was  another  chamber  of 
oblong  form :  length  12'  T ;  width  12'.  The  lowest 
courses  formed  a  square  chamber.  At  the  third 
course  above  the  ground  the  corners  were  cut  off 

II.  2   Q 


586  EXCURSIONS   IN   THE 

by  the  curving  of  the  courses  over  the  right  angle 
below.  This  curve  was  repeated  in  the  next  course, 
and  so  on  to  the  top,  each  course  being  slightly 
advanced  over  the  next.  The  stones  at  the  sides 
between  the  corners  also  began  to  lean  over  at  the 
third  course  from  the  ground.  The  number  of 
courses  in  the  arch  from  the  vertical  part  to  the 
apex  were  six,  above  which  the  roof  was  broken ; 
a  single  stone  may  have  covered  it  here.  The  form 
was  like  a  bee-hive.   The  height  to  the  apex  was  8'. 

The  masonry  was  isodomous ;  the  projection  of 
the  first  curved  course  from  the  right  angle  below 
was  one  foot. 

On  the  way  home  we  found  an  oblong  tomb 
made  of  very  large  stones.  One  of  these  stones 
nearly  formed  one  side ;  its  length  was  14'  7"  by 
1'  6'  by  2'  T ;  the  depth  may  be  greater,  as  it  is 
buried  in  the  ground. 

The  length  of  this  chamber  was  14'  T ;  M'idth 
10'  6" ;  this  width  was  occupied  by  a  single  stone. 
It  is  uncertain  how  many  courses  of  these  large 
stones  there  were  originally.  The  upper  sides  of 
two  of  them  have  a  notch  cut  at  the  end,  to  re- 
ceive another  stone.  This  notch  was  about  2'  long, 
and  2"  deep.  The  chamber  lay  south-east  and 
north-west.  On  the  north-west  side  in  the  middle 
was  a  doorway  about  4'  wide. 

The  acropolis  which  anciently  crowned  the 
rock  at  Assarlik  must  have  overlooked  a  great 
part  of  the  peninsula  and  commanded  the  road 
from  Halicarnassus  to  Mvndus  and  Termera.  Prom 
the  number  of  the  tombs  here,  and  their  archaic 


NEIGHBOURHOOB   OF   BUDRUM.  587 

character,  it  may  be  inferred  that  this  was  a  for- 
tress of  some  importance  in  very  early  times. 

It  has  been  stated  ante^  p.  41,  that  there  were 
in  the  peninsula  in  the  time  of  Mausolus,  eight 
towns  still  held  by  the  Leleges,  the  inhabitants 
of  six  of  which  he  forcibly  transplanted  to  his 
new  metropolis,  Halicamassus.  The  two  which 
were  left  independent  on  this  occasion  were 
Myndus  and  Syangela ;  and,  when  the  proximity 
of  Gumischlu  to  AssarUk  is  considered,  and  the 
importance  of  both  sites  in  reference  to  the  de- 
fence of  Halicarnassus  from  the  north-west,  I  think 
it  probable  that,  as  the  former  place  is  certainly  the 
site  of  Myndus,  so  we  must  look  for  Syangela  at 
Assarlik.  It  is  curious  that  the  tombs  which  I  dis- 
covered here  presented  in  their  plan  and  structure 
several  peculiarities,  which  are  also  to  be  met  with 
in  the  earlier  tombs  of  Etruria,  and  this  archaic 
character  leads  me  to  ascribe  them  to  the  indige- 
nous population  of  Caria,  rather  than  to  the  Dorian 
settlers.  In  the  time  of  Strabo  the  tombs  and 
fortresses  of  the  Leleges  could  still  be  pointed  out 
in  various  parts  of  Caria,*'  though  this  race  had  long 
since  ceased  to  exist ;  and  hence  it  is  probable  that 
their  remains  were  distinguished  from  later  Hel- 
lenic works  by  some  peculiarity  of  structure.  This 
statement  of  Strabo  may  further  serve  to  explain 
the  obscure  tradition  preserved  in  Stephanus  Byzan- 

^  In  Texier's  "  Asie  Mineure,"  iii.,  Plates  147-9,  are  views  and 
plans  of  an  extensive  fortification  at  lasus,  which  he  consider  a 
work  of  the  Leleges.  See  ibid.  p.  143.  This  is  also  marked  in 
the  Plan  of  lasas,  Admiralty  Chart,  No.  1529. 

2  Q  2 


588  EXCURSIONS   IN   THE 

tins,  that  Syangela  received  its  name  from  having 
been  the  place  of  interment  (o-oSa),  of  the  indi- 
genous king  {yi'Kas)^  Kar,  who  may  be  regarded  as 
the  eponymous  founder  of  the  Carian  race.  This 
may  bo  only  a  mythical  way  of  stating  the  general 
fact,  that  at  Syangela  were  tombs  believed  to  be 
those  of  the  earliest  native  races  in  Caria ;  and  if  it 
be  admitted  that  the  site  of  this  ancient  city  is  to 
be  found  at  Assarlik,  the  tombs  observed  by  me 
mav  be  connected  with  this  vague  tradition. 

In  historical  times,  Syangela,  as  has  been  already 
stated,  antCy  p.  23,  was  governed  by  a  tyrannoSy 
and  paid  tribute  to  Athens  at  the  commencement 
of  the  Peloponnesian  war. 

From  Assarlik  we  proceeded  to  Cliifoot  Kalessy  : 
being  on  horseback  w^e  w^ere  unable  to  follow  the 
track  of  the  ancient  road  already  noticed  over  the 
mountains,  but  found  our  way  by  a  less  direct 
path  along  the  coast.  Chifoot  Kalessy  is  a  steep 
rocky  ridge,  rising  abruptly  from  the  sea-shore, 
and  crowned  with  the  ruins  of  a  mediaeval  castle. 
This  ridge  runs  nearly  east  and  west.*^  On  the 
shore  at  its  base,  and  east  of  it,  were  a  few 
Byzantine  vaulted  tombs,  and  tw^o  or  three  mono- 
lithic granite  shafts,  probably  Byzantine.  Bound 
the  base  of  the  rock  to  the  north-west  is  a  sw^amp, 
witli  fresh  water  running  into  the  sea,  above  which, 
on  the  side  of  the  hill,  were  the  ruins  of  a  Turkish 
or  Byzantine  village.  Winding  round  the  rock,  we 
came  to  the  side  looking  towards  the  sea,  w^here  we 

**  According   to   Mr.  Hamilton    (Travels   in   Asia   Minor,    ii. 
p.  38),  this  rock  is  composed  of  reddish  felspatliic  trachyte. 


NEIGHBOUKIIOOD   OF   BUDllUM.  589 

ascended  gradually  by  a  tortuous  path,  being  aided 
at  intervals  by  a  stair  cut  in  the  rock. 

Towards  the  summit  the  ascent  is  exceedingly 
steep.  This  part  of  the  ridge  is  a  mass  of  rugged 
blocks  of  rock,  among  which  was  an  ancient 
Byzantine  church  in  a  cave  dedicated  to  the  Pana- 
gia.  Several  inscriptions  in  early  Byzantine  cha- 
racters are  cut  on  the  rock  in  this  cave.  In  one  of 
these  the  name  Panagia  occurs.  In  this  part  of 
the  heights  are  only  mediaeval  walls. 

Proceeding  thence  eastward  I  came  to  a  large 
square  keep  occupying  the  centre  of  the  ridge. 
At  the  entrance  to  tliis  was  a  niche,  and  one  or 
two  levels  cut  in  the  rock,  apparently  Hellenic. 

Looking  over  towards  the  sea  to  the  south  I  saw 
more  than  one  place  where  the  rock  had  been 
levelled  artificially  to  receive  an  ancient  Greek  wall. 
On  the  south-east  side  looking  towards  Cape  Crio 
are  marks  on  the  rock  of  this  kind,  and  also  in  front 
of  the  entrance  to  the  square  keep  looking  towards 
Cos.     There  were  many  cisterns  in  this  castle. 

At  the  east  end  of  the  ridge  was  a  detached 
mass  of  rocks  strongly  fortified  with  mediaeval 
w^alls.  The  lower  groimd,  as  seen  from  these 
heights,  does  not  present  any  likely  site  for  a 
Greek  city.  Something  like  the  outline  of  a  very 
small  harbour  may  be  traced  in  the  bay  between 
Chifoot  Kalessy  and  Cape  Petra. 

I  was  assured  that  there  were  no  ancient  remains 
on  Cape  Petra. 

The  top  of  Assarlik  is  visible  from  Chifoot 
Kalessv. 


690  EXCURSIONS   IN   THE 

I  saw  no  Hellenic  inscriptions  in  the  ruins  at 
Chifoot  Kalessy,  but  the  proprietor  of  this  place, 
a  rich  Turk,  resident  at  Budrum,  told  me  that  he 
had  observed  some  here.  Perhaps  he  referred  to 
the  Byzantine  inscriptions  already  noticed, 

From  the  observations  which  I  made  on  the 
site  of  Chifoot  Kalessy,  I  have  no  doubt  that 
an  ancient  acropolis  once  stood  on  the  rock  now 
occupied  by  the  Byzantine  castle ;  and  there  seems 
every  reason  for  believing  that  this  was  the  site  of 
Termera.  The  promontory  Termerion,  near  which 
Termera  was  situated,  is  described  by  Strabo"  as 
lying  opposite  the  promontory  of  Scandaria  in  Cos. 
Its  position  is  thus  fixed  at  Cape  Petra,  a  little  to 
the  west  of  the  bold  rock  of  Chifoot  Kalessy,  which 
forms  a  conspicuous  feature  on  the  coast,  and  must 
in  antiquity  have  been  almost  impregnable  from 
its  steepness  and  isolation.  In  confirmation  of  the 
opinion  that  Termera  stood  here,  it  may  be  observed 
that  the  unique  silver  coin  of  this  place,  purchased 


Coin  of  Termera — nttuai  titee. 

by  me  at  Cos  some  years  ago,  and  now  in  the  British 

^  xiv.  p.  657.  The  statement  of  Strabo  is  coufirmed  by  Pbotius, 
ed.  Porson,  a,  v,  Tepfxipia  icaxa  :  —  ircpi  Kaplay  \iapiov  Tepfilptoy 
k'aXeiTai  ^  i-^^piHyTO  ol  rvpavvoi  tefffiiarripi^*  ro  Be  ^wpioy  ipvfiyov  rvy^d" 
vov  Ktirai  /icrafv  MvXov  jca^  * AXiKapvaaaov*  Here  MvXov  18  evi- 
dently a  misreading  for  Mvv^ov,  as  is  shown  ibid,  a,  v,  Ttpfxipta  : — 
Kal  6  Tep/iepoc  iroXiv  ly  UKptjf.  riyi  r^c  Mvrhiac  icr/trac  iavrov  eirwyvfiovy 
iin-tvdtv  i\ii(Tr£v(rty  op^ut^tyoQ.  Til  is  emendation  has  escaped  several 
learned  editora  of  Photius  and  iSuidas. 


NEIGHBOURHOOD   OF   BUDRUM.  591 

Museum,  was  found  by  a  Calymniote  diver  on  the 
coast  opposite  Cos/ 

It  has  been  ahready  noticed,  ante^  p.  6,  that  Ter- 
mera  is  said  to  have  been  a  stronghold  where  the 
Leleges  established  themselves  in  very  early  times, 
and  whence  they  made  piratical  excursions  on  rafts 
along  the  adjacent  coasts,  and  as  far  as  the  opposite 
island  of  Cos. 

Lelex  Termeros,  the  eponymous  founder  of  Ter- 
mera,  is  said  to  have  been  killed  by  Hercules  in 
punishment  of  his  crimes. 

There  was  a  proverb  in  antiquity,  TtpfjJp^a  xoxa, 
of  which  several  explanations  are  given,  but  which 
seems  to  have  some  relation  to  this  barbarous 
period  when  the  Leleges  occupied  Termera,  and 
when  the  fortress  is  said  to  have  been  used  as  a 
prison. 

The  ancient  Caryanda  having  been  placed  by 
Leake^  and  Kiepert^  at  Pasha  liman,  I  visited  this 
spot  with  lieutenant  Smith,  with  a  view  of  ascer- 
taining whether  any  ancient  remains  existed  here. 
Leaving  Budrum  at  three  p.m.,  we  arrived  about 
sunset  at  Sandama,  a  promontory  a  little  to  the 
south  of  Pasha  Liman.  Here  is  a  harbour  and, 
at  the  distance  of  a  quarter  of  an  hour  from  the 
shore,  a  village,  named  after  the  promontory.  We 
found  two  small  vessels  in  the  harbour  taking  in 
cargoes  of  figs,  the  produce  of  the  neighbouring 
valleys. 

The  shore  here  is  very  beautiful  from  the  rich 

'  See  Waddingtuu  on  this  coiu,  Kev.  Numisiu.  1856,  pp.  63-60 
?  Asia  Minor,  p.  227.  ^  Carte  de  TAsie  Mineurc. 


592  EXCURSIONS   IN   THE 

verdure  of  the  valley,  which  is  planted  with  olives 
and  other  trees. 

The  next  morning  we  went  to  Pasha  Liman, 
which  is  a  rocky  peninsula  connected  with  the 
mainland  by  a  narrow  sandy  isthmus.  Leake  sup- 
posed that  this  peninsula  is  the  ancient  island  of 
Caryanda,  now  joined  to  the  main,  as  has  been  the 
case  with  the  islands  at  lasus  and  Halicamassus, 
Pasha  Liman  would  thus  be  the  harbour  of  Cary- 
anda noticed  by  Scylax  the  geographer. 

We  carefully  examined  both  the  peninsula  and 
the  isthmus,  but  could  discover  no  trace  of  Hellenic 
occupation,  except  a  chamber  about  12'  square,  cut 
in  the  rock  at  the  head  of  the  harbour.  This  had 
an  oblong  doorway,  and  was  evidently  a  tomb. 

At  the  isthmus  we  were  shown  a  stone,  inscribed 

MYAICeH 

in  large  characters  of  a  late  period. 

The  harbour  is  considered  a  very  good  one,  and 
would  have  been  likely  to  attract  Hellenic  settlers ; 
but  there  is  no  evidence  to  prove  that  Caryanda 
ever  stood  here. 

Failing  in  the  object  of  our  search,  we  proceeded 
to  explore  the  coast  to  the  east  of  Pasha  Liman. 
We  first  went  to  Farillia,  where  we  heard  that 
there  were  ancient  remains.  On  our  way  to  this 
place  along  the  coast  we  passed  Filkejek,  distant 
half  an  hour  from  Pasha  Liman.  Here  is  a  good 
harbour  facing  tlie  north-w^est,  and  on  the  side  of  a 
hill  arc  some  tombs  cut  in  the  rock.  I  noticed  one 
of  unusual  form  engraved  (Plate  LXXVII.).      It 


NEIGHBOURHOOD   OF   BUDRUM,    ETC.  593 

consisted  of  two  small  chambers,  surmounted  by 
a  platform  on  which  stood  an  altar ;  the  whole  cut 
out  of  the  rock.  This  altar  is  6'  8^"  long  by  3'  6" 
liigh.  It  stands  on  two  steps,  below  which  the  rock 
is  cut  nearly  vertically  for  a  depth  of  4'. 

In  the  face  of  this  scarp  are  two  square  apertures, 
opening  into  the  sepulchral  chambers  already  men- 
tioned.  They  are  placed,  one  at  each  end  of  the 
steps.  The  entrance  to  the  one  on  the  south  is  2'  8'' 
square.  The  dimensions  of  the  chamber  inside 
are :— width,  4'  r ;  length,  6'  3" ;  height,  2'  5". 

The  bottom  is  the  native  rock  levelled. 

The  second  chamber  has  the  following  dimen- 
sions :  -  entrance,  2'  4''  high  by  2'  T ;  chamber  : — 
length,  &  r ;  width,  4'  1" ;  height,  2'  o\  On  the 
cast,  west,  and  south  sides  the  rock  is  cut  steep 
down  to  the  platform  on  which  the  altar  stands. 
Adjoining  this  tomb  on  the  east  is  another  sepul- 
chral monument,  composed  of  tw^o  tombs  cut  in 
the  rock,  above  which  are  two  steps. 

The  entrance  and  floors  of  these  two  tombs  are 
on  a  level  with  the  lowest  step  of  the  other  tomb. 
A  ledge  is  cut  in  front  of  them,  with  an  average 
width  of  2\  Its  length  is  11'  10".  At  right  angles 
to  this  ledge  the  rock  is  cut  down  to  a  vertical  face 
4'  r'  high.  Above  the  entrances  to  the  tombs  the 
rock  is  cut  so  as  to  overhang  like  an  architrave. 
Above  this  face  the  rock  is  levelled  so  as  to  form 
a  platform,  of  which  we  could  not  ascertain  the 
extent,  as  it  was  covered  with  earth. 

The  dimensions  of  these  two  tombs  are  as  fol- 
lows : — 


594  EXCURSIONS   IN   THE 

Western  tomb. 

Entrance— height,  2' 6^";  width,  2'  6". 

Chamber— length,   8';    height,   2'  6f' ;   width, 
2'  &\ 
East  tomb. 

Entrance— height,  2'  T' ;  width,  2f  T. 

Chamber — length,  6'  9^' ;   width,  4'  &' ;   height, 
2'  T ;  thickness  of  doorway,  1'  3". 

Between  the  chambers  the  rock  is  cut  so  as  to 
imitate  a  square  pier. 

Nearly  at  the  top  of  the  hill  on  which  these 
tombs  are  situated,  and  facing  the  north-west, 
is  a  third  tomb,  consisting  of  a  chamber  in 
which  are  two  aori;  the  whole  cut  out  of  the 
solid  rock.  The  roof  of  the  chamber  is  cut  nearly 
in  the  form  of  a  four-centred  Gothic  arch.  The 
lintel  of  the  doorway  has  still  the  holes  for  the 
bolts. 

On  the  opposite  side  of  the  hill  is  another  tomb, 
consisting  of  an  oblong  chamber,  entered  by  a 
triangular-headed  doorway  which  faces  the  south- 
west. Inside  is  a  ledge  or  step  in  which  are  two 
holes,  one  round,  the  other  square.  The  breadth 
of  this  ledge  is  1'  T.  The  diameter  of  the  round 
hole  was  T  1";  the  other  hole  was  V  square. 
Outside  this  is  an  oblong  cutting  which  seems 
like  an  entrance.  Perhaps  a  large  stone  has  been 
inserted  in  this  cutting. 

The  summit  of  the  hill  is  a  mass  of  rock,  which 
has  been  cut  into  steps  for  the  reception  of  a 
wall  all  round.     An  oblong  tower  probably  stood 


NEIGHBOUKUOOD   OF   BUDRUM.  595 

on  it.  The  dimensions  of  this  tower  must  have 
been  19'  9"  by  &  &\ 

The  next  place  we  arrived  at  was  Farillia,  distant 
two  hours  from  Sandama,  one  hour  from  Giil,  and 
about  a  quarter  of  an  hour  from  the  sea-shore. 
In  the  summer  the  inhabitants  live  in  the  gardens 
on  the  shore  in  bowers. 

Here  is  a  harbour  which  opens  north-north- 
east. There  are  a  few  houses  and  gardens  on  the 
shore.  A  small  wooded  valley  extends  from  the 
harbour  inwards  in  a  southern  direction.  It  is 
surrounded  by  steep  barren  hills. 

Here  we  were  shown  several  tombs  cut  in  the 
rock  at  the  base  of  the  hills.  Three  of  these  were 
chambers,  containing  separate  aori;  the  whole  cut 
out  of  the  rock.  One  of  these  chambers  was  about 
15'  square. 

From  Farillia  we  went  to  Giil.  We  started  at 
6-10  a.m.  About  a  quarter  of  an  hour  from  Farillia 
we  noticed  on  our  right  a  large  cave  entered  under 
an  arch.  At  6*50  we  crossed  a  high  ridge,  from 
which  the  inner  part  of  the  gulf  as  far  as  Guverjilik 
was  visible. 

At  7*30  we  arrived  at  Roumeli-koi,  a  village 
consisting  of  clusters  of  houses  on  the  sides  of 
barren  hills.  There  is  a  small  harbour,  facing  east 
by  north,  with  an  island  in  front.  On  the  sloping 
hill  above  the  shore  is  a  ledge  of  overhanging 
rock,  in  which  a  number  of  tombs  are  cut  with 
square-headed  entrances,  exhibiting  a  great  variety 
of  doorways.  Near  the  shore  is  a  sarcophagus 
cut  out  of  a  mass  of  rock,  but  not  detached  from 


596  EXCURSIONS    IN    THE 

it.  Its  length,  in  the  clear,  inside  is  6'  8|"  by  V 10"  ; 
its  depth,  1'  11^".  This  has  had  a  cover ;  the  sides  of 
the  block  of  rock  are  cut  into  steps  all  round  the 
margin  of  the  sarcophagus. 

The  scenery  in  this  part  of  the  peninsula  is 
wilder,  the  villages  on  the  shore  smaller,  the  hills 
more  rocky,  higher,  and  more  picturesque  in  form 
than  in  the  district  nearer  Mvndus. 

After  leaving  Roumeli-koi  we  crossed  a  second 
promontory,  and  arrived  at  Giil  at  8'30  a.m.  The 
distance  from  Farillia  to  Qiil  is  called  one  hour, 
but  is  probably  two  hours. 

Gill  is  a  village  situated  very  near  the  sea.  A 
small  valley,  richly  wooded,  but  rather  marshy, 
stretches  inland  from  the  sea.  Here  fever  is  pre- 
valent. As  we  entered  the  valley,  I  noticed  close 
to  the  sea  two  or  three  ruined  tombs  of  the 
lloman  or  Byzantine  period,  containing  tall  vaulted 
chambers. 

The  hill,  marked  in  the  Admiralty  Chart  "  Pyra- 
mid Hill,"  appears  here,  south  by  west.  The  valley 
runs  in  a  north-west  and  south-east  direction. 
There  were  many  vineyards  here.  The  vines  were 
high,  and  hanging  from  trees.  The  figs  here  are 
remarkably  fine.  To  the  east  the  valley  terminates 
in  a  fresh-water  lake  surrounded  by  marshes. 

We  walked  as  far  as  some  hills  west  of  the  valley, 
where  we  noticed  tombs  cut  in  the  rock  with  square 
doorways.  The  rock  on  this  hill  runs  in  horizontal 
strata  north-east  and  south-west.  These  strata  are 
composed  alternately  of  hard  and  soft  beds.  Where 
the   soft   beds  decay,    the   hard  strata   overhang. 


NEIGHBOURHOOD   OF   BUDRUM.  597 

forming  ledges  as  at  Calymnos.  The  structure  of 
the  rock  appears  to  be  a  volcanic  conglomerate. 
We  remarked  the  same  kind  of  rock  at  Farillia. 

On  our  way  back  to  the  shore  we  came  to  a 
place  where  the  rock  had  been  quarried  in  beds 
and  steps.  Here  apparently  the  covers  and  doors 
of  tombs  had  been  quarried  out.  This  spot  greatly 
resembles  the  site  called  Aa/to^  at  Calymnos.  In 
the  valley  near  the  sea  are  the  ruins  of  a  Byzan- 
tine village  overgrown  with  brushwood. 

Retracing  our  steps  along  the  shore,  in  the 
direction  of  Roumeli-koi,  w^e  came  to  one  of  the 
tall  vaulted  buildings  which  I  had  noticed  on 
arriving.  This  stands  on  the  shore,  about  the 
middle  of  the  west  side  of  the  bay.  A  few  feet 
higher  from  the  shore  is  a  Greek  tomb  cut  in  tlie 
rock,  and  below  this  some  large  blocks  of  blue 
limestone,  with  a  Greek  cornice  and  wreaths 
sculptured  on  them.  They  are  built  into  a  By- 
zantine wall,  but  probably  formed  the  face  of  a 
tomb  near  this  spot. 

I  examined  the  hill  from  the  opposite  side  of 
the  bay  which  overlooks  the  marsh.  Neither  here 
nor  in  the  marsh  below  was  any  trace  of  an  Hel- 
lenic city. 

On  submitting  to  the  late  Col.  Leake  my  notes 
on  the  site  of  Giil,  he  came  to  the  conclusion  that 
the  ancient  remains  here  are  those  of  Telemessus. 
This  was  the  seat  of  a  celebrated  oracle,  distant, 
according  to  the  geographer  Polemo,  sixty  stades 
from  Halicarnassus.  Colonel  Leake  remarks,  that 
the   distance   of   Giil  from   Budrum    corresponds 


598  EXCURSIONS   IN   THE 

sufficiently  with  this  statement;  that  the  name 
T€7\.s[jLri(nrQg  is  derived  from  TcX/ta,  a  marsh ;  that 
the  Turkish  name  6ul  has  the  same  meaning,  and 
that  it  is  to  be  presumed  that  the  marsh  here  has 
always  existed.' 

In  the  Map  of  Caria  prefixed  to  this  volume,  I 
have  so  far  adopted  Colonel  Leake's  view  as  to 
place  Telemessus  at  Giil  conjecturally ;  but,  on  re- 
consideration, I  am  disposed  to  regard  this  place 
rather  as  the  site  of  Caryanda. 

The  following  are  the  grounds  of  this  change  of 
opinion.  Leake  states  that  Telemessus  was  situated 
on  the  lasic  gulf,  but  I  cannot  find  on  what  an- 
cient authority  this  assertion  is  made,  and,  if  it  is 
a  mere  assumption,  th6  identity  of  Gul  with  Tele- 
messus can  hardly  be  considered  as  proved  by  the 
mere  correspondence  of  distance. 

With  reference  to  Caryanda,  on  the  other  hand, 
we  know  the  following  facts. 

It  was  situated  between  Bargylia  and  Myndus, 
according  to  Strabo,  and  Stephanus  describes  it  as 
near  Myndus.^     Scylax,  or  whoever  is  the  author  of 

^  Leake,  Supplement  to  Numismata  Hellenica,  London,  1859, 
pp.  100,  1,  and  Journal  of  Classical  and  Sacred  Philology,  Cam- 
bridge, ir.  pp.  241,  2.  See  also  Polemo,  ap.  Suid.  Phot.  Etym. 
Mag.  «.  V,  TeXfiifftnlC'  Colonel  Leake  prefers  the  orthography 
TcXe/ii7o-(roc  to  the  more  usual  form,  TcX/iio-o'oc>  relying  on  the 
authority  of  two  lines  of  Aristophanes,  from  his  lost  drama 
TcX^iffffCfc,  which  are  cited  by  Stephanus  Byzantius,  9.  v.  TeX- 
fjittrffoc,  in  proof  that  this  word  was  sometimes  written  with  four 
syllables. 

J  Strabo,  xiv.  p.  GoS,  ed.  Kramer  ; — elr  evOv^  Ij  Mvv^oc,  Xi/itro 
t^outTtty  Kai  iii£Ta  ravTtjv  Bapyi^Xtci,  koI  avrri  ttoXcc*  ev  ^e  r^  ^uraiv 
Kapvat'Ca  Xi/ii/i^  Kiii  yifffor  ofibjyvfxo^  Talrrrjf  fjy  fKovy  Kapvay^elf;,  The 


NEIGHBOURHOOD   OF   BUDRTJM.  699 

the  Periplus  which  bears  his  name^  describes  it  as 
an  island,  a  city,  and  a  port.^  Pliny  and  Mela 
mention  a  Caryanda  on  the  mainland,  and  the 
former  author  speaks  of  an  island  of  the  same  name 
with  a  town.^  It  is  evident  from  these  statements 
that  the  ancient  city  must  have  been  situated  on 
the  coast  close  to  an  island,  the  shelter  of  which 
probably  formed  its  harbour.  In  the  notices  of 
Caryanda,  botli  in  Strabo  and  Stephanus,  mention 
is  made  of  a  lake,  Xi/tinj^  of  the  same  name. 

It  is  true  that  in  the  printed  editions  of  both 
these  authors,  Xi/ti]y  has  been  substituted  for  xZ/tvi], 
in  order  to  reconcile  these  passages  with  the  state- 
ment of  Scylax;  but  this  change  is  unsupported 
by  a  single  MS.  in  either  case,  and  in  the  text  of 
Strabo,  if  we  substitute  Xi/tvij  into  X#/tijy,  the  word 
TauTTf},  which  refers  to  xZ/tvij,  must  also  be  altered.™ 

Assuming,  therefore,  that  the  original  reading 
in  these  two  passages  is  the  true  one,  and  apply- 
ing the  description  of  Caryanda  to  Giil,  we  find  a 
remarkable  coincidence  in  the  features  of  the  site. 
It  will  be  seen  by  tbe  Admiralty  Chart,  No.  1546, 
that  in  the  Bav  of  Giil  is  a  small  island  within 
which  is  an  anchorage,  and  on  the  shore  are  remains 

MSS.  here  have  Xifiyri  for  Xc/jf/r.     See  Kramer's  note,  Stephan. 
Bjzant.  9.  V.  Kapvarha^  ed.  Berke).  roXcc  Kn\  Xi^ily  o/iiukv/iuc  ttXijo'iov 

MvV^OV  KOI    Kw, 

^  Periplus  ap.  Geograph.  Gr.  Minor,  i.  p.  297,  ed.  Gail.  Kapuayha 
yijiTvc  cat  toXic  nai  Xi/jiily  (ovroi  Kdpc(-). 

»  Plin.  N.  H.  V.  29,  §  29,  and  v.  31,  §  36.  Mela,  De  Sitii 
Orb.  i.  16. 

"  See  the  article  Caryanda,  in  Smith's  Dictionary  of  Greek  and 
Roman  Geography,  and  Grosknrd's  note,  Transl.  Strabo,  iii.  p.  53, 
there  cited. 


600  EXCURSIONS   IN   THE 

indicating  the  site  of  an  ancient  city  and  a  marsh, 
which  may  very  well  be  the  xZ/tvij  of  Strabo  and 
Stephanas. 

In  support  of  this  attribution  it  may  be  observed, 
not  only  that  Giil  corresponds  with  the  description 
of  Caryanda,  but  that  no  other  site  lying  between 
Myndus  and  Bargylia  does  so  equally  well. 

It  has  been  already  stated  that  at  Pasha  Liman 
are  no  remains  to  show  that  an  ancient  city  ever 
stood  there,  nor  is  there  any  marsh  or  lake. 

In  the  Admiralty  Chart,  and  also  in  the  Map  of 
Caria  in  the  work  of  Lebas,  Caryanda  is  placed  at 
Guverjilik,  at  the  head  of  the  gulf,  Tarandos  being 
thus  identified  with  the  island  mentioned  by  Scylax. 
But  at  Guverjilik  there  is  neither  lake  nor  ancient 
remains,  and  the  situation  is  further  from  Myndus 
than  the  passage  of  Stephanus  would  imply." 

We  left  Gill  at  12  15,  ascending  from  the  shore 
of  the  lake  by  a  road  nearly  south,  which  leads 
through  a  pine-forest,  up  to  the  range  of  moun- 
tains rimning  east  and  west  through  the  peninsula. 
At  1*20  we  arrived  at  a  tank  on  the  summit  of  a 
ridge. 

The  road  hei'e  passes  between  two  high  peaks. 

The  view  from  this  point  shows  the  head  of  the 

"  In  the  Admiralty  Chart,  ancient  remains  are  marked  on  a 
site  at  the  northern  extremitj  of  Tarandos,  and  Lebas  publishes 
an  inscription,  No.  499,  as  coming  from  Caryanda.  These  indica- 
tions induced  me  to  follow  the  Hydrograpbers  in  placing  Caryanda 
at  Guverjilik  in  the  Map  prefixed  to  this  volume.  I  regret  that 
I  was  prevented  from  exploring  the  island  of  Tarandos,  which 
I  recommend  to  the  notice  of  future  travellers. 


NEIGHBOURHOOD   OF   BUDRUM.  601 

gulf  and  the  opposite  coast  running  down  towards 
Geronda.  This  coast  is  less  picturesque  than  that 
on  the  opposite  side,  the  line  of  mountains  being 
nearly  horizontal.  The  country  immediately  below 
us  on  the  southern  shore  was  undulating,  barren, 
and  deficient  in  villages. 

The  road  continues  along  the  side  of  a  deep 
ravine,  between  two  high  peaks,  called  Geril  Dagh. 
After  five  minutes,  Orak  and  the  mountains  of  the 
Gulf  of  Djova  come  in  sight.  The  view  here  is 
very  fine.  The  sea  is  seen  from  a  foreground  of 
rocky  ravines.  Prom  this  place  to  Budrum  we 
observed  nothing  worthy  of  note. 


II.  2   R 


602 


CHAPTER  XXVI. 

EXCTJllSIONS   IN   GARIA. 

Giiverjilik  ;     Bargjlia ;     Mylasa  ;     Labrauda  j     Stratonicaea  ; 

Mnglila  j  Marmarice  ;  Keittnios. 

The  district  of  Budrum  is  under  the  jurisdiction 
of  a  Caimakam  resident  at  Mughla,  a  large  town  in 
the  interior.  I  had  occasion  in  the  course  of  the 
expedition  to  make  several  visits  to  this  place. 

The  route  is  an  interesting  one,  passing  through 
Mylasa,  the  ancient  capital  of  Caria,  and  Strato- 
nicsea  (Eskihissar). 

Two  roads  lead  from  Budrum  to  Mylasa.  One  of 
these  passes  through  Kerowa,  an  inland  village, 
situated  in  a  wooded  and  thinly-populated  district. 
On  this  route  T  could  hear  of  no  ancient  remains. 
Tlie  other  road  to  Mylasa  passes  along  the  shore  of 
the  Gulf  of  Mendelet  by  Guverjilik,  in  the  imme- 
diate neighbourhood  of  which  the  ancient  Bargylia 
is  situated.  The  first  part  of  the  route  from  Budrum 
to  Guverjilik  traverses  a  rocky  and  desolate  dis- 
trict destitute  of  villages,  and  with  no  vegetation 
but  the  arbutus  and  other  mountain  shrubs.  At 
the  distance  of  an  hour  and  a  half  from  Budrum 
the  road  descends  to  the  shore  of  the  gulf  opposite 


BUDRUM   TO   MUGHLA.  603 

a  small  island,  thence  continuing  along  the  coast  to 
Guverjilik,  distant  ahout  three  hoxirs  and  a  half. 

Both  sides  of  the  gulf  here  are  barren  and  unin- 
teresting. Guverjilik  is  a  wretched  hamlet,  once  a 
village,  but  now  consisting  of  about  three  houses. 
A  Turkish  custom-house  is  placed  here  to  levy  an 
export  duty  on  the  pine-timber  of  the  neighbouring 
forests. 

This  timber  is  used  in  the  building  of  country 
ships  and  caiques ;  it  is  of  little  value,  the  trees 
being  of  small  girth,  and  the  planks  carelessly  sawn, 
so  that  much  is  cut  to  waste.  Charcoal  is  also 
exported  from  this  place.  There  is  safe  anchorage 
at  Guverjilik ;  but  its  situation  is  very  unhealthy. 

The  sea  appears  to  be  gradually  receding  from 
the  head  of  this  gulf,  and  its  extreme  shallowness 
along  the  shore  of  Guverjilik  is  probably  the 
cause  of  the  miasma  which  makes  this  place  very 
subject  to  intermittent  fever.  No  good  drinking- 
water  is  procurable  here. 

At  the  mouth  of  a  well  opposite  to  the  custom- 
house, I  noticed  a  fragment  of  architrave  from 
some  Greek  building. 

At  the  distance  of  two  hours  to  the  north  of 
Guverjilik,  on  the  shore  of  a  gulf  now  nearly  filled 
by  alluvial  deposit  from  a  small  river,  are  the 
ruins  of  an  ancient  city,  now  called  Assarlik. 
The  best  authorities  agree  in  placing  Bargylia  on 
this  site.* 

■  This  site  is  noticed  by  Texier,  Asie  Mineure,  iii.  p.  144,  who 
claims  the  merit  of  having  discovered  it.  It  is  also  described  by 
Prince  Puckler   Muskaii,  Die   Riickkehr,  iii.  i>p.   177-9.      It  is 

2  R  2 


604  .  EXCURSIONS   IN    CAUIA. 

The  ancient  city  stood  on  rising  ground,  to 
the.  east  of  Avhich  is  a  dreary  waste  of  muddy 
marsh,  where  are  now  salt-pans,  and  which  in  the 
time  of  the  Romans  must  have  been  covered  by 
the  sea. 

Salt  is  prepared  here  in  great  quantities  and  is 
chiefly  consumed  by  the  neighbouring  districts. 

At  the  time  of  our  visit,  which  was  in  the 
autumn,  it  was  piled  up  in  little  heaps  all  over 
the  plain,  and  strings  of  camels  were  conveying  it 
away  all  day. 

At  the  creek  connecting  this  marsh  with  the 
sea  is  a  small  landing-place,  where  we  saw  a  ship 
taking  in  a  cargo  of  salt,  and  a  feiw  caiques  at 
anchor.  The  marsh  was  covered  with  herons  and 
other  aquatic  birds. 

The  ruins  are  all  laid  down  in  the  Admiralty 
Chart,  No.  1531.^  Those  principally  to  be  noted 
are : — 

(1.)  A  small  temple  on  an  eminence,  lying  north- 
west and  south-east,  and  overlooking  an  Odeum  on 
the  south-east  and  a  theatre  on  the  east.  The  line 
of  the  foundations  appears  at  intervals.     The  fol- 

curious  that  rather  more  than  a  league  to  the  east  of  it  a  place 
called  Barvulyeh  is  marked  in  the  Admiralty  Chart.  This  name 
appears  to  be  a  corruption  of  the  ancient  name  Bargylia.  I  am 
not  aware  whether  there  are  any  ancient  remains  on  this  spot. 
By  an  inadvertence  the  word  Bargylia  has  been  placed  over  this 
name  in  the  Map  prefixed  to  this  volume.  It  should  have  been 
a  little  to  the  west  of  it,  where  the  ruins  are  marked  on  the  shore 
of  the  gulf. 

^  A  plan  of  these  ruins,  which  appeal's  to  be  based  on  the  Ad- 
miralty Chart,  is  given  by  Leba^ Voyage  Arch6ologique,  Itin.Pl.67. 


BAUGYLIA.  605 

lowing  measurements  were  taken  by  Lieutenant 
Smith  and  myself. 

Prom  tlie  upper  step  of  the  south-east  wall  to  what 
appeared  to  be  the  foundation  of  the  north-west  wall, 
96'.    This  appears  to  be  the  length  of  the  peristyle. 

At  the  distance  of  ST  9"  from  the  south-east 
front  Avas  a  wall  running  parallel  to  it. 

The  sides  of  a  triangular  stone  which  had  formed 
the  apex  of  the  pediment  measured  4'  1"  by  2'  2^" 
by  2'  r. 

The  comer-stone  of  the  pediment  measured  2'  6" 
by  2'  6"  by  r  f.     The  depth  of  the  cornice  was  10^". 

Among  the  ruins  w^ere  two  pilasters  having  on 
three  sides  five  flutes.  The  width  of  each  flute  in 
the  clear  was  3" ;  the  space  between  the  flutings  f ". 

These  pilasters  were  only  fluted  in  the  upper 
halves  of  the  shafts.  From  the  line  of  the  base  to 
the  commencement  of  the  flutings  was  5'.  The 
pieces  of  pilasters  averaged  T  in  length. 

The  sides  of  these  pilasters  measured  1'  8''  by 
1'  10^".  Some  shafts  of  columns  similarly  fluted 
were  also  lying  here ;  at  6'  above  the  base  their 
diameter  was  T  9^''. 

Below  the  south-east  front  of  the  temple  is  the 
Odeum,  on  the  way  down  to  which  is  a  small  square 
altar,  2'  in  height  with  a  width  of  1'  9"  by  1'  10". 

On  each  face  is  a  figure  in  relief.  At  each 
comer  has  been  an  animal's  head,  now  broken 
away ;    between  each  pair  of  heads  is  a  festoon. 

Of  the  four  figures  one  is  a  female  clad  in  a  chiton 
and  peploa.  She  holds  in  her  right  hand  a  pJdale^ 
in  her  left  a  cornucopia. 


606  EXCURSIONS   IN  CARIA. 

(2.)  Artemis  in  a  talaric  chiton  with  a  diploidion 
reaching  to  the  hips.  She  holds  in  her  left  hand 
a  how  strung.  Her  right  hand  is  raised  to  draw 
an  arrow  from  her  quiver. 

(3.)  Apollo  Musegetes  (?).  A  male  (?)  figure, 
holding  in  his  left  hand  a  lyre.  This  relief  is  much 
mutilated. 

(4.)  A  bearded  male  figure,  Dionysos  (?).  Over 
his  lower  limbs  is  a  peploa ;  in  his  right  hand  is 
a  phiale.  His  left  hand  rests  on  a  terminal  figure 
much  mutilated.  At  the  base  this  altar  is 
finished  with  an  enriched  cyma.  The  whole  de- 
sign  is  very  elegant  and  probably  of  a  good 
period. 

A  little  to  the  east  of  the  temple,  and  immedi- 
ately above  the  theatre,  is  a  foundation  marked 
in  the  Admiralty  Chart. 

It  lies  north-east  and  south-west.  Its  length 
is  about  45',  its  breadth  31^'.  It  appears  to  be 
paved  with  marble  flags  inside. 

It  is  difficult  to  say  what  this  building  has  been ; 
the  foundations  appear  to  have  been  rebuilt  in 
places. 

South-east  of  the  Odeum  is  the  foundation  of 
a  Doric  portico,  lying  north-east  and  south-west. 
Its  length  is  50'. 

The  position  of  each  column  is  marked  by  a 
circular  space  cut  in  the  stone. 

The  intercolumniation  is  T  9".  The  columns 
have  a  diameter  of  1'  11"  with  flutes. 

The     architrave    has    three    planes.      Several 


BARGYLIA. 


607 


pieces  of  it   lying  in  situ  are   inscribed  as  fol- 
lows : — 

(1.)  KAIArnNOeETHZAZOMOAniAKAIAIONYZ . . 

TONPYAXINA 

xa!  aywyQ^srY^trag  'OfxoTiCota  xai  Aioyti<r(ia) 

(2.)  EPMIAZZAMIAAOYFPY 

(3.)  PYAXINAANEGHKEN 
AZIKAI  XnijiHMXI 

TTiiXaJva  aviQrix€V 
(0sq7s  7r)deri  xa)   r^  (S)'3^wp " 

It  is  evident  from  these  inscriptions  that  the 
building  to  which  the  architrave  belonged  was  a 
TTvTitov  or  porch. 

The  Homoloia  were  games  of  Thessalian  origin/ 
in  honour  of  Zeus,  Demeter,  Athene,  and  Enyo, 

In  front  of  the  Odeum,  looking  towards  the  castle, 
are  some  drums  of  large  fluted  columns  of  white 
marble. 

Their  diameter  is  2'  10''  without  fluting. 

The  fluting  commences  at  the  height  of  6'  ^' 
above  the  base.  This  latter  seemed  nearly  similar 
to  that  of  the  temple  of  Hekate  at  Lagina. 

The  diameter  of  the  capital  is  2'  10" ;  its  height 
2^  10^". 

The  Order  is  Corinthian,  with  leaves  similar  to 
those  of  the  capitals  at  Lagina. 

It  is  uncertain  where  these  columns  stood. 

«  Lebas,  No.  485.  ^  Ibid.  No.  484.  •  Ibid.  No.  487. 

'  See  Boeckhy  C.  I.  i.  p.  733  ;  Mueller,  Orchomenos,  p.  233,  sqq. 


^. 


uJ 


608  EXCURSIONS    IN    CARIA. 

Odeiwi. — The  chord  of  this  theatre  is  49i'.  The 
distance  from  the  centre  of  the  chord  to  the  centre 
of  the  arc,  at  the  lowest  step,  is  38'. 

There  are  in  all  ten  rows  of  steps,  which  are 
each  1'  5"  in  height. 

Under  the  steps  runs  a  vaulted  passage,  passing 
all  round  the  building,  as  in  the  small  theatre 
at  Cnidus,  noticed  ante^  p.  368.^  The  vaulting 
is  grouted.  At  the  centre  of  the  curve  of  the 
arc  the  passage  turns  at  a  right  angle. 

The  temple  on  the  shore,  marked  in  the  Chart, 
had  very  small  fluted  columns  and  a  few  pieces  of 
cornice,  and  little  else.  Close  to  the  causeway  on 
the  shore,  marked  in  the  Chart,  I  found  the  in- 
scription No.  496,  of  Lebas,  containing  a  decree 
of  the  senate  and  people  of  Bargylia  in  honour  of 
one  Exekestos,  son  of  Diodotos,  who  is  styled 
4>iXoxaierap,  or  friend  to  some  Roman  emperor. 

In  the  plain  to  the  east  of  Bargylia,  on  the  road 
between  Guverjilik  and  Tekram  Bari,  is  a  small 
eminence  on  which  has  stood  a  Greek  temple.  On 
the  north  side  a  few  blocks  remain  in  situ.  The 
columns  are  of  grey  marble,  fluted.  They  have 
been  used  as  gravestones  in  a  Turkish  cemetery  on 
the  spot.  I  was  told  that  this  place  was  called 
Assari.  I  passed  it  in  going  from  Tekram  Bari  to 
Guverjilik,  and,  according  to  my  notes,  it  is  distant 
one  hour  from  the  latter  place.  These  ruins  may 
be  the  same  as  those  described  by  Texier,  iii. 
p.  144,  as  being  distant  a  league  from  Bargylia, 
dans  la  plaine  de  V autre  c6t6  des  collinea.      He 

K  Sec  tlie  notice  of  this  theatre,  Ionian  Antiquities,  iii.  p.  20. 


BARGYLIA.  609 

conjectures  that  the  temple  of  Artemis  Kindyas 
stood  here. 

After  visiting  Bargylia,  we  returned  to  Guver- 
jilik,  and  proceeded  thence  to  Mylasa,  crossing  the 
plain  to  the  east  of  Bargylia.  At  the  distance  of 
an  hour  and  forty  minutes  from  Guverjilik,  we 
passed  the  village  of  Wavri  Koi,^  on  an  eminence 
overlooking  the  plain  about  two  miles  distant  on 
our  right.  Large  herds  of  cattle  are  kept  here,  as 
the  plain  bordering  on  the  salt  marsh  affordd  rich 
pasturage. 

Pive  minutes  after  passing  this  village,  I  noticed 
a  rock  on  the  right-hand  side  of  the  road,  in  which 
was  a  small  cavern  surmounted  by  a  niche  3'  high 
by  2'  4"  wide.* 

The  road  here  falls  in  with  the  line  of  a  cause- 
way, in  which  I  observed  square  blocks  and  part 
of  an  ancient  cornice. 

At  two  hours  and  ten  minutes  distance  from 
Guverjilik,  I  noticed  a  tumulus  on  the  right  hand. 
Here  a  mountain  beyond  Mylasa  comes  in  sight. 

After  travelling  for  four  hours,  chiefly  through 
a  plain  country,  we  passed  the  village  of  Tekram 
Bari,  situated  on  rising  ground  in  the  middle  of 
a  marshy  flat,  about  half  an  hour  distant  on  our 
left.  Great  numbers  of  cattle  and  sheep  are  bred 
here  for  the  Smyrna  market.^ 

^  From  the  situation  this  seems  to  be  the  place  marked  War< 
but-Koi  in  Kiepert's  Map.  See  also  Prokesch  von  Osten,  Denk- 
wUrdigkeiten  aus  dem  Orient,  iii.  p.  444. 

^  This  seems  to  be  the  niche  seen  by  M.  Prokesch  von  Osien, 
Deukwiirdigkeiteu,  iii.  p.  4  44. 

J  In  Ijebas*  Map  of  Caria,  Passala  is  conjeoturallj  placed   at 


610  EXCURSIONS   IN    CARIA. 

I  was  told  here  that  on  the  sea-shore,  at  one 
hour's  distance  from  Tekram  Bari,  is  a  castle  called 
Sakisli,  described  to  me  as  built  of  marble  without 
mortar.  This  place  was  said  to  be  south  of  the 
mouth  of  the  Sari  Chai,  at  the  distance  of  one 
hour  from  Chuluk  and  half  an  hour  from  Taliani. 

At  the  distance  of  seven  hours  from  Guveijilik 
we  reached  the  spot  where  a  cross-road  branches 
off  to  Mughla.  Here  Paistchin  comes  in  view  on 
the  right. 

Mylasa  is  a  large  Turkish  town  picturesquely 
situated  in  a  great  plain.  The  inhabitants  are 
very  much  less  courteous  and  obliging  to  strangers 
than  those  of  Budrum.  Many  fragments  of  archi- 
tecture and  inscriptions  are  built  into  the  walls  of 
the  houses  here,  but  most  of  them  are  of  the 
Roman  period. 

This  place  has  been  so  fully  explored  by  Lebas 
and  other  travellers,  that  I  found  but  few  remains 
which  had  not  been  already  noticed. 

At  about  ten  minutes'  distance  to  the  south- 
west of  the  town  is  a  field  called  Guwiseh  6uza. 
Here  are  a  number  of  unfinished  columns  of  grey 
marble  ranging  in  a  line  with  an  old  Turkish  tomb 

Tekram  Bari.  This,  according  to  Stephanus  Byzantius,  8,  v.,  was 
the  port  of  Mylasa.  Pausanias  states,  viii.  10,  §  3,  that  the  dis- 
tance of  Mylasa  from  its  port  was  eighty  stadia.  This  would  be 
about  the  distance  from  Mylasa  to  Tekram  BarL  Between  this 
place  and  the  sea  there  is  so  much  alluvial  deposit  that  a  gulf  may 
have  been  here  filled  up.  See  Kiepert,  Memoir  ueber  die  Klein- 
Asien,  p.  77  j  Koss,  Kleinasien  und  Deutschland,  p.  117.  It 
should,  however,  be  noted  that  Pliny,  v.  31,  makes  Passala  an 
island  in  the  Ceramic  gull 


LABUANDA.  611 

and  a  decayed  fountain.  To  the  south-west  of  these 
columns  is  a  platform  which  appears  to  be  sup. 
ported  by  a  wall  under  the  surface.  In  a  hedge- 
row near  these  remains  are  some  smaller  fluted 
columns. 

In  this  field  I  noticed  at  a  well  part  of  a  large 
column  on  which  were  the  prongs  of  a  trident 
rudely  cut  in  relief,  and  some  letters  of  a  Greek 
inscription  partly  concealed  in  the  wall.  Near  these 
remains  a  portion  of  the  ancient  city  wall  runs 
east  and  west  for  about  117  yards.  Towards  the 
south  it  runs  up  to  the  foot  of  a  rocky  hill,  where 
it  is  lost.  The  masonry  is  polygonal.  A  view  of 
this  wall  is  given  in  the  work  of  Lebas  (Itin. 
PI.  64).^ 

On  the  north  side  of  the  town  is  a  very  beau- 
tiful mosque,  with  a  portal  composed  of  three  door- 
ways  with  pointed  arches. 

The  climate  of  Mylasa  is  not  considered  a  very 
healthy  one.  During  the  summer,  when  the  heat 
is  intense,  fevers  prevail. 


The  temple  of  Zeus  Stratios  at  Labranda,  near 
Mylasa,  has  been  already  noticed,  antey  p.  33. 

The  position  of  Labranda  is  thus  indicated  by 
Strabo.  He  states^  that  it  was  a  dependency  of 
Mylasa,  distant  from  that  place  68  stades,  or  about 

^  See  the  description  of  this  site  in  Prince  Fiickler  Muskau^s 
Travels,  Die  Eiickkehr,  iii.  p.  184. 
*  xiv.  p.  659. 


612  EXCURSIONS   IN    CARIA. 

8 1  miles,  and  situated  in  the  mountains  over  wliicli 
lay  the  route  from  Mylasa  to  Alabanda.  As  far 
as  Labranda  there  was  a  pavei  road,  which  led  to 
the  temple  of  Zeus  St  ratios,  and  was  hence  called 
the  Sacred  Way. 

Colonel  Leake,  in  his  **  Asia  Minor,'*  pp.  230 — 
234,  after  fixing  the  position  of  Alabanda  at  Arab 
Ilissar,  gives  it  as  his  opinion  that  "  the  vestiges 
of  Labranda  will  hereafter  be  found  on  the  moun- 
tain to  the  north-eastward  of  Mylasa.'* 

On  his  return  from  Lagina  Lieut.  Smith  halted 
at  Mylasa  for  the  purpose  of  exploring  the  site  of 
Labranda;  and,  guided  by  the  indications  fur- 
nished by  Leake  and  by  local  information,  suc- 
ceeded in  finding  his  way  to  this  spot,  which, 
however,  had  been  previously  visited  by  Lebas, 
and  also  by  M.  Prokesch  von  Osten."" 

The  following  is  Lieut.  Smith*s  account  of  this 
excursion : — 

"  xiccompanied  by  one  of  the  Turks  who  had 
come  with  me  from  Budrum,  I  went  to  Gargejek,  a 
village  in  the  mountains  to  the  north  of  Mylasa,  in 
the  expectation  of  finding  some  one  who  might  know 
of  any  ancient  remains  in  that  range  of  mountains. 
The  village,  however,  was  deserted,  except  by  two 
children,  who  said  that,  if  we  went  two  hours  farther 
up  the  mountain  to  a  small  village  called,  Kodja 
Yailih,  we  should  find  some  people  who  might  be 
able  to  tell  us  what  we  wanted.  We  went,  and 
there  found  the  very  remains  I  was  looking  for. 

"  See  this  traveller's  account  of  Labranda, — Denkwiirdigkeiten 
aus  dem  Orient,  iii.  pp.  447-51. 


LABRANDA.  613 

"  The  position  of  the  ruins  discovered  by  me  at 
Kodja  Yailih  quite  agrees  with  Strabo's  statement, 
and  with  the  direction  in  which  Leake  expected  to 
find  the  site  of  Labranda.  In  the  first  place,  the 
distance  from  Mylasa,  although  from  three  and  a 
half  to  four  Turkish  hours,  cannot  be  more  than 
eight  or  nine  miles  in  a  direct  line,  thus  corres- 
ponding to  the  sixty-eight  stades  of  Strabo."  Again, 
as  to  direction,  the  bearing  from  Mylasa  is  24^° 
east,  or  about  13°  east,  allowing  for  the  variation 
of  the  compass.  Now,  a  line  drawn  from  Mylasa 
in  this  direction  would  pass  close  to  Arab  Hissar, 
where  (according  to  Colonel  Leakeys  opinion)  stood 
Alabanda. 

The  ruins  are  very  finely  situated  near  the  sum- 
mit of  the  Kodja  Yailih  mountains,  the  ancient 
Mount  Latmus,  according  to  Kiepert.  A  principal 
ravine  opens  from  it  down  to  the  valley  of  Mylasa. 
"  The  site  is  covered  with  ruins  of  massive  Hel- 
lenic masonry,  some  of  which  appear  to  have  been 
terrace  walls.  The  most  important  of  these  ruins  is 
that  of  a  small  distyle  temple  in  antis,  consisting  of  a 
pranaos  and  cella,  with  a  square  recess  at  the  end. 
The  length  of  the  cella  inside  the  walls  is  38'  3''  by 
a  width  of  33'  &\  The  doorway  is  12'  2"  in  width. 
Two  lintel  stones  still  stretch  across  the  top.  The 
height  of  the  doorway  is  about  18'.  The  flanking 
walls  jconsist  of  twelve  courses,  each  about  1 1'  deep. 
The  thickness  of  this  wall  is  6'  ^".  Beyond  the 
doorway  the  side  walls  of  the  pronaos  extend  16'  8". 

"  Strabo's  statement  is  confirmed  by  ^lian,  de  Nat.  Animal,  xii. 
30,  who  gives  the  distance  from  Mylasa  as  seventy  stades. 


614  EXCURSIOKS   IN   CARIA. 

At  a  height  of  12'  from  the  ground  outside,  and 
2'  3"  from  the  floor  inside,  the  walls  are  pierced  at 
regular  intervals  by  windows  6'  3''  by  3'  6''  at  the 
base,  tapering  slightly  upwards.  Round  these  win- 
dows is  a  slight  sinking,  as  if  to  receive  shutters.'' 
The  view  from  them  is  most  striking,  embracing 
the  plain  of  Mylasa,  Paitschin,  Leros,  Calymnos, 
Cos,  Budrum,  and  the  mountains  all  round.  Near 
this  building  drums  of  fluted  marble  columns  were 
lying  about.  The  diameter  of  one  was  about  3'. 
A  smaller  one  measured  2'  1"." 

The  above  description  of  this  temple  corresponds 
very  exactly  with  the  plan  and  elevation  of  it  given 
in  Lebas*  Voyage  Arch^ologique.^     The  windows 

®  Fellows  appears  to  have  seen  these  ruins  on  his  way  ftx)m 
Arab  Hissar  (Alabanda)  to  Mylasa.  He  describes  them  thus : 
Lycia,  p.  66,  "  At  about  twelve  miles  before  we  reached  Mylasa, 
and  to  the  north-east  of  that  city,  we  passed  amidst  the  woods 
some  important  ruins  of  good  masonry  and  of  an  ornamental  cha- 
racter ;  one  fine  building,  with  a  door  12'  wide  within  a  windowed 
portico,  and  the  square  interior  or  cella  having  windows  on  either 
side,  seemed  the  most  prominent.  The  poilico,  formed  by  the 
extension  of  the  side  walls  of  the  cella,  is  of  the  kind  known  as  a 
portico  in  arUis ;  two  fluted  columns  lay  near  it.  The  whole  of 
the  buildings  of  the  place  seemed  compact,  and  may  probably  have 
been  enclosed  by  a  long  wall  running  in  front.'*  Prokesch  von 
Osten,  in  the  work  already  referred  to,  ante,  p.  449,  describes 
other  ruins  on  this  site.  He  saw  a  politico  with  twelve  columns 
standing,  now  probably  thrown  down  ;  a  great  number  of  pieces  of 
frieze  lying  on  the  ground  ;  a  massive  wall  of  hewn  stone  fitted 
without  mortar,  134  paces  long,  connected  with  a  row  of  chambers 
not  less  than  200  paces  long  ;  and  at  the  end  of  the  wall  a  tower. 
The  whole  area  covered  by  the  ruins  he  estimates  as  not  more  than 
400  paces  in  width  :  he  considers  these  remains  to  be  of  the  Roman 
period.  Labranda  was  also  visited  by  Prince  PUckler  Muskau. — 
See  Die  Kuckkehr,  iii.  pp.  195-9. 

P  ii.  Plate  8,  and  Ttin.  Plate  G5. 


/ 


,J     ^ 


;^^^,     «-»    &^<^^  i^^^^  d      '-'^       ^^-'y^fi   -■•      :    '-^    -^ 


^ 


J 


/ 


LABRANDA.  G15 

are  an  unusual  feature  in  Greek  temple  archi- 
tecture, but  occur  occasion  ally,  as  in  the  Erectheum 
at  Athensl^  From  the  massive  and  simple  style  of 
this  edifice  it  seems  probable  that  it  is  the  cele- 
brated temple  of  Zeus  Stratios,  which  has  been 
already  noticed  {ante^  p.  33).  It  is  true  that  the 
scale  of  the  temple  as  given  by  Lebas  does  not 
seem  at  first  sight  to  correspond  with  the  words  of 
Herodotus,  who  describes  this  temple  as  Ipoy  juiya  ;^ 
but  the  word  Upiv  must  be  interpreted  here  in 
the  sense  of  temenos,  or  sacred  precinct.  It  has 
been  already  noticed  that  in  this  temple  was  an 
archaic  statue  of  Zeus  Stratios,  which  is  represented 
on  the  reverse  of  the  silver  coins  of  the  princes  of 
Caria,  and  also  on  many  copper  coins  of  Mylasa  of 
the  imperial  series.  These  latter  coins  probably 
give  the  most  accurate  representation  of  this  an- 
cient ^oavov. 

A  front  view  is  given  of  the  statue  which  stands 
with  the  feet  close  together  like  a  term,  and  the 
arms  extended  at  right  angles  to  the  figure  on  each 
side.  The  body  is  draped  to  the  feet ;  on  the  head 
is  a  niodiua  ;  in  the  right  hand  is  the  labrya  or  battle- 
axe,  dedicated  by  Ardelis ;  in  the  left  a  spear.  From 
each  arm  hangs  a  fillet.  On  these  coins  the  statue 
is  sometimes  placed  within  a  distyle  or  tetrastyle 
temple,  doubtless  intended  to  represent  the  temple 
at  Labranda. 

On  the  coins  of  Mausolus  and  his  successors  the 
rudeness  of  this  primitive  type  seems  to  have  been 

4  V.  119.     On  the  meaning  of  Ipov,  see  Baehr  in  loco;    Her- 
mann, Goite;Miien8tl.  Altertbumcr,  p.  83,  §  19,  2. 


616  EXCURSIONS   IN    CARIA. 

modified  by  a  later  artist,  probably  from  aesthetic 
considerations.  Zeus  is  bearded,  and  wears  a  talaric 
chiton  and  peploa.  He  is  advancing  to  the  right, 
holding  in  his  right  hand  the  labrySy  which  rests  on 
his  shoulder ;  in  his  left  he  holds  a  sceptre.' 

The  lahrys  is  a  well-known  type  on  coins  of  Caria, 
and  is  sculptured  on  the  keystone  of  a  Roman  gate- 
way still  standing  at  Mylasa.' 

The  temple  of  Zeus  Stratios  at  Labranda  must 
have  been  to  the  Carian  people  what  the  temple  of 
Jupiter  Latiaris  on  the  Alban  Mount  was  to  the 
Latin  confederacy.  Both  these  temples  were 
situated  on  the  summit  of  lofty  hills,  and  the  pe- 
riodical gatherings  at  their  festivals  must  in  either 
case  have  given  an  opportunity  of  mustering  the 
whole  of  the  population  capable  of  bearing  arms, 
and  thus  have  had  a  political  importance. 

I  have  already  mentioned  {antey  p.  48),  that  on 
the  occasion  of  the  great  ^xirwxsl  panegyrise  held  in 
the  temple  at  Labranda,  an  attempt  on  the  life  of 
Mausolus  was  made  by  certain  conspirators  within 
the  Hicron,  and  that  it  was  in  this  spacious  precinct, 
and  in  a  sacred  grove  of  plane-trees  attached  to  it 

'  Mionnet,  in.  p.  357,  Nos  314,  316,  320,  324  ;  Suppl.  vil  p.  511, 
Nos.  369,  372,  376,  377.  Fellows,  Lycia,  PL  xxxv.  fig.  5. 
According  to  ^lian,  dc  Nat.  Anim.  xii.  30,  a  sword  hung  by 
the  side  of  this  statue,  eIq  to  ayaXfta  Ei<f>o£  wapripTtiTau  Hence, 
perhaps,  the  nair.e  Chrysaoreus,  under  which  Zens  was  worshipped 
by  the  whole  Carian  race  at  the  Chrysaorium  near  Stratonicsea. 
On  the  Zeus  Labrandenos,  see  ante,  p.  33 ;  also,  Trdsor  de 
Numisraatique  et  de  Glyptique,  Galerie  Mythologique,  pp.  51-6. 

■  Ionian  Antiquities,  ii.,  Plate  22.  Fellows  saw  several  sculptured 
key-stones  with  this  device  at  Mylasa. — Lycia,  p.  75. 


LABRANDA.  617 

that  the  Carians  collected  after  their  defeat  bv  the 
Persian  Daurises.  The  grove  of  plane-trees  was 
probably  situated  in  the  ravine  seen  by  Lieutenant 
Smith  below  the  site  of  the  ruins.  The  spot  was 
one  well  chosen  for  the  rallying-point  of  a  race  of 
mountaineers  like  the  Carians :  for,  though  so  high 
above  the  plain,  the  site  must  have  been  well  sup- 
plied with  water  and  pasturage,*  and  the  approach 
to  it  from  the  plain  below  must  have  been  almost 
impossible  to  an  invading  army,  if  the  Carians 
were  posted  so  as  to  command  the  ravines  and 
passes.  An  inscription  published  by  Lebas"  speaks 
of  the  sacred  land  attached  to  this  temple.  It 
appears  from  another  inscription,  ibid^"'  that  there 
was  a  town  or  village  at  Labranda,  the  inhabitants 
of  which  were  in  alliance  with  those  of  a  neigh- 
bouring town  called  Olymos,  which  Lebas  places  a 
little  south  of  Labranda  and  north-east  of  Mylasa. 

-^lian''  states  that  at  this  temple  was  a  spring  of 
clear  water,  containing  fish  with  gold  necklaces  and 
rings.  It  is  probable  that  this  tale  refers  to  votive 
objects  thrown  into  the  fountain,  and  possibly  at- 
tached to  living  fish  in  it.  In  like  manner,  at  the 
Amphiaraion  near  Oropus,  gold  and  silver  coins 
were  thrown  into  a  fountain  by  the  worshippers.* 

It  has  been  already  remarked,  ante,  p.  33,  that  a 

^  This  is  sbowQ  by  its  Turkish  name  Yazlik,  proDounced  Yailih. 
See  Spratt  and  Forbes,  Ljcia,  i.  p.  57,  where  a  yailih  is  de- 
scribed as  a  fertile  plain  or  basin  which  appears  scooped  out  of 
the  summit  of  a  mountain.  Lycia  has  many  such  yailihs,  where 
the  inhabitants  retire  in  the  summer  heats. 

^  No.  338.  ^  No.  334.  ^  De  Nat.  Anim.  xii.  30. 

^  Pausan.  i.  34,  3. 

II.  2  s 


618  EXCURSIONS   IN    CARTA. 

sacred  way  led  from  Mylasa  to  Labranda.  This  WJis 
evidently  the  road  which  was  seen  by  Fellows  in 
his  journey  from  Arab  Hissar  to  Mylasa,  which  he 
describes  thus,  p.  67  of  his  Lycia : — "  In  descending? 
the  mountains  towards  Mylasa  we  followed,  and 
continually  crossed  and  re-crossed  an  ancient  paved 
road;  the  large  stones  differing  from  those  of 
later  days  by  being  wrought  and  fitted  together 
with  the  protruding  natural  rock:  the  road  in 
passing  ravincis  was  also  built  up  with  solid  Greek 
masonry.**  y  Along  this  road,  as  we  learn  from 
Strabo,'  the  sacred  processions  passed  from  Mylasa 
to  Labranda  ;   hence  its  extreme  soliditv. 

Near  the  temple  Lieutenant  Smith  saw  a  large 
tomb,  which  he  thus  describes : — 

"  Higher  up  the  hill  I  foimd  a  remarkable  tomb 
in  an  almost  perfect  state  of  preservation.  It 
consisted  of  a  principal  inner  chamber,  containing 
three  plain  rough-cut  sarcophagi,  and  a  smaller 
outer  chamber,  which  has  served  as  a  vestibule 
to  the  other.  (See  Plate  LXXVIL)  A  doorway 
leads  into  the  outer  chamber,  and  opposite  to  it 
was  another  doorway  connecting  the  two  apart- 
ments, the  lintels  of  which  Avere  formed  by  a  single 
stone  in  the  manner  shown  in  the  section  on  E  F, 
in  the  Flate.     The  sides  and  roof  of  the  chaml)er 

y  This  Sacred  Way  was  also  seen  by  M.  Prokesch  von  Osten, 
iii.  p.  448.  lie  describes  it  as  30'  broad.  It  is  also  noticed  by 
Mr.  Waddingtou,  Voyage  Nuniismatique  on  Asie  Mineui'e,  i\  40  ; 
and  Prince  Piickler  ISIuskan,  Die  Riickkelir,  iii.  p.  196.  M.  Prokesch 
von  Osten  observed  many  ancient  fountains  at  Labranda, — iii. 
p.  450. 

^  xiv.  p,  6.'>0. 


LABRANDA.  619 

were  one  continuous  semicircular  arch,  constructed 
on  the  Egyptian  principle. 

"  The  whole  length  of  the  tomb  inside  was  19'  8" 
by  ir  2"  width.  The  side  walls  were  carried  up  out- 
side, so  as  to  form  an  upper  story,  consisting  of  one 
room,  occupying  the  entire  area  of  the  chambers, 
and  roofed  over  with  immense  slabs,  laid  side  by 
side  like  beams,  and  stretching  from  side  to  side. 
The  dimensions  of  all  of  these  >vere  nearly  similar, 
viz.,  16'  2"  by  2'  9"  by  1'  T.  The  height  of  the  upper 
story  from  the  floor,  is  3'  11".  Outside  the  outer 
doorway  the  rock  is  cut  level  for  a  foundation." 

A  plan  of  this  tomb  is  given  by  Lebas,*  who 
adds  a  third  outer  chamber  nearly  equal  in  length 
to  the  two  described  by  Lieutenant  Smith,  and 
with  an  entrance  from  the  side.  This  larger 
outer  chamber  may  be  considered  as  the  vestibule 
to  the  whole.  Lieutenant  Smith  appears  to  have 
only  seen  the  lines  cut  for  its  foundation.  The 
wall  and  doorway  of  this  chamber  given  by  Lebas 
may  have  been  removed  previously  to  Lieutenant 
Smith's  visit. 

Externally  this  tomb  has  had  a  Doric  entabla- 
ture, which  is  now  lying  in  ruins  at  the  side  of  the 
basement,  and  probably  surmounted  it,  as  in  the 
case  of  the  lion  Tomb,  which  it  resembles  in  the 
details  of  the  order  as  given  by  Lebas.  (See  antey 
p.  51].)  The  commanding  position  of  the  tomb  at 
Labranda,  its  size,  and  the  general  character  of  its 
architecture,  lead  me  to  conjecture  that  it  may 
have  been  the  place  of  sepulture  of  Hekatomnus. 

*  Voyage  Arch6ologique. 

2  8  2 


620  EXCURSIONS   IN    CARTA. 


MYLASA  TO  ESKI  HISSAR. 

This  journey  occupies  about  six  hours.  The 
first  part  of  the  route  lies  through  an  exten- 
sive  plain,  lying  to  the  east  of  Mylasa.  Here  I 
noticed  a  singular  sort  of  aqueduct,  consisting  of 
pipes  of  pine-wood,  laid  in  the  ground  and  jointed 
together.  Pitchers  are  also  made  of  M'ood  through- 
out those  parts  of  Caria  where  the  pine  abounds. 
After  traversing  this  plain  we  ascended  gradually 
by  a  rugged  track  into  a  mountain  district  covered 
with  forests  of  pitch-pine.  The  road  winds  along 
picturesque  glades,  following  the  course  of  a  winter 
torrent. 

On  our  left  was  a  high  mountain,  the  name  of 
which,  I  was  told,  was  Ak-sivri.  According  to 
Kiepert's  Map,  this  would  be  a  portion  of  the  range 
of  Mount  Latmus.  At  four  hours'  distance  from 
Mylasa  we  crossed  a  mountain  ridge,  whence  we 
descended  through  a  rocky  broken  country  to 
Eski  Hissar.  Here  we  found  the  inhabitants  much 
more  friendly  than  at  Mylasa,  and  I  was  conse- 
quently enabled  to  examine  many  fragments  of 
inscriptions  built  into  the  walls  of  houses,  and  to 
purchase  a  number  of  copper  coins. 

At  the  distance  of  half  an  hour  from  Eski  Hissar 
the  road  crosses  the  source  of  a  small  river  called 
Buzlik  Chai,  which  was  flowing  north,  and  which, 
I  was  told,  was  a  tributary  of  the  Mendere.  The 
water  issues  from  a  built  passage  under  ground. 


MYLASA  TO   ESKI    HISSAR.  621 

Here  are  foundations,  as  if  some  ancient  edifice  had 
stood  on  this  spot.  At  the  distance  of  one  hour 
from  Eski  Hissar,  we  passed  on  the  left  the  villaire 
of  Agrikoi,**  which  contains  about  200  inhabitants. 
The  direction  of  the  road  here  was  due  east.  Half 
an  hour  further  on  wc  passed  on  the  right  the 
village  of  Bus^uk,  close  to  the  road.  From  Agrikoi 
for  two  hours  onwards  we  traversed  a  rich  plain 
cultivated  with  Indian  corn.  The  remainder  of  the 
route  passed  over  a  more  barren  and  mountainous 
district.  At  the  distance  of  about  four  hours  from 
Eski  Hissar  we  passed  on  the  left  the  village  of 
Baizer  :  the  direction  of  the  road  here  was  south- 
east. I  noticed  in  this  journey  that  in  many  places 
small  strips  of  rag  were  tied  to  the  branches  of 
trees  on  each  side  of  the  road,  and  was  told  that 
the  Turks  attached  one  of  these  rags  whenever 
they  had  an  illness.  I  met  with  the  same  custom 
in  Mytilene. 

Mughla  is  a  large  Turkish  town,  situated  in  a 
plain  at  the  foot  of  a  steep  rock,  on  which  has 
evidently  stood  an  ancient  Acropolis.  This  rock  is 
distant  about  twenty  minutes  to  the  north-east  of  the 
town.  The  top  is  nearly  level,  so  that,  seen  from 
below,  the  rock  presents  the  appearance  of  a  trun- 
cated cone.  A  road  from  the  town  winds  along  the 
south  and  west  sides  of  the  base.  This  road  follows 
the  line  of  an  ancient  approach  to  the  Acropolis,  as  is 
shown  by  the  number  of  square  niches  and  caverns 


•*  So  pronounced,  but  written  Achurkoi  in  Kiepert's  Map.  Lebus 
writes  Akcliourke\ii.      Tt 


622  EXCURSIONS   IN    CARIA. 

cut  in  the  rock  on  each  side :  these,  doubtless,  con- 
tained votive  offerings. 

On  arriving  at  the  summit  of  the  rock,  I  found 
a  level  platform,  which  has  been  surrounded  by  an 
Hellenic  wall.  The  greatest  length  of  this  plat- 
form is  from  south-west  to  north-east.  On  the 
north-east  side  a  piece  of  ancient  wall  remains, 
running  north-west  by  south-east.  It  may  be 
traced  for  about  46'  in  a  western  direction,  after 
which  it  makes  an  angle  to  the  south  for  10'  and 
then  runs  on  to  the  south-west,  following  the 
edge  of  the  platform.  This  wall  is  constructed  of 
squared  blocks,  of  no  great  size,  without  mortar. 
In  some  places  it  is  less  regularly  built  and  may 
have  been  repaired  in  modern  times.  About  thirty 
yards  to  the  north-east  of  this  wall  are  two  cisterns 
cut  in  the  rock. 

At  the  south-west  end  of  the  platform  extensive 
landslips  appear  to  have  taken  place,  and  great 
fissures  occur  in  the  rock,  as  if  it  had  been  rent 
asunder  in  some  convulsion  of  nature.  On  this 
side  the  wall  has  been  carried  away,  but  there 
are  marks  in  the  rock  where  a  bed  has  been  cut 
for  its  reception. 

On  the  south-east  side  the  platform  terminates 
in  an  open  precipice,  below  which  is  a  mountain 
torrent.  On  this  side  two  chambers  are  cut  out 
of  the  rock,  in  one  of  which  was  a  window  with 
two  steps  on  the  inside  of  the  sill,  but  all  has 
been  torn  and  convulsed  by  earthquakes. 

This  hill  fortress  commands  an  extensive  view 
over  the  plain. 


MARMARIGE   TO   MU6HLA.  623 

Descending  from  the  platform,  I  came  to  the 
foundations  of  a  tower  facing  west.  Part  of  these 
foundations  had  been  carried  away  by  the  fall  of 
the  rock  from  above.  A  large  chasm,  40'  deep, 
intervenes  between  the  north  and  south  walls  of 
this  tower. 

I  could  not  hear  of  any  antiquities  at  Mughla, 
but  Ross  discovered  here  in  the  house  of  a  Greek 
inhabitant  a  marble  pedestal  inscribed  with  a  dedi- 
cation by  Nicholaos,  the  son  of  Leon  of  Rhodes, 
to  Hermes,  Herakles,  and  the  xoivoV  or  community 
of  the  Tarmiani.  He  supposes  that  this  xoivov  was 
one  of  the  conventua  noticed  by  Pliny,  and  that 
it  was  probably  attached  to  the  eruvWxg/a  of  Cibyra. 
This  inscription  having  been  found  at  Mughla, 
Tarmiani  is  probably  the  ancient  name  of  this 
place.*" 

At  Mughla  I  purchased  a  gold  coin  of  Pixodarus, 
the  only  specimen  of  this  piece  which  I  met  with 
in  Caria.  It  is  remarkable  that  during  so  long  a 
residence  at  Budrum  I  hardly  ever  had  coins  of 
the  Princes  of  Caria  offered  to  me  for  purchase. 


In  November,  1865,  I  had  an  opportunity  of 
visiting  Marmarice  in  H.  M.  S.  Medusa.  The 
following  are  my  notes  of  this  place,  and  of  a 
journey  thence  to  Mughla. 

Marmarice,  the  ancient  Physkos,  is  well  known 

^  L.  Ross,  Hellenika,  i.;  p.  67,  Halle,  1846.  Kiepert  (Meiuoii- 
ueber  die  Karte  von  Kleinasien,  p.  77)  observes  that  tlie  Tamiaiii 
mentioned  by  Livy,  xxxiii.  18,  are  probably  the  same  people. 


G21  EXCUKSIONS   IN   CARIA. 

to  modern  navigators  on  account  of  its  ma^i- 
ficent  harbour,  which  is  completely  landlocked, 
and  capable  of  affording  accommodation  to  the 
largest  fleet. 

The  village  of  Marmarice  consists  of  a  handful 
of  houses  situated  on  the  edge  of  a  marsh  where 
malaria  prevails.  The  harbour  has  been  defended 
by  a  small  mediaeval  castle,  now  in  ruins. 

I  could  find  no  remains  of  the  ancient  city 
except  on  a  hill  rising  abruptly  out  of  the  plain 
at  the  distance  of  three-quarters  of  a  mile  to  the 
north  of  the  village. 

The  road  from  Marmarice  to  this  hill  passes 
through  a  Turkish  garden  at  its  foot,  in  which  are 
some  remains  of  a  Greek  church.  From  these 
ruins  to  the  top  of  the  hill  is  a  rocky  path  winding 
through  brushw^ood  up  to  a  mediaeval  castle  built 
of  concrete  and  rough  stones,  and  called  Assar- 
kalessi.  It  commands  a  view  of  the  bay  and 
surrounding  country. 

In  descending  the  hill  I  noticed  the  south- 
eastern angle  of  an  Hellenic  fortification,  the 
south  wall  of  w^iich  is  visible  at  intervals  throu£:h 
the  brushwood  for  about  150  yards.  On  the 
north  side  the  foundation  only  runs  on  a  few 
yards.  The  wall  is  composed  of  rough  hewn 
blocks,  averaging  a  yard  in  length.  At  the  angle 
two  courses  remain  above  the  foundations. 

Near  these  remains  was  a  subterraneous  pas- 
sage, covered  with  large  slabs :  this  may  have 
been  a  Greek  tomb. 

From   Marmarice    I    proceeded  to    Mughla    in 


MABMARICE   TO   MUGHLA.  625 

the  company  of  Captain  William  Heath,  R.N., 
then  commanding  the  "  Medusa." 

We  left  Marmarice  at  9.15.  Our  road  lay 
nearly  north.  The  earlier  part  of  it  led  up  to  a 
mountain-pass.  The  scenery  was  very  picturesque. 
The  sides  of  the  hills  were  covered  with  the  pitch-pine. 
On  the  left  we  passed  two  high  hills,  the  first  called 
Gurt  Bek,  the  second  Bel  Bashy.  At  10.30  we  crossed 
a  high  ridge.  On  descending  we  came  into  a  valley 
formed  by  alluvial  deposit.  Here  was  a  Khan  called 
Dasha  Khan,  which  we  reached  at  11.30.  Near 
til  is  Khan  I  noticed  a  wall  of  Hellenic  masonry, 
built  with  squared  blocks,  at  a  place  called  Yelgin. 
At  12.10  we  passed  an  old  castle  on  a  hill  on  the 
left  called  Alten  Sevrissy.  At  12.30  we  forded 
the  river  Gheli  Bourla.  The  natural  channel  is 
about  thirty  yards  wide,  but  in  rainy  weather  the 
stream  fills  the  whole  of  the  valley.  At  this 
ford  are  the  ruins  of  a  bridge.  This  river  flows 
into  the  gulf  of  Djova.  At  3.30  we  got  upon  a 
causeway  marked  in  the  Admiralty  Chart  as  an 
"  ancient  paved  road."  This  leads  through  a  low 
alluvial  plain  to  Djova.  The  first  part  of  this 
road  passes  through  a  swampy  tract  covered  with 
thickets.  In  crossing  this  swamp  I  noticed  a 
large  block  with  a  socket  worked  in  it,  as  if  it 
had  received  the  hinge  of  a  door.  This  was  of 
ancient  workmanship.  We  arrived  at  Djova  at 
5.30  p.m.  Here  are  two  or  three  houses  on  the 
shore,  one  of  which  is  the  residence  of  the  quaran- 
tine oflicer. 

The  anchorage  at  Djova  is  good,  but  the  situa- 


G26  EXCURSIONS   IN    CARIA. 

tion  very  unhealthy  in  summer  from  malaria,  and 
the  few  inhabitants  have  a  wan,  fever-stricken  look, 
which  reminded  me  of  Strabo's  description  of  the 
Caunians.*^  I  could  see  no  Greek  remains  here 
except  a  square  niche  cut  in  the  side  of  the  cliff 
which  overhangs  the  sea.  On  the  road  to  Mughla, 
at  half  an  hour's  walk  from  the  Scala,  is  a  mediaeval 
castle  overlooking  the  marshy  plain.  The  eminence 
on  which  it  stands  was  probably  a  Greek  Acropolis, 
as  on  the  side  looking  towards  the  Scala  is  a  piece 
of  polygonal  masonry. 

In  the  road  below  are  traces  of  Hellenic  walls 
along  the  edge  of  the  valley. 


On  leaving  Djova  ^ve  crossed  a  lofty  ridge  over- 
looking the  castle,  from  the  summit  of  which  a  mag- 
nificent view  opened  out  to  the  south.  The  horizon 
was  bounded  by  the  snow-crowned  peaks  of  the 
Lycian  mountains,  and  in  the  middle  distance 
could  be  seen  other  mountains  of  the  boldest  and 
most  picturesque  forms,  and  a  large  salt-water 
lake,  Kudjis,  eight  hours  distant,  which  lies  north 
of  Dolamon,  The  steep  sides  of  the  mountain  on 
which  we  stood  were  covered  with  the  arbutus, 
Avhich  at  this  season  had  the  most  luxuriant 
tender  green  foliage. 

After  crossing  this  ridge  the  road  descends 
gradually  through  a  succession  of  open  valleys 
into  the  plain  of  Mughla.  At  three  hours'  dis- 
tance from  this  place  I  noticed  on  my  right  hand 

^  xiv.  p.  CJl. 


KERAMOS.  627 

a  rocky  hill,  high  up  the  side  of  which  was  an 
Hellenic  wall.  On  questioning  a  Turkish  peasant 
on  the  spot,  I  was  told  that  the  hill  was  called 
Assar,  and  that  on  its  summit  also  were  walls. 
The  name  of  the  valley  on  the  right  of  which  I 
noticed  this  hill  is  Kizil  Agatch.  The  country 
between  Djova  and  Mughla  is  but  little  culti- 
vated; patches  of  ploughed  land  occur  here  and 
there  in  the  midst  of  tracts  covered  with  brush- 
wood. Not  a  single  village  is  visible  on  this  road, 
and  the  district  is  evidently  very  poorly  populated. 


In  the  course  of  the  year  1857,  Lieut.  Smith 
proceeded  up  the  Gulf  of  Djova  in  a  caique,  for  the 
purpose  of  purchasing  timber  for  the  expedition. 
On  his  way  he  examined  the  site  of  Keramos, 
situated  on  the  north  side  of  the  gulf.  His  observa- 
tions on  this  site  are  as  follows  : — 

"  By  reference  to  the  Admiralty  Chart,  it  will  be 
seen  that  the  ruins  of  Keramos  are  situated  in  a 
plain  which  projects  considerably  into  the  sea. 
This  plain  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  a  ridge  of 
high  and  steep  mountains,  and  in  other  directions 
by  the  waters  of  the  gulf.  These  mountains,  marked 
in  Kiepert  as  Mount  lida,  run  east  and  west  along 
the  shore,  increasing  in  height  and  grandeur  as  they 
approach  the  head  of  the  gidf. 

"We  anchored  on  the  east  side  of  the  plain. 
Walking  westward  from  this  point,  the  first  object 
is  the  basement  of  a  large  buildiiig  of  the  Corinthian 
order.     It  stands  on  the  north  side  of  the  plain. 


628  EXCURSIONS   IN   CAKIA. 

being  built  on  the  slope  at  the  foot  of  the  moun- 
tains. On  this  account  the  south  side  of  the  base- 
ment, that  is,  the  one  next  the  plain,  is  the  highest ; 
and  the  two  adjacent  sides,  the  east  and  west,  de- 
crease in  height  according  to  the  upward  slope  of 
the  hill,  while  the  northern  side  cannot  be  seen  at 
all.  The  whole  is  built  of  very  large  blocks  of  pud- 
ding-stone, beautifully  squared  and  jointed.  The 
courses  are  alternately  of  blocks  laid  flat  and  on 
edge.  In  the  courses  in  which  the  blocks  are 
on  edge,  the  stones  are  alternately  headers  and 
8t  re  tellers^  like  Flemish  bond  brick- work. 

"  The  foundations  are  of  hard  blue  limestone, 
built  into  steps  w  ith  polygonal  masonry. 

"  This  basement  has  a  cornice  moulding  of  tlie 
same  kind  of  stone. 

"  The  blocks  of  pudding-stone  are  very  large,  one 
which  I  measured  being  15'  3"  x  3'  4"  x  T  1\\ 
The  length  of  the  south  side  is  104'  3".  Not  being 
able  to  find  the  north  side,  I  could  not  get  the 
length  of  the  east  and  west  sides,  but  traced  one  of 
them  for  a  length  of  96'.  The  whole  place  is  en- 
cumbered by  the  ruins  of  a  monastery. 

"  Inside  the  walls  of  the  basement  are  fragments 
of  the  superstructure  of  the  ancient  building.  They 
are  of  white  marble,  and  seem  to  have  belonged  to 
a  temple. 

"  The  columns  are  not  fluted.  The  diameter  of 
some  is  2'  T\  and  of  others  2'  1".     I  saw  no  bases. 

"  The  capitals  are  Corinthian,  of  rather  coarse 
workmanship.  The  height  is  2'  10",  and  the  dia- 
meter where  it  joins  the  sliaf't  1'  9". 


KERAMOS.  629 

"  Tliere  were  two  blocks,  apparently  from  dif- 
ferent architraves.  The  depth  of  the  larger  block 
was  r  11" ;  that  of  the  smaller  block  was  V  8  J". 
The  depth  of  a  block  of  the  cornice  was  1'  11^". 

"  In  the  wall  of  the  monastery,  forming  the 
spring  of  an  arch,  I  saw  a  stone  1'  3''  in  depth, 
with  a  rough  honeysuckle  pattern.  This,  however, 
did  not  appear  to  belong  to  the  temple.  In  its 
centre  it  had  a  cross  surrounded  by  a  wreath. 

"  Behind  this  basement  are  a  number  of  tombs 
cut  in  the  perpendictdar  face  of  the  rock  ;  they  are 
now  filled  with  beehives. 

"  Still  walking  westward,  I  discovered  the 
foundations  of  a  small  building,  40'  by  28',  pro- 
bably a  tomb.  It  was  of  the  same  conglomerate 
as  the  basement  already  described. 

"  Half  a  mile  more  to  the  westward,  I  came  to  the 
wall  which  incloses  the  city  on  the  east,  south,  and 
west  sides.  On  the  north  side,  the  mountains  are  so 
steep  and  rugged  that  they  form  a  natural  defence. 
On  this  account  there  is  no  wall,  except  at  one 
or  two  places,  where  the  line  of  rock  is  broken  by  a 
ravine.  The  wall  is  built  of  large  blocks  of  blue 
limestone,  and  is  a  good  specimen  of  polygonal 
masonry.  Here  and  there  throughout  its  course 
are  square  towers  of  the  same  material  and  con- 
struction,  with  the  exception  of  the  corners,  which 
are  of  isodomous  blocks  of  the  conglomerate 
mentioned  above.  The  average  thickness  of  the 
\vall  is  about  5'. 

"  I  counted,  altogether,  eight  small  gateways, 
most  of  which  are  still  standing.   The  upper  part  of 


630  EXCURSIONS   IN   CARIA. 

each  forms  a  radiating  arch,  about  6'  in  width. 
These  gateways  are  protected  by  small  flanking 
towers. 

**  On  the  south  side,  facing  the  valley,  are  the 
remains  of  the  principal  entrance  to  the  city.  Here 
the  wall  takes  a  bend  inwards,  having  the  gateway 
in  the  centre  of  the  curve.  By  this  means  the  en- 
trance is  flanked  by  a  wall  on  each  side.  From  this 
gateway  a  road  can  be  easily  traced  in  a  south- 
eastern direction  for  a  distance  of  at  least  500 
yards.  It  is  about  36'  in  breadth  between  the  rows 
of  sarcophagi  which  line  it  on  each  side.  Outside 
the  walls,  on  every  side  of  the  city,  are  a  great 
many  of  these  plain  sarcophagi,  nearly  all  made  of 
conglomerate. 

**  Within  the  walls  there  is  nothing  remarkable. 
There  are  a  great  many  late  buildings,  the  prin- 
cipal features  of  which  are  the  semicircular  arches 
over  the  doors  and  windows.  In  one  of  these 
buildings  I  saw  pieces  of  architrave  and  cornice  of 
white  marble.  The  cornice  was  very  florid  in  style, 
and  not  finely  executed.  One  piece  of  arcldtrave 
had  the  inscription  •  ZIlTXlNMErA  .  and  another, 
•  NTXINEINXIZEBAZTXIEYZ  .  [' A]vrwvsiVio  Xs^atrrcp 

"  Near  this  was  a  small  spirally-fluted  column  of 
white  marble,  9"  in  diameter,  used  as  a  Turkish 
tombstone. 

"  Throughout  the  interior  of  the  city  were  a 
great  many  blocks  of  conglomerate,  which  seems 
to  have  been  the  common  stone  used  for  building. 


KERAMOS. 


631 


I  saw  a  number  of  rough  columns  of  this  stone, 
2'  in  diameter. 

"  In  the  eastern  part  of  the  city  are  the  remains 
of  a  building  160'  by  155^'.  In  the  centre  of  one 
of  the  longest  sides  is  a  semicircular  apse,  the 
chord  of  which  measured  70'.  The  wall  is  altogether 
of  conglomerate,  and  is  only  4'  high,  except  the 
circular  part,  which  is  8'  in  height.  This  part 
is  finished  by  a  plain  coping,  and  the  rest  of  the 
wall  also  seems  still  of  its  original  height,  as  there 
are  no  ruins  lying  about  as  if  it  had  fallen. 

"  The  valley  is  covered  in  many  places  with  im- 
penetrable thickets,  and  is  very  unhealthy.  The 
ground,  where  it  is  cultivated,  is  very  fertile ;  but  I 
saw  large  crops  of  ripe  grain  standing  uncut  from 
want  of  labourers.  In  different  places  in  the  valley 
are  the  ruins  of  monasteries,  none  of  which,  how- 
ever, are  in  any  way  remarkable." 


-v^  :< 


^  I 


.  i 


.  •  A  •  \ 


632 


CHAPTER  XXVII. 

KEPORT  ON   THE   ISLAND   OF   COS. 

BT   MR.    R.    P.    PCJLLAK. 

Town  of  Cos ;  castle  built  by  the  Knights  of  St.  John  ;  date  of 
gateway  ;  slabs  of  frieze  in  the  walls  ;  other  ancient  remains ; 
cippi  in  well ;  journey  to  Pyli ;  Charrayleion  ;  remains  of  an- 
cient port ;  Antimachia  ;  Kephalas  ;  church  of  Palatia,  and 
ruins  of  temple  on  site  of  ancient  isthmus  ;  Astypalsea ;  castle 
at  the  extremity  of  the  island  ;  castle  at  Antimachia ;  church 
of  Hagios  Theodoros  ;  discovery  of  long  inscription  on  octagonal 
column  ;  town  of  Palaio  Pyli ;  Byzantine  churches  and  castle  ; 
return  to  Cos. 

On  the  26th  of  November,  1857,  I  proceeded 
from  Budrum  to  the  town  of  Cos,  accompanied  by 
Corporal  Spackman,  R.E.  In  the  course  of  the 
day  I  visited  the  castle,  which  is  an  extensive 
building  in  the  form  of  a  parallelogram,  occu- 
pying a  narrow  neck  of  land  which  intervenes 
between  the  sea  and  the  ancient  port.  It  is  iso- 
lated from  the  town  by  a  dry  fosse.  The  fortress 
consists  of  two  oblong  enclosures  with  circular 
bastions  at  the  angles.  The  inner  work  is  of  the 
time  of  the  Knights  of  Rhodes,  whose  shields  occur 
on  the  bastions  and  connecting  curtains,  in  the 
same  positions  as  in  the  castles  of  Rhodes  and 


REPORT  ON   TUE   ISLAND   OF   COS.  033 

Budrum.  The  bearings  on  the  shields  are  similar 
to  those  met  with  in  the  latter  fortress. 

An  inscription  over  the  gateway  of  the  inner 
building  gives  the  date  of  the  erection  of  this  part 
of  the  structure,  A.D.  1478. 

The  outer  inclosure  I  conclude  to  be  a  work  of  a 
more  recent  period,  probably  of  Turkish  times ;  for 
the  masonry  has  a  modern  character,  and  the 
shields  of  the  Knights  are  found  here  and  there 
built  into  the  walls  in  reversed  positions. 

Over  the  outer  gateway  is  a  portion  of  a  frieze 
with  masks  and  festoons,  not  of  fine  workmanship ; 
and  within  the  gateway  is  a  shield  surrounded  by  a 
rich  vine-leaf  pattern. 

On  the  face  of  the  outer  wall  towards  the  sea 
are  fragments  of  a  small  frieze  much  worn.  The 
figures  on  it  appear  to  have  been  those  of  Satyrs 
and  Bacchantes  in  procession. 

On  the  internal  face  of  the  same  wall  are  three 
other  pieces  of  a  frieze  in  better  preservation ;  these 
measure  4'  6''  by  2\  and  are  surrounded  by  a  bold 
ovolo  moulding.  One  piece  is  tolerably  perfect, 
the  others  so  much  defaced  that  the  outlines  of  the 
figures  are  alone  visible.* 

The  roof  of  the  inner  gateway  is  composed  of 
drums  of  marble  columns,  and  on  either  side  are 
blocks  of  marble  with  names  inscribed  on  them. 

*  [These,  as  has  been  already  pointed  out,  ante,  p.  450,  corre- 
spond in  scale  and  subject  with  two  slabs  excavated  in  a  temple  at 
CiiiduR,  from  whicli  site  they  may  have  been  transported  by  the 
Knights.  L.  Ross,  however,  supimsed  them  to  be  part  of  the  frieze 
of  the  temple  of  uSsculapius  at  Cos.  See  liis  Archaeologischu 
Aufeaetze  (2ud  Series),  Leipzig,  1861,  pp.  402-5.— C.  T.  N.] 

II.  2   T 


634  REPORT  ON  THE   ISLAND   OF  COS. 

The  greater  part  of  the  north  side  of  the  fortress 
was  destroyed  by  the  explosion  of  a  powder  maga- 
zine, a  few  years  ago.  Amongst  the  ruins  of  this 
part,  I  found  a  portion  of  a  draped  female  figure 
seated,  of  good  Greek  workmanship,  which  had 
apparently  formed  part  of  a  large  frieze,  as  it  was 
in  relief,  and  not  of  great  thickness. 

Near  the  houses  occupied  by  the  garrison,  which 
are  situated  between  the  outer  and  inner  walls,  I 
discovered  a  mutilated  composite  capital  and  a 
piece  of  frieze  of  a  late  period. 

During  the  day  I  called  to  see  Demetri  Flatanis- 
tes,  an  intelligent  Greek  merchant  resident  at  Cos, 
who  has  made  a  small  collection  of  antiquities.  In 
his  garden  was  a  Greek  lion  of  good  style  built  into 
the  wall,  but  so  mutilated  as  not  to  be  worth  removal. 

27th  Nov. — Having  heard  that  a  well  in  a  field  a 
mile  and  a  half  to  the  east  of  the  town  contained 
numerous  sculptures,  I  went  to  inspect  it.  This 
well  was  8'  square,  30'  deep,  dry,  and  built  of 
large  blocks.  Having  descended,  I  found  that 
the  ignorance  of  the  owner  had  given  rise  to  a 
greatly  exaggerated  report,  as  there  were  only  five 
cippi  of  ordinary  character,  supporting  architraves 
upon  which  the  walls  of  the  well  rested.  (Plate 
LXXXII.,  figg.  1, 2.)  There  was  an  inscription  on 
one  of  the  cippi,  and  on  a  block  in  the  wall  was 
inscribed  the  name  Parmeniskos. 

At  a  short  distance  from  this,  there  was  another 
well  in  the  garden  of  Djamil  Bey,  into  which  were 
l)uilt,  at  a  depth  of  twelve  feet,  a  small  headless 
statue,  and  a  fragment  of  frieze  with  figures. 


BEPORT   ON   THE   ISLAND   OF   COS.  635 

In  the  aftemoon  we  started  on  a  tour  through 
the  island,  proceeding  first  to  the  village  of  Pyli. 
At  a  distance  of  a  mile  after  leaving  the  town  of 
Cos,  I  observed  sculptured  marbles  with  circular 
shields  upon  them,  and  others  with  small  Greek 
pilasters  in  the  walls  of  the  fields  by  the  roadside. 
These  were  evidently  from  tombs ;  and  from  their 
vicinity  to  the  excavations  in  the  garden  of  a 
Greek,  which  I  visited  with  Mr.  Newton  in  the 
month  of  September  (and  which  contained  altars 
and  sepulchral  monuments),  they  corroborated  his 
conjecture  that  the  Necropolis  of  ancient  Cos  was 
situated  in  this  neighbourhood.  Here  I  subse- 
quently copied  a  sepulchral  inscription  containing 
the  name  of  Antigonos  son  of  ApoUophanes.  Our 
road  lay  over  a  rich  and  well-cultivated  plain  ;  on 
our  left,  at  a  distance  of  about  two  miles,  rose  that 
serrated  ridge  of  mountains  which  has  given  the 
name  of  Prion  to  the  range;  on  our  right  were 
vineyards  stretching  to  the  sea,  which  was  distant 
about  a  mile. 

At  the  distance  of  about  two  hours  from  Cos  we 
came  upon  a  ruin  which  had  been  arched  with 
B/oman  bricks.  Near  it  were  fragments  of  marble, 
on  which  Greek  names  and  portions  of  words  were 
inscribed.  We  also  found  an  inscription  on  a 
stone  in  the  middle  of  the  road. 

A  short  distance  beyond  this  cultivation  ceased, 
and  we  reached  a  marshy  plain  aflPording  pasturage 
to  numerous  flocks  and  herds.  Upon  our  left  we 
saw  a  ruined  mediaeval  aqueduct,  extending  to  a 
square  tower,  now  used  as  a  mill.     On  the  walls  of 

2  T  2 


636  REPORT   ON   THE   ISLAND   OF   COS. 

the  mill  were  shields  of  the  Knights  of  St.  John  of 
Jerusalem,  three  bearing  the  cross  of  the  Order, 
and  a  fourth  with  two  lions  passant  gardant,  the 
arms  of  one  of  two  Grand  Masters,  Guy  de  Blanche- 
fort,  or  Philibert  de  Naillac. 

Making  a  circuit  round  a  detached  hill,  we  reached 
the  village  of  Pyli  at  dusk.  It  is  situated  on  rising 
groimd  at  the  foot  of  the  last  mountains  in  the  range ; 
before  it  an  extensive  plain  stretches  to  the  sea. 

28th  Nov. — Our  first  visit  was  paid  to  the  Char- 
myleion,  an  ancient  Greek  tomb  of  the  kind  called 
JELeroon}  It  is  situated  near  the  church  of  Hagios 
Stauros.  We  found  it  to  consist  of  an  oblong 
chamber  with  an  arched  roof  of  semicircular  form, 
the  face  of  each  block  being  curved  so  as  to  form 
the  segment  of  a  circle.  (Plate  LXXXII.,  fig.  5.) 
It  is  18'  3^"  long  by  8'  3J"  wide,  built  of  large 
blocks  of  travertine  of  the  best  masonry.  On 
either  side  were  six  niches  for  the  reception  of  the 
dead.  (Fig.  3.)  There  were  no  architectural  orna- 
ments. An  outer  chamber  had  existed,  but  its 
original  form  could  not  be  traced. 

In  the  walls  of  the  neighbouring  church,  called 
Stauros,  were  two  rich  doorway  cornices  with 
consoles,  figg.  6,  10,  and  a  piece  of  frieze,  figg. 
9,  11,  all  of  delicate  finish,  but  not  possessing  the 
bold  character  of  the  architecture  of  the  Mauso- 
leum. In  a  church  in  Palaiopyli  I  subsequently 
found  part  of  the  capital  of  a  pilaster  from  one  of 
the  cmtcB^  and  a  marble  Ionic  base. 

^  [For  a  descnption  of  this  toiiib^  see  Dr.  L.  Ross,  Arcliaeolo- 
gische  Aufeaetze,  Leipsic,  1861,  pp.  392-3.— C.  T.  N] 


REPORT   ON   THE   ISLAND   OF   COS.  637 

Prom  an  interesting  inscription  built  into  the 
wall  of  this  chapel  and  published  by  Dr.  L.  B/Oss,'' 
we  learn  that  the  tomb  was  surrounded  by  a  sacred 
enclosure  or  temenosj  on  which  were  small  temples. 

There  being  nothing  else  in  the  village  but 
one  or  two  cippi  \dth  inscriptions,  I  went  in  the 
afternoon  to  the  sea-shore  in  hopes  of  finding  traces 
of  the  ancient  port  on  the  site  where  it  is  laid  down 
in  the  Admiralty  Chart.  Half-way  between  the 
village  and  the  sea  we  came  upon  a  group  of 
mediaeval  ruins,  consisting  of  two  arched  chambers 
partly  constructed  with  blocks  of  marble  from 
ancient  buildings.  On  the  sea-shore  I  found  re- 
mains of  a  mole,  and  near  it  a  weather-worn  stone 
upon  which  a  few  letters  of  an  inscription  were 
visible. 

29th. — ^We  started  at  an  early  hour  for  Kephalas. 
Gradually  ascending  from  Pyli,  we  crossed  two 
deep  ravines  worn  in  the  soft  alluvial  soil  by  water 
from  the  hills.  After  two  hours'  journey,  we  arrived 
at  the  edge  of  a  tract  of  table-land  extending, 
without  interruption,  from  the  mountain  range  to 
the  town  of  Kephalas.  Here  we  passed  through 
the  straggling  village  of  Andimachi  (Antimachia), 
in  the  vicinity  of  which  the  ground  is  cultivated ; 
but  beyond,  for  three  hours'  journey,  it  is  a  wild 
moorland.  After  leaving  Andimachi  we  crossed 
another  ravine ;  and,  after  having  regained  the 
plateau,  proceeded  for  two  hours,  and  then 
descended  to  the  sea-shore. 

The  high  land  which  we  had  left  sloped  away  on 

^  Inscript.  Ined.  iii.,  No.  309. 


038  TIKPORT   ON    THE    ISLAND   OF    COS. 

our  right  hand  until  it  terminated  in  the  bold 
sandstone  rock  upon  which  the  picturesque  town 
of  Kephalas  is  situated.  This  rock  stands  about 
150'  above  the  plain,  and  is  approached  by  a  suc- 
cession of  zigzags. 

We  reached  the  town  of  Eephalas  in  the  even- 
ing. The  castle  of  Kephalas  is  a  mere  keep  built 
on  the  edge  of  a  precipice.  Here  I  found  two 
shields ;  one  bearing  the  cross  of  the  Order,  the 
other,  quarterly,  1st  and  4th,  on  a  fess  three  fleurs 
de  lys ;  2nd  and  3rd,  eight  roundles,  3,  2  and  3 ; 
an  inscription  upon  the  moulded  edge  of  an  altar, 
and  two  others  in  a  church.  In  the  house  of  a 
peasant  I  found  a  marble  altar  of  small  dimensions, 
ornamented  with  bulls'  heads  and  festoons.  At  the 
distance  of  about  twenty  minutes'  walk  to  the  south 
of  Kephalas  are  the  ruins  of  a  Doric  temple,  which 
mark  the  site  of  the  ancient  Isthmos,  so  called  from 
the  neck  of  land  on  which  it  was  placed.*  This 
temple  was  built  of  red  trachyte.  On  its  site  the 
church  of  Falatia  has  been  built ;  the  south  wall 
of  the  cella  forming  the  south  wall  of  the  church. 
In  a  vestibule  at  the  west  end  of  the  church  arc 
several  inscriptions.' 

^  [The  name  of  this  town  is  known  from  inscriptions  found  in 
situ.  See  L.  Ross,  Inscript.  Gr.  Ined.  iii.  Nos.  303- G ;  and  Koiseii 
auf  den  Giiech.  Inseln,  iii.  p.  136. — C.  T.  N.] 

«  [For  an  account  of  the  church  of  Palatia,  or  Fanagia  Palatini, 
see  Ross,  Eeisen  auf  den  Griech.  Inseln,  iv.  pp.  23-4.  In  this 
church  is  a  stone  table  made  of  ancient  blocks  of  marble,  where  the 
2)easauts  hold  their  annual  feast,  and  an  inscription  dedicated  to 
pouie  laily  of  imperial  rank  in  the  character  of  Denieter  ;  iterhajis 
Li  via,  or  Agrippina,  the  wife  of  Crcnnanicus. — C.  T.  N,] 


BEPOET   ON   THE   ISLAND   OF   COS.  639 

In  a  ravine  near  the  sea,  called  Stampalia,  lying 
east  of  the  village  of  Kephalas,  are  some  ruins  sup- 
posed to  mark  the  site  of  Astypalsea/  I  visited 
the  site ;  but,  except  some  large  stones  in  the  walls 
of  the  fields,  we  found  nothing  of  importance. 
There  were  three  drums  of  colunms  in  position  3' 
above  ground,  and  a  fragment  of  marble  with  an 
inscription.  The  material  was  sandstone  from  the 
neighbouring  mountains. 

Having  heard  that  there  were  ruins  of  a  castle 
called  Ovridkastro,  at  the  extreme  point  of  the 
island,  we  started  for  the  purpose  of  exploring 
them.  After  a  rough  journey  of  four  hours,  we 
ascertained  that  the  ruins  consisted  of  a  rude 
chamber  built  of  rubble,  without  any  architectural 
character.  On  our  return  we  passed  near  the  site 
of  a  castle  marked  in  Ross's  Map,  but  the  remains 
were  too  insignificant  to  be  worth  noting. 

The  head  of  the  island  beyond  Kephalas  is 
mountainous,  difficult  of  cultivation,  and  almost 
uninhabited.  This  forms  one  of  the  districts  into 
which  the  island  of  Cos  may  be  divided  by  its 
natural  formation.  The  other  two  are  the  range 
of  Prion  and  the  plain  at  its  foot,  and  the  wild 
table-land  extending  from  Prion  to  Kephalas. 

1st  Dec. — ^We  left  Kephalas  on  our  way  back, 
and  reached  Andimachi  in  the  afternoon.  Wc 
went  to  the  castle,  which  lies  two  miles  east  of  the 
village.     It  is  of  greater  extent  than  those  at  Cos 

'  [See  Ross,  Keisen,  iii.  p.  1 36 ;  but  ibid.  iv.  p.  28,  he  ia  more 
incliued  to  place  Astypalsea  at  Ma^tikaris,  on  the  north  side  of  the 
island.— C.  T.  N.] 


610  REPORT   ON   THE   ISLAND   OF   COS. 

or  Budrum,  being  in  reality  a  walled  town. 
Except  a  wall  with  embrasures,  there  are  no  works 
for  defence,  except  a  circular  bastion  outside  the 
principal  gateway.  Over  this  gateway  is  a  large 
shield  bearing  the  arms  of  the  Order  of  St.  John» 
and  surmounted  by  a  cardinal's  hat.*  In  the 
walls  are  also  three  shields  combined  with  the 
date  1520 : — (1.)  The  arms  of  the  Grand  Master 
F.  de  Carctto ;  (2.)  Per  pale  three  chevronels, 
in  dexter  chief  a  crescent;  (3.)  Bam  impaling 
cheeky. 

The  commandant  presented  us  with  a  small 
mutilated  statue  that  had  been  built  into  the 
wall  of  his  house.  We  copied  several  inscriptions 
here. 

2nd  Dec. — We  descended  to  the  sea-shore  by 
one  of  the  numerous  ravines  that  terminate  the 
plateau  on  the  east  side  of  the  island,  for  the 
purpose  of  visiting  the  site  of  the  ancient  city 
of  Halasarna. 

Passing  through  a  village,  the  church  of  which 
furnished  an  inscription,  we  reached  the  shore 
near  the  ruined  church  of  Hagios  Theodoros.  A 
portion  of  the  apse  of  this  church  remains :  it  is 
built  of  fine  blocks  of  black  and  white  marble ;  near 
it  are  pieces  of  frieze  and  architrave,  and  of  drums 
of  columns.  Amongst  the  ruins  we  found  two 
inscriptions.  The  shore  is  here  strewn  with  bits 
of  marble,  a  proof  that  there  must  have  existed 
buildings  of  some  importance  in  the  vicinity. 

K  [Doubtless  the  arms  of  the  Gi*and  Master  Peter  d^AubusBon. — 
C.  T.  N.] 


REPORT  ON   THE   ISLAND  OF  COS.  641 

At  a  mile  to  the  eastward  of  Hagios  Theodoros 
we  found  a  small  space  of  enclosed  ground  (ap- 
parently the  apse  of  a  small  church),  in  the 
centre  of  which  stood  an  octagonal  marble  column 
covered  with  inscriptions,  and  standing  2'  &'  above 
the  ground.  This  was  found  upon  examination  to 
be  r  6"  long. 

Corporal  Spackman,  assisted  by  the  Turks,  dug 
up  this  column,  and  took  an  impression  of  the 
inscription,  which  contains  a  great  number  of 
names,  apparently  a  list  of  contributors  to  some 
public  fund.  Meanwhile  I  visited  the  churches 
of  Fanagia,  Hagios  Nicholas,  and  others,  without 
finding  anything  worthy  of  note  in  them.  In  the 
evening  we  left  for  Pyli. 

4th  Dec. — Taking  a  guide  with  us,  we  visited  the 
ancient  town  of  Palaio  Pyli,  situated  in  the  ravine 
of  the  mountains,  three-quarters  of  an  hour  distant 
from  Pyli. 

It  was  formerly  a  walled  town  of  some  impor- 
tance, but  it  is  now  in  ruins  and  without  a  single 
inhabitant. 

We  found  three  Byzantine  churches  among  the 
ruins ;  painted  in  fresco  throughout,  but  now  fast 
falling  into  decay. 

In  one  of  these  the  paintings  appeared  to  be  of 
Western  rather  than  of  Byzantine  character. 

In  the  church  of  Panagia,  the  table  of  the  Pro- 
thesis  consisted  of  a  capital  of  one  of  the  pilasters 
from  the  Charmyleion,  and  in  the  floor  was  a  white 
marble  Ionic  base,  evidently  from  the  same  tomb, 
and  proving  it  to  have  been  of  the  Ionic  style. 


642  REPORT  ON   THE   ISLAND  OF   COS. 

The  castle  is  small  and  without  any  architec- 
tural features.  Its  situation  is  commanding ;  it  is 
perched  upon  the  summit  of  a  detached  rock,  some 
200  feet  ahove  the  bottom  of  the  ravine. 

We  reached  Cos  the  same  afternoon,  and  thence 
proceeded  to  Budrum. 


APPENDICES. 


»-m  f 


n 


APPENDIX   No.  I. 

DESCEIPTION   OF  THE   CASTLE   OF  ST.   PETER  AT 

BTJDRUM. 

BT  MR.   B.  P.   FULLAN. 

When  Philibert  de  Naillac,  a  French  Grand 
Master  of  Rhodes,  took  possession  of  the  town  of 
Budrum  in  1404/  he  found  there  a  castle  built  by 
the  Turks  on  the  rocky  extremity  of  the  peninsula 
which  bounds  the  harbour  on  the  east.  This  rock, 
which,  as  has  already  been  stated,  ante,  p^g^  275, 
was  anciently  occupied  by  an  Hellenic  Acropolis, 
was  a  position  of  great  strength.  It  is  about  400' 
square,  rising  abruptly  from  the  general  level  of 
the  peninsula;  its  average  elevation  above  the 
shore  is  about  30',  increasing  gradually  to  a  height 
of  40'  or  50'  on  the  east  side-  On  the  west  side  a 
space  of  about  100'  intervenes  between  this  rock 
and  the  sea;  on  the  south  and  east  sides  it  is 
bounded  by  deep  water.  On  the  north  it  is  con- 
nected with  the  mainland  by  a  low  isthmus,  which, 
as  has  been  already  remarked,  was  at  some  period 
in  antiquity  covered  with  the  sea. 

Perceiving  the  advantages  of  this  position,  De 
Naillac  chose  it  for  the  site  of  a  new  fortress,  to 

*  [Bosio,  Istoria  della  Sb  Religione  et  Militia  di  S.  Gioyanni,  fol. 
Roma,  1629,  Pte.  II.  p.  158,  places  this  event  in  the  year  1399, 
but  Ste.  Croix,  M6nioires  de  I'lnstitut  de  France  (Classe  d'Histoire), 
1815,  ii  p.  569,  prefers  the  later  date.— C.  T.  N.] 


646  APPENDIX  NO.   I. 

which  he  gave  the  name  St.  Peter/  and  which 
from  its  great  strength  was  to  furnish  a  safe  pied 
a  terre  for  the  Knights  in  their  descents  upon  the 
coasts  of  the  infidel.  The  proximity  of  this  castle 
to  that  of  Lango,  or  Cos,  from  which  it  was  distant 
only  twelve  miles,  and  the  consequent  possibility  of 
keeping  up  communication  by  means  of  signals,  no 
doubt  influenced  the  Grand  Master  in  the  choice 
of  this  situation.  Another  object  of  this  fortress 
was  to  afford  sanctuary  for  those  Christian  slaves 
who  should  be  able  to  escape  from  their  masters ; 
and  we  are  informed  by  Bosio,®  that  here  was 
kept  a  peculiar  race  of  dogs,  which  could  dis- 
tinguish by  scent  the  Christians  from  the  Turks ; 
that  they  fawned  upon  the  former,  and  tore  the 
latter  in  pieces.  These  dogs  were  assembled  for 
their  meals  by  the  ringing  of  a  bell,  and  were 
despatched  into  the  surrounding  country  to  guide 
Christian  captives  to  their  friends.  They  were 
also  useful  in  preventing  Turkish  prisoners  from 
escaping  from  the  fortress. 

The  new  castle  was  built  under  the  direction 
of  a  German,  Henry  Schlegelholt,  who  found  in 
the  various  ruins  of  the  ancient  city,  but  espe- 
cially in  the  Mausoleum,  a  rich  mine  of  squared 
stones,  ready  to  his  hand  \    The  greater  part  of 

^  This  castle  was  called  by  the  Greeks  UeTponov  (see  Daca.^ 
Hist.  Byzant.  ed.  Par.  1642,  p.  64,  c.  xxiii.),  of  which  the  present 
name  Badrum  is  said  to  be  a  Turkish  corruption.  (See  St.  Croix, 
in  the  Memoir  ali^ady  cited,  p.  581.)  We  learn  from  the  passage 
iu  Guichard,  cited  arUe,  p.  75,  that  Budrum  was  previously  called 
Mesy. 

^  Bosio,  loc  cit, 

^  See  antCf  p.  74.  From  a  manuscript  lint  of  Pa|>al  Bulls  in 
the  archives  of  the  Order  at  Malta,  p.    34,  No.  165,  we  learn 


CASTLE   OF   ST.    PETBK  AT   BUDRUM.  647 

the  present  fortress  appeaxs  to  be  the  work  of  the 
Knights. 

The  parts  which  seem  to  me  to  belong  to  the 
original  structure  are  the  south  wall  and  the 
lower  part  of  the  east  and  west  walls,  and  also  a 
portion  of  the  north-east  angle.  The  wall  is 
here  40'  high  ;  the  lower  part,  to  a  height  of  20',  is 
built  of  blocks  of  green  stone  from  the  Mausoleum, 
terminating  with  that  line  of  zig-zag  battlements 
which  is  characteristic  of  Turkish  fortifications. 
This  proves  that  the  Knights  were  not  the  first  to 
destroy  the  Mausoleum  for  the  sake  of  building 
materials. 

Schlegelholt  made  the  most  of  the  capabilities 
of  the  ground.  At  the  time  in  which  he  built, 
the  use  of  artillery  for  battering  had  not  become 
general,  even  in  Europe ;  thus  the  chief  modes  of 
besieging  were  by  escalade,  by  mining,  and  by 
surprises.  By  building  his  walls  around  the  rock 
instead  of  upon  it,  he  gained  an  altitude  of  from 
40'  to  50'  on  every  side  on  the  exterior,  and  heights 
varying  from  20'  to  3'  within  the  walls,  according 
to  the  nature  of  the  ground,  so  that  it  would  be 
difficult  for  the  besiegers  to  reach  the  summit  of 
the  walls  by  scaling,  while  the  besieged  could  gain 
easy  access  to  the  ramparts,  and  could  in  some 
places  act  in  large  bodies  for  their  defence. 
Mining  was  precluded  by  the  rocky  nature  of  the 
ground,  and  by  the  impossibility  of  reaching  the 
higher  level,  even  had  the  fosse  been  crossed. 

Surprises  were  guarded  against  by  making  the 

tbat,  by  a  bull  of  Pope  Alexander  Y.,  dated  Pisa,  3  Kal.  August. 
1409,  plenary  indulgence  was  granted  to  all  those  who  gave  aid  to 
the  building  of  the  castle  of  St.  Peter. 


648  APPENDIX  NO.    I. 

entrance  to  the  inner  part  of  the  castle  circuitous. 
The  main  gateway  is  on  the  south  side,  and  only 
reached  by  a  passage  through  six  other  gateways, 
each  capable  of  defence,  and  across  a  wooden 
bridge,  which  could  easily  be  destroyed  or  over- 
thrown. The  mention  of  these  seven  gates  by 
historians  has  evidently  led  Major  Porter,  in  his 
"  History  of  the  Knights  of  Malta,"  •  to  suppose 
that  there  were  seven  enceintes;  whereas  in  the 
strongest  part  there  are  not  more  than  three. 

Coronelli  ^  is  the  first  writer,  so  far  as  I  know, 
who  gives  an  account  of  the  Castle  of  Budrum ;  and 
his  description,  though  very  inaccurate  as  regards 
inscriptions,  is,  on  the  whole,  valuable. 

About  the  year  1480  the  castle  was  thoroughly 
repaired  by  the  Grand  Master,  Peter  d'Aubusson. 
It  must  have  been  again  repaired  in  1522,  when, 
according  to  Guichard,  much  material  was  taken 
from  the  Mausoleum,  and  the  discovery  of  the 
sepulchral  chamber  took  place :  but  the  building 
works  must  have  been  carried  on  almost  during 
the  whole  time  of  the  occupation  by  the  Knights, 
as  is  evident  from  the  occurrence  in  the  walls  of 
the  shields  of  nearly  all  the  Grand  Masters  of  the 
Order  in  succession,  from  the  time  of  Philibert  dc 
Naillac  to  that  of  Fabricius  de  Caretto,  who  died 
1521,  the  year  before  the  commencement  of  the 
last  siege  of  Rhodes.  With  these  shields  are 
always  associated  that  of  the  Order,  and  the 
shield  of  the  Captain  of  the  Castle  for  the  time 
being.^ 

«  Vol.  i.  p.  309.  f  Isola  di  Rodi,  Venet.  1702. 

K  [In  1470,  afresh  supply  of  mmiitions  of  war,  provisions,  and 
building  materials  was  sent  to  the  castle  on  the  requisition  of  the 


CASTLE   OF   ST.   PETER  AT  BUDRUM.  649 

The  position  and  dates  of  many  of  these  shields 
will  be  noted  in  the  general  description. 

Approaching  the  castle  from  the  town  we  come 
first  to  a  glacis  of  unusual  size,  which  occupies  the 
whole  width  of  the  isthmus.  Its  grassy  slope  now 
forms  the  burial-ground  of  an  adjoining  mosque. 
The  glacis  presents  an  obtuse  angle  to  the  front ; 
at  its  western  corner  it  is  pierced  for  a  ramp,  which 
leads  by  a  gradual  ascent  to  a  gateway  opening  to 
the  fosse,  the  first  of  the  seven  through  which  the 
castle  is  entered. 

This  gateway  is  built  into  the  wall  of  the  counter- 
scarp fifteen  feet  from  the  bottom  of  the  fosse. 
Its  jambs  and  lintels  are  formed  of  architrave 
stones  from  the  Mausoleum,  and  in  the  wall  on 
the  left  one  of  the  slabs  of  frieze  now  in  the 
British  Museum  was  formerly  inserted.**  On  the 
inner  side,  over  the  gate,  are  three  shields  arranged 
in  a  line,  the  centre  one  smaller  than  the  rest, 
bearing — 

Chevalier  Frauds  de  Buxttolo,  captain  of  the  fortress. — Bosio,  Pte.  ii. 
p.  322.  In  1475,  two  soldiers  tried  to  betray  the  Castle  of  Budrum, 
but  the  plot  was  discovered.  Fr.  Giovanni  Cincio,  one  of  the 
four  Conntables  of  the  castle,  was,  in  consequence,  deprived  of  his 
office.  All  the  windows  of  the  priucipal  wall  looking  seaward  were 
then  walled  up,  and  it  was  ordered  that  no  more  windows  be  made 
on  the  sea  side. — Ibid.  p.  348.  In  1480,  John  Kendall,  then  Turco- 
polier  of  the  Oi*der,  was  sent  to  Ireland  to  obtain  aid  for  the  castle 
of  St  Peter,  then  menaced  with  a  siege  by  the  Turks,  and  to  dia* 
tribute  indulgences  for  this  purpose.  On  this  occasion  he  was 
furnished  with  letters  from  King  Edward  lY.,  in  which  his  mission 
was  accredited. — Rymer,  Foedera,  xii.  p.  112. — C.  T.  N.] 

^  [Of  these  marbles  one  measured  6'  4"  by  2' ;  another  4'  by 
2'  2"  ;  a  third  &  10"  by  2'  2".  Two  long  pieces  of  similar  marble 
are  here  inserted  in  the  doorway  as  jambs.  They  are  V  wide,  and 
6'  in  length  to  the  ground.  A  portion  of  their  length  is  probably 
concealed  in  the  soil. — C.  T.  N.] 

II.  2  u 


G50  APPENDIX    NO.    T. 

1st.  The  Cross  of  the  Order. 

2nd.  Three  bars  gemelles;  above  the  shield  a 
rose  surmounted  by  a  Jlenr  de  lya,  probably  as  the 
badge  of  the  French  ^^  Langue^^  (the  arms  of 
Gatineau). 

3rd.  Two  lions  passant  (the  arms  of  Guy  de 
Blanch efort,  Grand  Master  during  the  year  1513). 

Below  is  the  following  inscription,  in  Roman 
letters: — 

PROPTER    CATHOLICA     FIDE    TENETUR 
LOCU ISTUM.    F.  JAC.  GATINEAU.  CAP.  1513. 

On  passing  this  gateway,  the  road  to  the  castle 
is  continued  over  a  wooden  bridge,  formerly  a 
drawbridge,  to  a  second  and  steeper  ramp,  w^hich 
descends  to  the  bottom  of  the  fosse.  The  piers 
for  the  levers  of  the  drawbridge  still  remain. 

The  fosse  at  the  point  where  the  road  crosses  it  is 
150'  wide,  and  seems  to  be  about  the  natural  level 
of  the  isthmus,  being  4'  6"  above  the  line  of  the 
tideless  sea.  Tlie  glacis  is  artificial,  and  was  formed 
in  the  beginning  of  the  16th  century,  when  the 
practice  of  battering  by  artillery  made  it  necessary 
to  protect  the  lower  part  of  the  walls. 
.  At  a  distance  of  about  440'  from  the  western 
shore,  the  glacis  makes  an  obtuse  angle,  and  runs 
for  a  length  of  168'  till  it  reaches  the  sea  on  the 
east  side,  at  which  point  the  ditch  is  rather  less 
than  100'  wide.  The  great  width  of  the  north 
fosse  at  its  western  end  rendered  necessary  a 
casemated  battery  to  prevent  the  landing  of  troops 
inside  the  glacis.  This  work,  w-hich  was  built  in 
1513,  extends  for  a  length  of  nearly  120',  leaving 
a  little  port,  35'  wide  between  its  northern  ex- 
tremity and  the  wall  of  the  counterscarp.     It  is 


CASTLE   OF   ST.    PETER   AT   BUDRUM.  G5L 

pierced  for  four  guns  towards  the  sea  and  two 
towards  the  fosse  flanking  the  second  gateway. 
The  roof  is  of  solid  masonry,  gabled  externally 
to  prevent  the  lodgment  of  shells.  It  is  entered 
by  a  doorway  at  the  southern  end. 

The  approach  to  the  west  fosse  was  protected 
by  a  barbican  which  extends  from  the  casemated 
battery  80'  in  a  direction  parallel  with  the  north 
fosse,  till  it  reaches  the  bastion  which  forms  the 
north-west  corner  of  the  main  work. 

At  a  distance  of  120'  to  the  east  of  the  north- 
west bastion  the  curtain  turns  northward,  running 
for  a  distance  of  74',  when  it  terminates  in  a 
curved  bastion,  built  for  three  guns,  which  com- 
mands the  gate  in  the  glacis  and  the  north  fosse. 
From  this  bastion  the  curtain  extends  nearly  lOO' 
to  the  east ;  at  this  point  a  small  redan  with  a 
watch-tower  at  its  extremity  juts  out.  The  wall 
beyond  the  redan  inclines  towards  the  south  till 
it  reaches  the  sea  at  the  north-east  angle  of  the 
castle ;  from  this  point  it  runs  due  south  tiU  it 
reaches  the  southern  margin  of  the  rock,  whence 
it  returns  at  a  right  angle  westward  for  480'.  At 
this  point  it  returns  again  at  a  right  angle,  run- 
ning due  north  till  it  joins  the  barbican  already 
mentioned,  thus  forming,  except  on  the  north  side, 
a  regular  parallelogram. 

Having  marked  out  the  general  form  of  the 
external  defences,  I  will  resume  the  description  of 
the  approach  to  the  interior.  The  position  of  the 
first  gateway  in  the  wall  of  the  northern  counter- 
scarp has  been  already  pointed  out.  Opposite  to 
this  gateway  is  a  postern  in  the  outer  wall  of  the 
barbican.     On  each  side  is  an  embrasure  for  a  gun. 

2  u  2 


652  APPENDIX  NO.    I. 

Above  the  postern  on  the  fosse  side  are  three 
shields,  arranged  in  an  arched  compartment ;  one 
below,  two  above,  bearing — 

1st.  The  cross  of  the  Order. 

2nd.  Quarterly,  1  and  4,  the  cross  of  the  Order ; 
2  and  3,  five  bendlets  dexter  (the  arms  of  F,  de 
Caretto,  Grand  Master  1613—1521). 

3rd.  Quarterly. 

The  date  is  1517. 

The  same  bearing  occurs  in  another  place  with 
this  inscription:  F.  CORNELIUS  DE  HAM- 
BROUC  CAPITANE. 

4.  A  shield  bearing  a  fess.' 

At  a  distance  of  48'  behind  the  first  wall  of  the 
barbican,  which  is  of  the  same  date  as  the  case- 
mated  battery  and  the  escarp  on  the  north  side,  is 
a  second  wall  with  a  rampart  terminating  in  a 
circular  water-tower.  The  masonry  is  of  that  pe- 
culiar bossy  kind,  which  is  characteristic  of  early 
15th  century  work,  showing  that  the  water-tower 
and  barbican  are  coeval  with  the  inner  line  of 
defence,  which  is  built  in  a  similar  manner.  The 
water-tower  has  bold  machicoulis ;  all  the  parapets 
are  finished  with  zigzags  in  the  Turkish  manner. 
In  a  recess  on  the  south  side  of  this  tower  is 
placed  a  headless  figure  of  a  Roman  warrior ;  it 
is  much  mutilated,  and  of  late  style. 

A  third  gateway  leads  out  of  the  barbican  into 
the  western  fosse.  This  gateway  is  not  placed 
exactly  opposite  to  the  gateway  in  the  outer  wall  of 
the  barbican,  an  arrangement  which  would  give  the 
defenders  the  advantage   of  an  oblique  passage. 

*  In  this  gateway  are  more  inaibles,  apparently  architrave  stones 
from  the  Mausoleum.     Two  of  them  are  6'  long,  by  2'  2^"  by  V. 


I 


CASTLE   OP   ST.    PETER   AT  BUDKUM.  653 

Having  passed  out  of  the  barbican  through  this 
third  gateway,  we  find  ourselves  in  the  western 
fosse,  having  on  our  left  the  main  wall  of  the  castle 
rising  to  a  height  of  50',  with  a  short  salient 
at  its  northern  extremity.  The  lower  courses 
of  this  wall  are  probably  part  of  the  original 
Turkish  castle,  as  there  are  no  shields  upon  it.  The 
blocks  which  compose  these  lower  courses  are 
hammer-dressed,  and  were  probably  taken  from  the 
eastern  wall  of  the  ancient  city,  which,  as  will  be 
seen  by  the  plan  of  Halicamassus  (Plate  I.),  lias 
been  removed  in  the  part  nearest  the  sea.  The  upper 
part  of  the  wall  is  composed  of  courses  of  green 
stone  from  the  Mausoleum  and  of  brick,  in  the 
centre  of  which  shields  of  the  Knights  bearing  date 
A.D.  1492  have  been  inserted.  Over  a  sort  of  blank 
doorway  are  three  shields  in  small  panels,  the 
centre  surmounted  by  the  cardinal's  hat  of  the 
Grand  Master  D'Aubusson. 

1st.  Cross  of  the  Order,  encircled  by  a  garter ; 
beneath,  two  roses. 

2nd.  Quarterly,  1  and  4,  cross  of  the  Order; 
2  and  3,  a  cross  ancree  (the  arms  of  Peter  D'Au- 
busson.  Grand  Master  1476 — 1503). 

3rd.  A  chevron  indented  between  three  roses ; 
in  chief,  the  cross  of  the  Order. 

It  is  evident  that  it  was  intended  to  continue 
on  the  western  side  the  massive  masonry  of  the 
northern  escarp,  as  at  the  angle  of  the  salient 
in  the  western  wall  already  mentioned  are  left 
projecting  stones  at  every  alternate  course  to 
tooth  into  the  wall,  which  was  intended  to  be 
subsequently  built.  The  upper  part  of  the  salient 
on  this   side  is  built  of  marble  blocks  from  the 


054  APPENDIX   NO.    I. 

periboltis  wall  of  the  Mausoleum.  The  counterscarp 
of  the  western  fosse  is  formed  by  the  back  wall 
of  a  w  ide  rampart,  and  faces  the  sea.  This  rampart 
is  258'  long  by  25'  high,  and  is  built  entirely 
of  green  stone  from  the  Mausoleum.  In  the 
sea  face  of  the  wall  were  four  lions  from  the 
Mausoleum;  and  in  the  opposite  face  one  more, 
which  have  since  been  removed.  The  positions  of 
four  of  these  lions  is  shown  in  the  view  of  the 
castle  (Plate  XXXIII.).^ 

A  fourth  gateway,  leading  up  to  the  terre-pleine 
of  this  outwork  through  a  covered  rampart,  con- 
tinues the  approach  to  the  interior.  Over  this 
gateway  are  three  shields  bearing — 1st,  Cross  of 
the  Order  ;  2nd,  Two  lions  passant  (the  arms  of 
Guy  de  Blanchefort,  Grand  Master  1513) ;  3rd,  A 
cross  botonee  within  a  bordure  engrailed.^ 

The  rampart  on  the  west  does  not  run  parallel 
with  the  inner  curtain,  but  inclines  a  little  to  the 
Bouth-west,    so   that   the    ditch   is    wider   at  the 

p  Three  slabs  of  the  frieze  removed  by  Lord  Stratford  do 
Redcliffe  were  also  formerlv  inserted  in  the  sea  face  of  this  wall, 
arranged  round  a  lion's  head,  of  which  a  woodcut  is  given  arUe, 
p.  83.  Above  this  lion  was .  a  shield  bearing  the  arms  of  the 
Order  quarterly  with  those  of  the  Grand  Master,  Emeric  d'Am- 
boise,  and  below,  a  shield  bearing  a  castle  in  chief,  below  the  in- 
scription, F.  Constantius  de  Opertis,  Capitaneus,  1506.  See  a  view 
of  these  friezes  in  their  original  position,  in  J.  H.  Allan's  Pictorial 
Tour  in  the  Mediteri-anean, — London,  1843,  p.  39. — C.  T.  N.] 

*  In  the  vicinity  of  this  gateway  some  of  the  slabs  of  frieze  which 
were  removed  by  Lord  Stratford  de  Redcliife  in  1846  were  built 
into  the  walls. 

There  is  a  view  in  the  second  volume  of  the  "  Ionian  Antiquities" 
intended  to  represent  the  position  of  these  sculi)tures ;  but  it  is 
most  strangely  inaccurate,  and  was  probably  made  uj)  from  sketclics 
taken  by  the  artist  from  a  boat  in  the  harbour. 


CASTLE   OF   ST.    PETER  AT   BUDRUM.  655 

southern  than  at  the  northern  end.  The  rampart 
has  embrasures  for  four  guns  towards  the  west,  and 
three  towards  the  south.  About  three-quarters 
of  its  length  from  the  fourth  gateway  the  road 
crosses  the  west  fosse  by  a  slight  wooden  bridge, 
which  leads  through  a  square-headed  gateway  into 
a  second  barbican.  This  is  a  square  work  with  an 
outer  and  an  inner  gateway,  and  pointed  battle- 
ments all  round.  The  date  of  its  erection  is  1455. 
The  masonry  of  this  work  is  for  the  most  part  in. 
ferior  to  that  of  the  rest  of  the  castle.  Over  the 
outer  gateway  are  three  shields  in  small  panel.  1st, 
A  cross  of  the  Order ;  2nd,  Paly  of  six  (the  arms  of 
Emeric  d'Amboise,  Grand  Master  1503 — 1512) ; 
3rd,  A  Cross  vuidee  and  pommetee ;  in  chief  the 
Cross  of  the  Order.  Over  the  inner  gateway  are 
three  shields. 

Ist.  A  chief  dansette  (the  arms  of  Jaques  de 
Milly,  Grand  Master  1454—1461). 

2nd.  A  Cross  of  the  Order.  Quarterly,  1  and  4, 
three  lozenges,  each  charged  with  a  Jleur  de  lys ; 
a  quarter,  per  pale,  ermine  and  paly  of  four ;  for 
Hambrouc  (?) ;  2  and  3,  "  parti  et  couple,"  1,  a 
lion  rampant ;  2,  three  pales ;  3,  three  mascles ;  for 
Berghes  de  Walaim. 

3rd.  A  Lion  rampant,  in  chief,  two  Jleurs  de  lys^ 
within  engrailed  border ;  below,  an  inscription  with 
the  date  1455. 

After  issuing  out  of  the  barbican  by  its  inner 
gateway,  the  sixth  from  the  entrance,  the  road 
turns  to  the  south,  and  ascends  by  a  slightly 
inclined  ramp  till  it  reaches  a  south-west  angle, 
where  it  gains  a  platform  placed  in  front  of  the 
seventh  or  main  gateway.  This  platform  approaches 


656  APPENDIX   NO.    I, 

close  to  the  edge  of  the  rock  on  which  the  castle  is 
built,  and  the  lower  part  of  it  is  undermined  by 
the  sea.  On  its  southern  and  western  faces  is  a 
rev^tement  of  green  stone.  It  has  embrasures  for 
nine  guns  on  the  south,  and  for  eight  on  the  west. 
The  main  gate  is  still  further  protected  by  a  wall 
10'  thick,  and  &  or  T  high,  above  the  level  of  the 
platform.  This  is  reached  by  a  flight  of  steps ;  it 
returns  at  right  angles,  running  due  north  till  it 
reaches  the  angle  of  the  barbican.  This  wall  has 
no  parapet,  and  seems  to  have  been  intended  for 
archers  and  small-armed  men.  There  is  a  squalre 
tower  at  the  south-west  angle  of  the  main  wall, 
with  a  bartizan  at  its  south-west  angle. 

Beneath  the  bartizan,  about  half-way  up  the 
tower,  are  six  shields,  arranged  under  a  label 
moulding,  with  the  date  of  its  erection,  1448.  The 
masonry  of  this  tower  and  of  the  adjoining  main 
gateway  is  superior  to  that  of  the  south  and  west 
entrance.  This  main  gateway,  the  seventh  and 
last  in  the  series,  leads  directly  into  the  body  of 
the  fortress,  terminating  the  circuitous  approach. 
It  faces  due  south ;  on  it  are  three  shields  and  a 
sunk  panel.  The  following  are  the  bearings  on  the 
shields  : 

1st.  Bearing  fess  paly  of  4,  in  chief,  the  Cross 
of  the  Order;  above  the  shield  is  a  cross  patri* 
archal. 

2nd.  Quarterly ;  1st  and  4th,  Cross  of  the  Order ; 
2nd  and  3rd,  paly  of  six  (the  arms  of  Emeric 
d^Amboise,  1503—1512). 

3rd.  The  bearing  is  the  same  as  that  on  the  first; 
above  it  is  a  palm,  a  pilgrim's  staff  and  escalop ; 
over  all  is  the  following  inscription  : — 


CASTLE  OF  ST.   PETER  AT  BUDRUM.  667 

I.H.S.  SALVA  NOS  DOMINE  VIGILANTES ; 
CUSTODI  NOS  DORMIENTES. 

NISI  DOMINUS  CUSTODIERIT  CIVITA- 
TEM,  ERUSTBA  VIGILAT  QUI  CUSTODIT 
EAM. 

Erom  this  gateway  a  covered  passage  adjoining 
the  guardhouse  leads  into  the  outer  Bayle  of  the 
castle,  which  extends  the  whole  length  of  the  west 
side,  and  is  about  150'  in  width.  This  enclosure 
contains  the  chapel  of  the  Knights,  now  a  mosque, 
and  a  small  powder-magazine.  It  is  separated 
from  the  inner  Bayle  by  rows  of  houses  formerly 
inhabited  by  Janisaries. 

In  the  inner  Bayle,  which  is  upon  higher  ground 
than  the  outer,  stands  the  keep,  which  consists  of 
two  lofty  towers,  connected  by  a  lower  building. 
They  stand  due  east  and  west  of  one  another. 

We  will  commence  our  survey  of  the  wall  at  the 
west  comer  of  the  guardhouse,  proceeding  from 
south  to  north.  The  rampart  is  here  reached  by  a 
flight  of  twenty  steps ;  the  wall  in  this  part  was 
never  mounted  by  cannon,  as  it  is  only  4'  wide  in 
many  places.  A  further  flight  of  twelve  steps 
leads  up  to  the  parapet  of  the  square  battlemented 
tower,  which  forms  the  south-west  angle.  At  this 
angle  projects  the  bartizan,  or  look-out  turret.  It  is 
supported  on  bold  corbels  of  three  courses.  At  the 
north-west  angle  of  this  turret  we  descend  to  the 
general  level  of  the  walls  by  a  similar  flight  of 
steps  to  that  which  led  up  to  the  tower,  and  pass 
along  the  straight  west  wall,  which  is  battlemented 
and  crenellated,  to  the  north-west  bastion,  which 
has  been  abeady  noticed  in  the  description  of  the 
northern   fosse,    and   which   has   a  curved  front. 


658  APPENDIX   NO.    I. 

with  an  embrasure  flanking  the  second  bridge  and 
barbican.  This  bastion  and  the  curtain,  whicli 
forms  the  escarp  of  the  fosse  on  this  side,  are  of 
the  best  masonry,  and  evidently  the  last  work 
completed.  The  walls  are  14'  thick,  built  battering, 
and  with  massive  slopes  to  the  embrasures;  the 
upper  part  of  the  wall  has  been  repaired  with  green 
stone.  It  has  been  already  noticed  that  at  a 
distance  of  120'  from  the  north-west  bastion,  the 
curtain  turns  northward,  terminating  in  another 
curved  bastion  built  for  three  guns,  which  com- 
mands the  gate  in  the  glacis  and  the  north  fosse- 
Here  commences  an  inner  line  of  defence,  consist- 
ing of  a  circular  and  semicircular  tower,  with  a 
connecting  curtain.  Between  this  and  the  outer 
wall  a  natural  depression  of  the  rock  has  been 
taken  advantage  of  to  form  a  second  fosse.  This 
smaller  ditch  is  57'  wide  in  the  widest  part.  The 
outer  wall  or  counterguard  is  formed  by  the  escarp 
of  the  main  fosse. 

The  banquette  of  this  work  is  of  solid  masonry, 
and  there  are  platforms  for  three  guns  in  the 
curtain,  and  two  in  the  redan ;  below  are  large 
casemated  chambers.  On  the  outer  face  of  the 
redan  are  two  rows  of  embrasures  for  guns,  which 
had  been  worked  in  the  casemate,  and  which  com- 
mand the  eastern  extremity  of  the  main  fosse ;  and 
adjoining  them,  near  the  north-eastern  angle  of 
the  fortress,  there  is  a  small  sally-port  now  blocked 
up.  At  the  north-east  angle  we  gain  the  upper 
level  of  the  castle,  that  is  to  say,  the  level  of  the 
inner  Bayle,  by  a  flight  of  twenty  steps,  near  which 
point  the  inner  line  of  defence  terminates.  At 
the  top  of  the  steps  is  a  small  flanking  angle. 


CASTLE   OF   ST.    PETER   AT   BUDRUM.  65$? 

The  east  wall  extends  in  a  straight  line,  unbroken 
(except  by  a  bartizan  with  crenellations  flanking 
both  ways)  to  the  refectory,  at  the  south-east 
angle,  whence  the  south  wall  conducts  us  to  the 
gatehouse.  The  east  and  south  walls  are  both  of 
the  same  date,  and  of  inferior  workmanship  to 
that  of  the  other  walls  of  the  castle.  Towards 
the  centre  of  the  general  area,  inclosed  by  the 
castle  walls,  stand  the  two  high  towers  already 
noticed.  They  were  evidently  built  at  diiferent 
periods:  the  westernmost  is  the  earlier.  This 
tower  is  three  stories  high,  and  surmounted  by 
heavy  machicoulis ;  the  w^alls  are  built  with  stones 
from  ancient  buildings ;  amongst  them  are  a 
number  of  drums,  and  a  capital  from  a  column  of 
the  Ionic  order.  On  the  north  side  is  a  rude 
figure  of  St.  George  and  the  Dragon,  above  which 
is  an  inscription :  ADMIRATUS  RODI  CAPITA- 
[NEUS]  HOC  OPU[S  F]ECIT.  Below  are  three 
shields,  1  and  3  bearing  bends  of  six,  in  chief,  a 
rose  between  two  martlets ;  1st  and  3rd,  the  Cross 
of  the  Order;  2nd  and  4th,  a  fess  (the  arms  of 
John  de  Lastic,  Grand  Master  1437 — 1454). 

The  upper  chamber  of  this  tower  has  a  waggon- 
headed  vault,  and  is  lighted  by  a  square-headed 
window  on  the  east  side.  Over  the  door  leading  to 
this  chamber  is  a  shield  carved  upon  the  under  side 
of  an  Ionic  capital,  with  the  same  bearing  as  Nos.  1 
and  3  just  described,  and  with  the  w^ord  ITALIA 
above.  It  would  seem  that  this,  together  with 
the  two  towers  in  the  inner  line  of  defence,  and  the 
inner  wall  of  the  first  barbican,  already  described, 
formed  part  of  the  first  castle  of  the  Knights. 

This  tower  is  connected  with  the  one  to  the  east 


660  APPENDIX  NO.   I. 

by  a  building  4y  long,  and  about  20'  bigh,  witb  a 
terrace  on  the  top  of  it,  from  which  the  first  floor 
chambers  of  both  towers  are  reached.  The  north 
face  of  this  building  is  constructed  of  fine  limestone 
blocks  more  than  a  foot  thick.  Massive  limestone 
slabs  form  the  steps  leading  up  to  it.^  To  the  west 
of  this  tower  is  an  advanced  work  of  similar  height. 
Under  these  two  buildings  are  groined  chambers, 
used  till  lately  as  powder-magazines. 

The  tower  to  the  east  is  three  stories  in  height, 
and  of  later  construction  than  the  other. 

The  first-floor  chamber,  which  has  a  waggon- 
headed  vault,  was  probably  the  residence  of  the 
commandant  of  the  castle.  A  winding  staircase 
in  the  thickness  of  the  wall  leads  to  the  top 
story;  this  was  lighted  by  four  square-headed 
windows,  one  in  each  face.  The  roof  has  fallen 
in;  there  are  battlements  all  round,  and  on  one 
side  the  piers  of  an  alarm  bell.  The  view  from 
the  summit  of  this  tower  is  very  extensive,  em- 
bracing the  two  bays,  the  whole  of  the  site  of  the 
ancient  city,  the  island  of  Cos,  and  the  promontory 
of  Cnidus.  There  are  no  stones  from  the  Mauso* 
leum  in  the  keep,  but  some  grey  marble  mouldings, 
which  may  have  been  taken  from  the  Podium. 
Near  these  towers  on  the  north-east  is  a  very  large 
deep  cistern."  To  the  south  of  this  tower  the 
native  rock  is  levelled  to  form  the  bed  of  an  ancient 
Hellenic  wall. 

»  [Over  the  door  is  inscribed  :— F.  CORNELIUS  DE  HA- 
BROUCK  CAPITANEUS.— C.  T.  N.] 

^  [In  the  external  face  of  this  tower  &ve  three  shields,  bearing, 
respectively,  the  Cross  of  the  Order,  the  arms  of  John  de  Lastio, 
and  a  bend  on  a  field  cliecky.— C.  T.  N.] 


CASTLE  OF  ST.   PETER  AT  BUDRUM.  661 

The  tower,  which  stands  at  the  south-east  angle, 
is  composed  of  three  stories,  the  two  lower  ones 
of  which  were  dungeons,  approached,  as  is  the 
case  in  most  of  the  castles  of  the  14th  century,  hy 
(Billets  in  the  vaults  ahove  them.  The  floor  of  the 
lowest  must  have  been  about  50'  below  the  level  of 
the  ramparts  of  the  castle.  A  more  melancholy 
place  of  confinement  can  hardly  be  imagined.  The 
upper  story  foims  a  refectory.  The  floor  of  this 
apartment  is  on  a  level  with  the  rampart,  which 
here  is  not  more  than  three  feet  above  the  general 
level  of  the  ground.  It  has  a  waggon-headed 
vault,  and  is  lighted  by  three  deeply  embrasured 
windows,  with  semicircular  heads  internally,  and 
square  heads  outside.™  In  a  reveal  of  a  window  on 
the  west  side  is  the  door  of  a  staircase  in  the  thick* 
ness  of  the  wall.  This  leads  to  an  upper  apartment, 
probably  a  dormitory.  The  corbels  which  supported 
the  floor  of  this  room  still  remain  at  the  springing  of 
the  vault.  The  walls  throughout  are  6'  3''  thick.  Tliis 
tower  was  erected  by  Englishmen,  whose  shields 
are  seen  in  a  row  over  the  door,  twenty-three  in 
number,  with  the  following  bearings : — The  arms 
of  England  with  a  crest  upon  a  mantled  helm 
above  the  shield;  three  other  shields  have  the 
same  charge  with  difierences ;  on  the  rest  are  the 
arms  of  Montague,  Stafford,  De  Vere,  and  other 
English  families.**     The  national  character  of  the 

■  The  sides  of  the  windows  in  this  refectory  are  covered  with 
names  of  knights  and  armorial  bearings,  carefully  cut  in  the  stones 
by  those  who  kept  watch  and  ward  in  this  castle.  Many  of  these 
names  are  Spanish.  Facsimiles  of  all  these  inscriptions  were 
executed  by  Corporal  Spackman. 

®  For  the  identification  of  these  coats,  see  note  at  the  end  of 
this  Appendix. 


C62  APPENDIX  NO.    I. 

architecture  may  be  traced  in  the  design  of  the 
entrance -door,  which  has  an  equilateral  arched 
head,  and  two  bold  bowtels  for  its  external  mould- 
ings. The  style  is  rather  earlier  than  the  date 
when  the  Knights  first  established  themselves  at 
Biidrum,  but  we  may  suppose  that  this  tower  was 
designed  by  an  Englishman,  in  the  style  which  was 
in  vogue  when  he  left  his  native  country,  probably 
twenty  years  before  the  erection  of  the  castle.  The 
chapel  of  the  Knights,  subsequently  converted  into 
a  mosque  by  the  addition  of  a  minaret,  and  by 
some  simple  alterations  in  the  interior,  stands  in 
the  outer  Bayle  near  the  main  gate.  It  is  in  the 
form  of  a  parallelogram  terminating  in  a  semicir- 
cular apse.  The  architecture  is  of  that  peculiarly 
heavy  character  which  prevails  in  the  houses  of 
the  Order  at  Rhodes,  and  is  probably  of  Spanish 
origin.  The  chapel  stands  due  east  and  west. 
The  west  front  has  three  doorways  with  square 
heads ;  there  is  a  window  above  each  ;  the  centre 
window  is  6'  4"  high,  and  2i  8''  wide,  and  has  an 
ogee  head;  the  mouldings  of  the  jambs  both  of 
the  doors  and  windows  consist  of  a  hollow  between 
two  rolls ;  in  that  of  the  centre  window  the  hollow 
is  filled  in  with  a  pattern  of  running  foliage.  The 
side  windows  are  lower,  and  have  semicircular 
heads  and  projecting  sills,  with  a  running  pattern 
beneath.  Above  the  centre  window  is  a  niche, 
with  cuspings  in  the  head ;  and  at  the  apex  of  the 
gable,  which  is  of  flat  pitch,  is  sculptured,  in  low 
relief,  what  seems  to  be  the  stem  of  a  cross  with 
foliage  round  it.  There  are  two  windows  on  the 
north  side,  low  and  square-headed.  The  roof  is  of 
stone,  waggon-headed ;  massive  tie-beams  cross  at 


CASTLE    OF   ST.    PETEll   AT   BUDRTJM.  C63 

intervals  at  the  springing  line  of  the  vault,  giving 
a  peculiar  character  to  the  interior  of  the  building ; 
the  ceiling  of  the  apse  is  a  half-dome,  like  the  conch 
of  an  ordinary  Byzantine  church.  Part  of  the 
rood-screen  is  now  arranged  in  a  slanting  direction 
across  the  apse,  to  direct  the  worshipper  towards 
Mecca  in  his  devotions,  and  another  portion  has 
been  used  to  form  the  staircase,  which  now  leads 
to  the  pulpit  of  the  preacher. 

Tlie  screen  had  five  compartments  on  each  side 
of  the  door :  seven  only  in  all  remain.  There  were 
five  stages  in  each  compartment :  the  upper  of 
these  consists  of  a  heavy  Renaissance  cornice,  added 
probably  about  1522,  exhibiting  an  early  example 
of  the  decline  of  the  art.  Below  the  cornice  are 
trefoil  headed  arches,  springing  from  twisted  co- 
lumns, with  straight-sided  crocketed  canopies.  The 
stage  underneath  this  has  ogee  arches,  with  trace- 
ried  spandrils,  and  beneath  all  is  a  small  row  of 
plain  arches.  The  lower  part  seems  to  have  be- 
longed to  an  earlier  chapel. 

The  ornaments  on  the  string  of  the  staircase 
have  quite  the  character  of  late  16th  century  work. 
The  original  screen  was  probably  of  German  or 
English  design,  to  which  the  cornice  and  staircase 
seem  to  have  been  later  additions,  made  by  some 
Italian  or  Spanish  knight.  On  the  north  external 
wall  of  the  chapel  is  an  inscription,  bearing  the 
names  of  three  Spanish  knights  and  the  date  1519, 
and  going  far  to  prove  that  this  was  not  the  first 
chapel  erected. 

There  remain  to  be  described  the  two  towers 
which,  as  has  already  been  stated,  form  part  of 
the  inner  line  of  defence  on  the  north  side.     Of 


661  APPENDIX  NO.   T. 

these,  one  is  semicircular,  built  with  regular  courses 
of  bossy  masonry ;  it  has  fine  bold  machicoulis.  On 
the  outer  side  are  four  medallions,  three  of  which 
contain  shields,  the  fourth,  a  figure  of  St.  John 
the  Baptist,  rudely  executed.  The  bearings  on 
the  three  shields  are, — ^1.  The  Cross  of  the  Order ; 
2.  A  fess  (the  arms  of  J.  de  Lastic,  Grand  Master 
1437—1454) ;  3.  A  lion.  From  the  date  of  the 
shields  and  the  character  of  the  masonry,  I  should 
suppose  this  tower  to  belong  to  the  older  portion 
of  the  castle,  built  at  the  commencement  of  the 
15th  century.  It  has  three  stories,  with  vaulted 
chambers.  The  other  tower  is  circular,  and  situated 
90'  to  the  west  of  the  former ;  this  is  also  of  three 
stories;  the  lower  chamber  in  both  cases  was  a 
storehouse.  Upon  each  face  of  the  tower  are  black 
letter  inscriptions,  with  the  respective  dates  1440 
and  1458. 

On  the  connecting  curtain,  which  is  rudely  built, 
is  the  shield  of  France,  with  angel  supporters.  On 
either  side  of  this  were  lions  in  the  round  built  into 
the  wall.P  After  the  outer  line  of  defence  was  built, 
the  two  towers  formed  cavaliers  to  the  outer  work, 
and  probably  had  several  guns  mounted  upon  their 
platforms.  The  garrison  was  well  supplied  with 
water,  as  there  are  immense  reservoirs  cut  in 
the  rock  in  various  parts  of  the  castle.  Under 
the  chapel  these  reservoirs  occupy  its  entire  area. 

A  very  large  quantity  of  green  rag-stone  from 

[P  These  lions  were  sent  to  Constantinople  in  1857,  to  be  placed 
in  the  Imperial  Museum  there.  In  this  curtain  also  occur  the 
shields  of  the  Grand  Masters  Jacques  de  Milly,  with  the  date 
1460,  and  of  Eaimond  Zacosta,  with  the  date  14Gd  in  black 
letter.— C.  T.  N.] 


CASTLE    OF   ST.    PETER   AT   BUDRUM.  665 

tlie  Mausoleum  is  used  in  the  construction  of  the 
castle :  the  whole  of  the  sea  rampart  on  the  west 
side,  a  solid  mass  of  masonry,  258'  long  hy  25'  x  25'; 
a  great  part  of  the  western  escarp,  the  battery  in 
front  of  the  main  gateway,  the  chapel,  the  lower 
part  of  the  curtain  on  the  west  side,  parts  of  the 
refectory  and  of  the  vaults  of  the  chambers  in  the 
towers,  as  well  as  those  places  that  have  been  re- 
paired and  strengthened  in  the  east  and  south 
curtains,  are  built  of  this  material.  In  such  a  mass 
of  masonry  a  cubical  quantity  of  green  stone  has 
been  employed,  sufficient  to  have  occupied  the 
space,  which  in  my  restoration  of  the  Mauso- 
leum has  been  assigned  to  this  material.  The 
lintels  of  the  flat-headed  doors  are  for  the 
most  part  formed  of  marble  architrave-stones 
from  the  Mausoleum :  but  these  are  not  very 
nimicrous.  Doubtless  many  large  blocks  are  in- 
corporated in  the  walls  of  this  mass  of  masonry, 
which  are  not  externally  visible.  Altogether,  the 
castle  exhibits  an  interesting  example  of  mediaeval 
military  architecture.** 

^  [I  am  indebted  to  Mr.  Holmes,  of  the  Department  of  MSS. 
in  the  British  Museum,  for  the  following  list  of  Captains  of  the 
Castle  of  St.  Peter,  which  has  been  made  up  from  the  evidence  of 
the  armorial  bearings  sculptured  on  the  walls  of  the  Castle  : — 
[1437 — 1454],  Arms;  bendy  of  six,  in  chief,  a  rose  be- 
tween two  doves.     Italian. 

Ho.Ti.  .  A.  lion   rampant,  in   chief,   three   fleurs   de  lis  a 

bordure.     Italian. 

.  An  eagle  displayed,  crowned. 

.  Three  lions  rampant,  2  and  1. 

14G4.  Jean  de  Chasteanneuf,  Bailiff  of  Lan go  (Cos). 
[14G5  ?]  —  de  Castellani  (?). 

1472.  F.  de  Bossoles,  or  Buxols  ;  Prior  of  Catalonia  ;  Captain 
again  in  1484,  5,  6,  and  in  1502. 

II.  2  X 


666  APPENDIX   NO.    I. 

1481.  Edwardus    de    Carmadino,     Bailiff    of  Lango.       Elected 

Ca[>tain  1481.  Ambassador  to  Rome.  d.  1495,  at  Rhodes. 
—  de  Be  I M  bo  (?). 
149G-8.  Tommaso  Provana.     On  tlie  same  slab  are  sculptured  the 

arras  of  Joachim  (?)  de  Saint  Simon,  Bailiff  of  the  Morea  ; 

but  these  do  not  agree  with  those  given  by  Goussancourt 

in  his  Martyrologie. 
1505-6.  Constantius  de  Operti,  Commendatore  di  Vercelli,  elected 

to  the  office  of  Admiral,  vacated  by  the  promotion  of 

Fabrizio  del  Carretto  to  the  Grand  Mastership,  1513. 
[1510  q.  —  Pantoia  of  Caatille  (?). 
1512-3.  Jacques   de  Gastineau,  Captain^  in  1507,  of  the  Caracca 

di  Rodi. 

■  Arms ;    a  cross    botton^e,   within    a    bordure 

engrailed. 
15 14.  Thomas  Sheffield,  Seneschal  of  the  Grand  Master  in  1522. 

Baglivo  d*Aquila,  de  Caspe  et  Cantaniera,  1523. 
1517.  Cornelius  de  Hambrouc. 

Emenciis  de  Manselle.     Killed  in  1522,  when  carrying  the 

standard  of  the  Grand  Master  at  the  siege  of  Rhodes  (?). 
1522.  Bernardus  de  Airasha.  Graud  Prior  of  Lombardy,  1531. 
In  regard  to  the  arms  over  the  entrance  to  the  tower  at  the 
south-east  angle  (see  ante,  p.  661),  Mr.  Holmes  has  kindly  con- 
tributed the  following  statement  : — In  the  centre  are  the  arms  of 
King  Edward  IV.,  accompanied  on  each  side  by  the  Cross  of  the 
Order,  and  the  arms  of  the  different  branches  of  the  family  of 
Plantagenet.  Immediately  beneath  the  royal  arms  are  three 
shields,  bearing  —  1.  a  bend,  for  John  Kendal,  Turcopolier, 
1477—1500 ;  2.  two  wolves,  for  Wolfe  (?) ;  3.  three  bars  ge- 
melles,  on  a  canton  five  billets,  for  Inglish,  co.  Suffolk. 

Beneath  is  a  long  line  of  sculptured  shields,  containing,  with 
others,  whose  bearings  are  either  nearly  obliterated  or  so  badly 
executed  by  the  sculptor  as  to  be  extremely  difficult  of  identifica- 
tion— two  bars,  Ifarcourt ;  15  rouudles,  5,  4,  3,  2,  and  1,  Zoucb  ; 
a  saltire,  Neville ;  quarterly,  1  and  4,  a  lion  rampant,  2  and  3, 
three  luces,  Percy  ;  two  lions  passant  guardant,  Strange  ;  a  lion 
rampant  within  a  bordure,  Talbot ;  quarterly,  1  and  4,  three  fusils 
conjoined  in  fesse,  2  and  3,  an  eagle  displayed,  Montague  and 
Monthermer ;  a  chevron,  Stafford  ;  quarterly,  in  1st  quarter  an 
estoile,  De  Vere  ;  three  roundes,  a  label  three  points,  Courtenay  ; 
three  chevrons  interlaced  in  base,  a  chief,  Fitzhugli ;  paly  of  six,  on 
a  chevron,  a  cross  crosslet,  Hallestowe. — C.  T.  N.] 


1 


APPENDIX   No.  II. 

ON   TUB   ALABASTER  VASE   INSCRIBED   WITH   THE 
NAME   OF   XERXES.      PLATE   VII. 

BY   MR.   S.    BIRCH. 

The  alabaster  vase  bearing  the  name  of  Xerxes, 
which  was  found  in  the  Mausoleum,  is  one  of  a 
class  called  by  the  ancients  alabastra^  from  the 
material  of  which  they  were  made.  These  vases 
were  used  to  contain  precious  unguents  and  cos- 
metics, which  alabaster "  was  thought  to  preserve 
better  than  any  other  material.^  Such  jars  were 
manufactured  by  the  Egyptians  from  the  earliest 
period  to  which  we  can  trace  back  their  history, 
one  having  been  found  which  bears  the  name  of 
Cheops  (Khufu).*^  The  oldest  of  these  vases  are 
made  of  transparent  alabaster,  Avithout  streaks  or 
veins.  Under  the  twenty-sixth  dynasty  there 
was  a  preference  for  yellow  alabaster,  ribbed  with 
bands,  which  show  the  successive  deposits  of  sta- 
lagmite, and  the  alabaster  was  cut  so  as  to  exhibit 
this  stratification  in  rings  concentric  with  the 
mouth  of  the  jar. 

**  This  seems  to  be  the  stone  called  Cheniites  by  Theophrastua. 
-De  Lapid. Opera,  cd.  Schneider,  i.  p.  688.  Pliny,  H.  N.  xiii.  2,  §  3. 

*»  Theophr.  De  Odor.  Opera,  ed.  Schneider,  i.  p.  747. 

^  It  has  been  shown  from  recent  discoveries,  that  the  avails  of 
the  temple  of  Shafra,  or  Chefren,  placed  behind  the  Great  Sphinx, 
were  lined  with  slabs  of  alabaster. 

2x2 


668  APPENDIX   NO.    II. 

The  alabasti^a  found  in  the  Mausoleum  contain 
four  inscriptions,  in  the  following  order : — 

1.  Persian  ;  2.  Median  or  Scythic;  3.  Assyrian; 
4.  Egyptian. 

These  inscriptions  all  contain  the  words  "  Xerxes, 
the  Great  King/*  which,  transcribed  into  Roman 
characters,  may  be  read  as  follows  : — 

1.  Persian. 
KH.SHaYAR.SHA  NaQa  WaZaRKa/ 

2.  Median. 
IKSIRSA(Ko)IRSARRA. 

3.  Assyrian. 
KHISIARSA  SAR  RABU. 

4.  Egyptian. 
KHaSHa  luARSHA  PeRAPAa. 

Three  other  vases  with  similar  inscriptions  have 
been  discovered. 

One  of  these,  now  preserved  in  the  Bibliothfeque 
Imp^riale  at  Paris,  is  a  duplicate  of  the  vase  found 
in  the  Mausoleum,*  Another,  which  also  bears  the 
name  of  Xerxes,  was  found  by  Mr.  Loftus  in  ex- 
cavations at  Susa,  together  with  fragments  of  three 
more,^  A  fourth  is  preserved  in  the  Treasury  of 
St.  Marc,  at  Venice.  This  last-mentioned  vase 
differs  from  the  others  in  its  inscription,  in  which 
the  name  of  Artaxerxes  is  substituted  for  that  of 

^  Tlie  group  represented  by  the  letters  NAQA  is  really  a 
monogram  for  **  king.*'  M.  Oppert  makes  this  group  KHSHAYA- 
THIYA 

«  Published  by  Caylus,  Recueil,  v.  PL  30,  p.  80.  See  also 
Journal  Asiatique,  Paris,  ii.  pp.  85 — 90  ;  M6moires  de  Tlnstitut 
(Acad,  des  Inscript.)  xii.  p.  143. 

'  Chaldflea  and  Susiana,  8vo.,  Lond.  1857,  p.  410. 


THE   ALABASTEll   XERXES   VASE.  669 

Xerxes,  and  also  in  its  material,  which  is  porphyry, 
not  alabaster.*^ 

There  can  be  no  doubt,  as  has  been  shown  bv 
Letronne,  that  the  name  Xerxes  on  these  vases  is 
that  of  the  celebrated  Persian  king. 

The  custom  of  inscribing  the  name  of  the  reign- 
ing monarch  on  alabastra  was  probably  borrowed 
from  Egypt.  Such  vases  have  been  found  in  that 
country  inscribed  with  the  name  of  Pharaoh  Neco 
(Nekao  II.),  who  reigned  B.C.  609,  and  also  with 
the  names  of  other  monarchs  of  the  twenty-sixth 
dynasty. 

The  same  practice  seems  also  to  have  prevailed 
in  Assyria ;  for  a  vase  is  extant  inscribed  with  the 
name  of  Sardanapalus. 

These  vases  must  have  been  greatly  esteemed  by 
the  Persians ;  for,  when  Cambyses  despatched<  the 
Ichthyophagi  on  an  embassy  to  the  iEthiopians, 
he  sent  among  the  presents  an  alabaster  vase  of 
unguents,  /tugou  aTux^oLtrr^ov}  Similar  alabastra 
were  found  by  Alexander  the  Great  in  the  baths 
of  Darius.' 

If  such  vases  were  greatly  prized  by  the  Persian 
kings,  there  is  nothing  improbable  in  the  con- 
jecture that  the  one  found  in  the  Mausoleum  may 
have  been  presented  to  some  ancestor  of  Mausolus 
by  Xerxes,  and  preserved  as  an  heirloom  in  his 
family.^ 

It  is  observable,  that  in  all  the  four  specimens 

B  Published  by  Mr.  Pettigrew,  Archseologia,  xxxi.  pi.  vi. 
p.  275. 

^  Herod,  iii.  20.  ^  Plutarch,  Alexander,  c,  20. 

i  Perhaps  to  the  first  Artemisia,  though  there  is  no  proof  that 
Mausolus  was  descended  from  her.     (See  ante,  p.  31,)— C.  T,  N. 


070  APPENDIX   NO.    II. 

of  these  alabastra  already  mentioned,  the  Persian 
cuneiform  inscription,  as  that  of  the  dominant 
race,  comes  first ;  then  the  Median ;  the  Assyrian 
and  the  Egyptian  last,  the  relative  position  of  the 
two  last  being  intended  apparently  to  mark  their 
lower  rank  as  conquered  countries. 

It  may  be  inferred  from  the  place  of  the  hiero- 
glyphical  cartouche  in  the  middle  of  the  vase,  and 
the  cramped  and  awkward  position  of  the  cunei- 
form inscription,  that  the  hieroglyphics  w^ere  en- 
graved in  Egypt,  where  these  alabastra  were 
originally  manufactured,  and  the  cuneiform  in- 
scriptions added  after  their  exportation  to  Persia. 
In  the  Egyptian  inscription  the  name  of  the  king 
is  not  preceded,  as  in  Egyptian  cartouches  gene- 
rally, by  the  usual  royal  titles,  nor  accompanied 
by  a  pra'nomen. 

With  the  vase  bearing  the  name  of  Xerxes, 
there  were  found  in  the  Mausoleum  several  other 
alabastra ;  one  of  these  was  inscribed  on  the 
shoulder  with  the  numerals  S'NA  =  754 :  on 
another  were  the  numerals  Z  9  f  =  293.  The 
forms  of  these  letters  show  that  they  are  not  of  a 
later  date  than  the  time  of  Mausolus  himself.  As 
far  as  I  know,  these  numerals  present  the  earliest 
examples  of  this  mode  of  notation,  in  which  the 
numbers  are  reckoned  decimally,  from  left  to  right. 
(See  Eranz.  Elementa  Epigraph.  Graec.  p.  350.) 

These  numerals  may  denote  that  the  alabastra 
were  entered  in  a  general  register  of  the  offerings 
made  to  so  celebrated  a  tomb  as  that  of  the  Carian 
monarch.  ^ 


) 


> 


')-'.->. 


•    • 


.      L...  ^ 


APPENDIX    No.    III. 

GREEK   INSCRIPTIONS. 

HALICABNASSUS. 


V  • 


No.  1,  Plate  LXXXV." 

T]a8t?<X6 

'  A\tKapvaT[i(o]v  koI  SaXjuaicc- 
T\iwv  Koi  Avy[Sa]fu^  iv  ry  Upy 
ayojoy,  /iijvo[c  'E]pfjiaitovoc  7r/fc[*^ 
•x\Ty  [(TTafiilyov,  cJtti  AiovTog  irpv-  (o) 

rar[fuov]ro[c  /"«'"']  ^OOarariog  ^Ka\\? 
iv]  2a  [XfiaK(]  S [i  rov  Suva 

•  rove]  fJL[yrj] fiova^  fcij  irapla]- 

0(So[va(]  fi>^[T6]  yiiv  fxriTS  oIk[[' 

a]  Toig  fivfiiiJL[o<T]iv  iiri  'ATToXoi-  (10) 

viSeu)  Tov  Av[yBa]^io^  fivr\fxovt- 

vovTog  Koi  [Ha]  va/jLvw  rov  Kai/Sw- 

XXeoc  Kol  2  [aX]  jLiaicir/eu V  /uvij- 

^ovivo vTU)[y  M]By afiareo)  tov  *A- 

(jtva<Tiog  Ka\\  ^ojpfitwvog  tov  n[a-  (15) 

vvaTtOQ'  riv  S[i  Tig]  0i\y  SiKaZ\j^' 

aOai  TTipl  yri[jc  kqX]  oiKttjJV,  67r«icaX[€i- 

TiM)  Iv  OKTW  Ka\}  S^jica  /i»)(TIV  OTTOr    [•    • 

oaSoc?  iyivtljo]  '  vofii^  Si  •caTa7r[e- 

p  vvv  opKWKT  .   .   .    [cjicStKarrrac  or-  (20) 

av  01  fivrifiolyeg]  Idiwfriv  roi;r[o 

KapTipov  tlva[i  '  rjv]  Si  Tig  v<TTepov 


»  Throughout  this  Appendix,  the  abbreviation  C.  1.  etands  for 
Corpus  luscriptionum  Groecarura,  edited  by  Bocckli  and  others. 


672  APPENDIX    NO.    III. 

kWiKaXig  tov[tov]  row  \p6vov  tHjv 

oicrct)  Ktti  Stico  [fill]  vwi;,  opKOV  ilvai  r- 

f(>  vifxofjii viit  [t]  117  75 V  5  ra  oiic-  (^5) 

f]a  •  opKOuv  St  r[ovc  CKJSiicaflrTcic  'W" 

tjicrov  S£^a)u[lvou]c*  tov  dt  o/oicov  ci- 

[v]ai,  TTflpeoi^roc  [rov  l]vco'T»j»c<froc'  K" 

aprlpovQ  8f  clvai  ^[Sc  'c]^^  oiicfwv  oinrcc 

rorc  tl^ov  ore  ['AttoJAwvi'Sijc  'co'  Ilai/o-  (30) 

/Lcvijc  tfti'»)fto[vfw]ov,  fl  iiTi  vtmpo- 

V  awtTripa<Ta[y?'  rov]  vopov  tovtov 
iiv  Tig  0(\tj  [(Tvy]  \{ai  )}  TrpoOS^a- 
[(]  i//r/0oi/  ware  /u[i)  eJTvai  rov  vofio- 

V  rofirov,  ra  €<Ji'[ra]  avrov  imrpiitrOw,  (35) 

kai    r(LiroXAci>i/[fcj»]    tivai  lepa,  kga  a-  ^  *, 

irov  <l>fvyBv  «[fi«]  '    i)v  8f  /i?)  p  au[r-  oi;^' 

e(i  a^ia  Stica  [orra] rijpaii;,  airov  [ir-  *^ 

^     ^      kTrpTifrOai  t7r[i  tSaJywyy  icai  /ui|[S- 

y  ;       ojpa  kaOoSov  [uv^ai  tig  'AXiKO/ov- 
/         i^traov,  ' A\tKa[pvri]<T<Tio)v  Si  rwc  ^'  t 

vfiTTavTwv  r[q7  8i;/u]ft>  iXtvOtpov  €i- 
vai  oc  Sv  raura  [ira]pa/3afvy,  icaro- 
TTf/a  ra  opKia  iral^^iv]  Koi  log  yiypairr- 
at  ev  T^  ^ Awo\\[wvf](^  iirtKoXlv  ja  .  ,  ?  (45) 


c 


(40) 


On  a  slab  of  white  marble  built  into  the  walls 
of  a  house  in  the  Greek  quarter  at  Budrum.  It 
has  been  cut  in  half :  the  two  halves  now  form  the 
jambs  of  a  window.  The  portions  marked  a  and  b 
in  the  Plate  are  facsimiles  from  an  impression  in 
j)aper ;  the  remainder  from  my  transcript.  It  has 
been  already  pointed  out,  antey  p.  24,  that  the 
names  of  Lygdamis,  Panyasis,  and  the  people  of 
Salmacis,  occur  in  this  inscription.  The  occurrence 
of  these  names,  and  the  general  purport  of  the 
inscription,  lead  me  to  suppose  that  the  Lygdamis 
mentioned  here  is  the  tyrant  by  whom  Herodotus 


GREEK   INSCRIPTIONS.  673 

is  said  to  have  been  expelled  from  Halicarnassus, 
and  that  the  Panyasis  mentioned  in  it  is  the  epic 
poet  of  that  name,  put  to  death  by  him. 

The  date  of  this  event,  according  to  Clinton, 
F.  H.  ii.  p.  44,  was  B.C.  467.  lygdamis  was 
nearly  grown  up  to  manhood  at  the  time  of  the 
battle  of  Salamis,  B.C.  480.  (See  Herod,  vii.  99.) 
As  his  son  Apolonides,  and  also  a  son  of  Panyasis, 
are  mentioned  in  this  inscription  as  holding  the 
office  of  MnemoneSy  its  date  is  probably  not  earlier 
than  B.  C.  450 ;  nor,  again,  can  it  be  later  than 
B.C.  443,  when  Herodotus  went  to  Thurium,  if, 
as  Suidas  states,  «.  v.  'HpoSoro^,  Lygdamis  had  been 
already  expelled  from  Halicarnassus  before  this 
event  (see  Clinton,  F.  H.  ii.  p.  54) ;  for,  from  the 
position  of  his  name,  1.  3,  in  the  preamble  of  a 
decree  made  by  the  people  of  Halicarnassus  and 
Salmacis,  it  may  be  presumed  that  at  the  time 
when  the  decree  was  made  he  was  still  in  power. 

If,  therefore,  we  assign  this  inscription  to 
B.C.  445,  drciter^  such  a  date  will  accord  very 
well  with  the  character  of  the  palaeography.  When 
compared  with  the  inscription  on  the  helmet  of 
Hiero  the  First,  of  Syracuse,  the  date  of  which 
is  fixed  by  Boeckh  (C.  I.  No.  16)  to  Olymp.  76.3 
(B.C.  474),  the  Halicarnassian  inscription  exhibits 
a  great  similarity  in  the  form  and  arrangement  of 
the  letters,  but  is  decidedly  less  archaic,  as  might 
be  expected  ajpnori,  if  the  date  I  have  assigned 
to  it  is  correct. 

This  inscription  is  further  interesting  from  its 
dialectic  peculiarities.  Halicarnassus  having  been 
a  Dorian  colony,  it  might  have  been  expected  that 
the  Doric  dialect  would  have  been  employed  there 


674j  appendix  no.  hi. 

in  inscriptions  up  to  the  date  of  the  introduction 
of  the  xo/i/^.  In  this,  however,  the  earliest  inscrip- 
tion as  yet  found  at  Halicarnassus  and  in  an 
epigram  of  a  later  period  (Plate  XCVI.,  No.  65), 
the  Ionic  dialect  is  employed.  To  account  for 
this  we  must  bear  in  mind  that  the  earliest  prose 
compositions  of  the  Greeks  were  written  in  the 
Ionic  dialect,  which,  indeed,  seems  to  have  been 
used  in  literature  in  many  cities  where  the  colonists 
were  of  Dorian  origin.  Thus,  the  medical  treatises 
of  Hippokrates  of  Cos,  the  chronicles  of  the  Argive 
Acusilaus,  and  the  philosophy  of  Diogenes  of 
ApoUonia,  were  all  written  in  Ionic  Greek,  and 
even  as  late  as  the  time  of  Artaxerxes  Mnemon, 
the  historian  Ctesias  of  Cnidus  made  use  of  many 
Ionic  forms  in  his  writings.  All  these  authors 
were  natives  of  Doric  cities.  Among  the  inscrip- 
tions found  by  me  at  Cnidus,  two  (Nos.  15,  29) 
contain  Ionic  forms,  which  in  No.  15  are  associated 
with  Doricisms.  The  decrees  of  the  people  of 
Mylasa  relating  to  Mausolus,  which  have  been 
already  cited,  ante^  p.  42,  are  also  written  in 
the  Ionic  dialect ;  and,  as  we  find  no  trace  of 
Doricisms  in  any  of  the  deci^eea  which  have  been 
discovered  either  there  or  at  Halicarnassus,  it  is 
probable  that  Ionic  may  have  been  exclusively 
employed  in  public  documents  in  both  cities  till 
the  introduction  of  the  xojyij. 

This  may  account  for  the  Ionic  forms  Sij/xorsXEa 
and  UpY^Tsla,  retained  in  a  Halicarnassian  inscrip- 
tion, C.  I.  2656,  which  is  certainly  not  earlier  than 
the  Macedonian  period. 

If  the  Ionic  dialect  was  used  in  the  public  docu- 
ments of  Halicarnassus  at  the  time  of  Herodotus, 


GREEK   INSCRIPTIONS.  675 

as  may  be  inferred  from  the  evidence  of  inscription 
No.  1,  it  is  not  likely  that  he  adopted  this  dialect 
for  his  History  in  consequence  of  his  migration  to 
Samos,  as  Suidas  states,  s.  v.  'HgoSoTo^.  His  resi- 
dence there,  however,  may  have  imparted  to  his 
style  certain  peculiarities  by  which  the  Ionic 
spoken  at  Samos  was  distinguished  from  the  other 
three  varieties  of  this  dialect  known  to  Herodotus. 
(See  his  History,  i.  142.) 

If  the  Greek  spoken  at  Halicarnassus  was  Doric, 
while  the  language  of  literature  was  Ionic,  some 
intermixture  of  Doric  forms  might  be  expected, 
a  priori^  in  this  inscription.  Accordingly,  we  find, 
1.  2,  'AxjxagyaT[6coy]  ;  while,  1.  40,  the  Ionic  forms 
'AXixagvijerero^  and  'AXixapiojerersroy  are  used ;  ^ewyey, 
1.  37,  and  gxixaXsv,  last  line,  are  also  Doric  forms. 

So  in  the  Cnidian  inscription,  No.  15,  we  have 
Ionic  forms  intermixed  with  Doric. 

The  subject  of  the  inscription  in  which  the 
names  Lygdamis  and  Panyasis  are  introduced,  is 
a  decree  of  the  people  of  Halicarnassus  and  Sal- 
macis  in  their  joint  names,  relating  to  the  legal 
title  to  certain  lands  and  houses.  The  first  eight 
lines  of  the  inscription  are  too  mutilated  to  enable 
us  to  read  them  exactly ;  but  they  are  evidently 
the  preamble  of  a  decree. 

It  has  been  already  pointed  out,  ante^  p.  11,  that 
the  people  of  Salmacis  who  are  associated  with 
that  of  Halicarnassus  in  this  decree  were  probably 
composed  of  partially  civilized  Carians  and  Lele- 
ges,  dwelling  on  and  about  the  Acropolis  and 
fountain  at  Halicarnassus,  which  bore  their  name. 

In  confirmation  of  this  view,  it  may  be  further 
observed  that  the  name  XaT^fxaxig  seems  to  l)e  of 


676  APPENDIX   NO.   in. 

Carian  origin,  as  we  find  in  the  kindred  forms 
'AXjtiuxxiV  (Stephanus  Byzant.  8.  v.  'HpaxXeia),  *Ax- 
3axi}  (Suidas,  8.  V.  AioyeyciavoV),  and  XaT^^dxri^ 
C.  I.  2761.     (See  Boeckh,  in  loc.  1.  2.) 

In  my  notice  of  this  inscription,  awfe,  p.  11,  I 
have  stated  that  the  decree  is  made  out  in  the  joint 
names  of  the  Halicarnassians  and  people  of  Sal- 
macis,  and  that  it  may  be  hence  inferred  that  the 
two  were  united  at  Halicarnassus  in  one  civil 
community.  Subsequent  study  of  the  mutilated 
lines  which  form  the  heading  of  this  decree  leads 
me  to  modify  this  statement.  I  am  inclined 
to  think  that  the  two  communities  did  not  form 
one  state  at  the  date  of  this  inscription,  but  that 
a  relation  existed  between  them  analogous  to  that 
between  Athens  and  its  dependency  Salamis,  as 
indicated  in  an  inscription  (C.  I.  108),  which 
commences  : — ^Fatt)  ^EpyoxXioos  apy^ovrog  sv  ^Atrrei,  iv 
XaTiUfuyi  ii  ''Av^pwvog^  and  which  Boeckh  supposes 
to  have  been  made  by  Athenian  kleruchi  settled  in 
Salamis.  In  this  inscription,  the  eponymous  ma- 
gistrate of  the  dominant  state  is  named  first,  after 
whom  follows  the  eponymous  magistrate  of  the 
dependent  state.  If  a  restoration,  which  I  shall 
presently  consider,  could  be  established,  the 
^eponymous  magistrate  of  Salmacis  was  in  like 
manner  named  in  line  7,  after  the  Frytanis  of 
Halicarnassus.  If  we  thus  suppose  the  two  com- 
munities to  have  been  politically  distinct,  the  term 
opxia,  1.  44,  may  refer  to  treaties  between  them ; 
but  the  inscription  is  so  mutilated,  that  I  can  only 
oflFer  conjectures  on  these  points. 

1.  3.  AwySa/iu^.  The  occurrence  of  this  name  in 
he  nominative  here  is  very  difficult  to  exj>lain. 


A' 


GREEK   INSCRIPTIONS.  677 

In  the  heading  of  Athenian  decrees  the  word 
ixxT^rjtrioL  or  ^ouT^rj  sometimes  stands  as  an  absolute 
nominative.  See  the  instances  of  this  construction 
collected  by  Boeckh,  C.  I.  No.  Ill,  and  ibid.  Nos. 
2270,  2264  ;  but  the  xal  which  precedes  the  name 
of  Lygdamis  precludes  such  a  construction  here. 
Perhaps  the  decree  commenced  with  the  words 
TJaSe  [(TuvfiflfyTo  or  Ixsxwgaxrav],  followed  by  the 
name  of  the  legislative  body  by  whom  the  law  was 
passed,  and  which  would  be  the  nominative, 
governing  'AXixapvarerov  xal  ^aX/juxxirioiv,  L  2,  and 
agreeing  with  truviQeyro. 

It  may  be  inferred  from  the  unusual  position  of 
the  name  Lygdamis  in  this  preamble,  that  he  held 
some  high  office  at  the  time  of  the  decree  ;  possibly, 
his  name  is  so  inserted  to  show  that  it  was  not 
valid  without  his  consent. 

1.  3.  ev  rf  iegv  ayopjj.     What  a  iega  dyopa  was,    I 

cannot  conjecture.  One  of  the  four  sorts  of  ex- 
xTsT^tricLi  summoned  by  the  Prytanes,  was  that  which 
deliberated  irefi  Uptbv  xal  oer/oiy  (see  Pollux,  Onomast. 
viii.  95) ;  but  it  seems  more  probable  that  ayopa 
here  refers  to  the  place  of  meeting,  which  may 
have  been  called  iepa,  as  one  of  the  harbours  at 
Ephesus  was  called  isgo^  Xi/tijy,  possibly  from  its 
proximity  to  a  temple,  as  Mr.  Falkeiier  suggests, 
in  his  Ephesus,  p.  57.^ 

1.  4.  ['EJp/xaitoi/o^.  The  usual  form  is  *Eg/juxro^, 
which  was  an  Argive  and  Boeotian  month  (see  K.  F. 
Hermann,  Ueber  Griechische  Monatskunde,  —  in 
Abhandl.  d.  K.  Gesellsch.  d.  Wissensch.  Goettingen, 
1844,  ii.  p.  98) ;  but  'Epfji^iw^  occurs  in  a  decree  of 

^  Homer  calls  the  ayopu^  iipoc  kvkXoc,  II.  xviii.  504. 


f^..  -  t 


fM 


V 


T  '- 


\  v» 


«  ■ 


678  APPENDIX   NO.    III. 

the  people  of  lulis  in  Ceos.  (Rangabe,  Antiquit^s 
Hell^n.  ii.  p.  247,  No.  677.) 

1.  6.  The  letters  OOATATIOZ,  after  TrptiTavetJov- 
To^,  probably  represent  the  name  of  the  other 
Prytanis.  (Cf,  No.  2,  init.  iiri  Tr^u^ravimvrt^  to5 
SeTva]  fjLsra  AioSoVoti.)  This  name  may  have  been 
-^/^  'OdoVan^,  which   resembles  that  of  'OdoyroTaTTj^, 

the  successor  of  Ada.     (See  ante^  p.  61.) 

1.  7.  Before  ZA,  in  this  line,  is  a  space  for  two 
letters,  and  after  it  for  four  :  the  next  letter  is  A 
in  my  transcript,  but  may  have  been  a  A.  I  there- 
fore have  restored  this  EN]£A[AMAKI]A[I,  as  it 
might  be  expected  that  the  name  of  the  epony- 
mous magistrate  would  follow  here.  I  can,  how- 
ever, offer  no  satisfactory  reading  of  the  remainder 
of  this  line  and  beginning  of  1.  8 ;  and,  therefore, 
the  restoration  proposed  must  be  considered 
doubtful. 

1.  8.  Mvij/toya^.  The  functions  of  these  officers 
are  thus  defined  by  Aristotle,  Polit.  vi.  5, 4 : — ^"Erepa 

Xs  0Lp')(7\  TTpog  7}v  avayptx^sa'Qai  SsT  Tct  rs  Kia  (ru/jt^oAaia 
xa)  TOLS  xpltrsig  ex  tcov  SixacrTTjgjrov  Tcapa  Ss  roig  auroTg 
TouTQig  xa\  rag  ypa^ag  toJi/  hxwy  ylv-tr^ou  Zsi  xou  rag 
eltraytoyag,  'Eviap^ot/  fJLSv  oZv  ju-s^/jfoweri  xai  raurriy  elg 
irXeloug' — xaXoi/vrai  8s   Upofjivrffi^ovsg  xa)  sTntrraraLi  xcti 

l^vriiufing^  x.  t.  X.  From  this  passage  it  appears  that 
their  name  [xvr^fjioveg  was  given  them  because  they 
were  Remembrancers  or  Recorders  ;  hence  their 
office  was  synonymous  ^nth  that  of  ypaf/LfMarsTg. 
See  Timaeus,  Gloss.  Plat.  ed.  Koch.  p.  125 ;  Schol. 
Bavar.  ad  Dem.  Cor.  p.  276 ;  Schol.  ad  Aristoph. 
Nub.  1.  623;  K.  P.  Hermann,  Lehrbuch  d.  Gr. 
Staatsalterthueraer,  ed.  1855,  §  14,  8  :  see  also 
Letronne,  Sur  les  Fonctions  attribuc^es  aux  Mne- 


GREEK   INSCRIPTIONS.  679 

mons,    &c.    M6moires   de  Tlnstitut.    [Acad,   des 
Inscript.]  Paris,  1822,  vi.  pp.  230,  226). 

After  the  preamble  comes  the  law  itself,  consist- 
ing of  several  distinct  clauses. 

(1.)  lines  8  to  15,  enact  that  the  Mnemones  are 
not  to  convey  or  surrender  (xapaSiSoWi)  to  the 
Mnemones  any  land  or  houses  iin  * AttoXcovISsq}, 
X.  T.  X.  [xvri[xops6ovTog,  which,  literally  rendered,  would 
mean,  "  during  the  time  while  Apolonides  son 
of  Lygdamis,  and  Panamyas,  held  or  hold  the 
office  of  Mnemon  in  Halicamassus ;  Megabates 
son  of  Aphyasis,  and  Phormion  son  of  Panyasis, 
being  Mnemones  at  the  same  time  for  the  people  of 
Salmacis."  The  meaning  of  this  clause  is  very  ob- 
scure ;  but,  as  it  is  enacted  infra^  lines  18 — 22,  that 
those  who  were  in  possession  of  land  and  houses 
during  the  Mnemonship  of  Apolonides  and  Pana- 
myas shall  retain  this  possession  except  under  a 
specified  condition,  it  might  be  expected,  a  prioriy 
that  the  clause  forbidding  the  alienation  of  real 
property,  1.  9,  refers  to  certain  houses  and  lands 
held  by  a  title  dating  from  the  term  of  office  of 
Apolonides,  &c. ;  but  I  confess  myself  unable  to 
extort  this  meaning  from  the  passage  as  it  stands, 
nor  do  I  see  what  other  restoration  can  be  proposed 
for  the  words  which  I  read  7rapahi6[yat]  and  ju-yij- 
/x[o(r]iv,  lines  9, 10. 

(2.)  lines  16 — 22.  "  If  any  one  wishes  to  go  to 
law  {hxa§€(rQai)  about  land  or  houses,  let  him  give 
notice  of  action  {sTnxaXsiro})  within  eighteen  months 
from  .  .  ".  Then  follow  letters  which,  as  they 
stand  in  the  facsimile,  are  unintelligible ;  at  the 
same  time,  I  do  not  think  it  likely  that  my  tran- 
script, which  was  made  with  great  care,  and  revised 


I 


V  '       -    ' 


n 


•  - 


«       ^ 


/      680  '  '         APPENDIX   NO.    III. 

more  than  once  from  the  marble,  would  he  very  far 
wrong  here. 

Prom  the  mention  of  a  term  of  months,  or 
?rpofle(r/x/a,  immediately  before,  it  seems  almost 
certain  that  the  words  which  follow  fix  the  date 
from  which  such  term  would  be  reckoned ;  hence 
it  has  been  proposed  to  read  AnOT[OON]0[M10- 
ZErENE[TO],  i.e.  dw  oTrfu  (for  a^*  otou)  6  vo/xog  eysvero, 
"from  the  time  when  the  law  was  made;"  or  oltt 
tT§  for  a<^'  on.  This  restoration  assumes  that  in 
the  transcript  I  have  mistaken  M  in  vo/xo^  for  AA, 
which  is  not  impwbnble.  The  principal  objection 
to  this  restoration  is,  that  Irsflij,  rather  than  eyiusro, 
might  be  expected  after  vo/jlos.  With  regard  to 
the  proposed  readings,  dir  otou  may  be  defended 
by  the  common  forms  i^  otow  (or  s^oVoti),  i^oTouTrep  ; 
d'TTOTM  may,  perhaps,  be  supported  indirectly  by  the 
analogy  of  sig  ore  or  eWoxe. 

(3.)  If  we  read  here,  opx[oiiprohs  s]x8ixa<rTa^,  the 
sense  would  be — "  When  the  Mnemones  think  fit, 
they  are  to  swear  the  jurors  by  law,  or  under  this 
law,  as  at  present."  But  in  my  transcript  the  letters 
are  OPKIIIZ  •  •  KAIKAZTAZ.  Probably,  therefore, 
the  true  reading  was  opxouo-fiai,  or  opxo6<rQcov  sxhxatr- 
rag.  The  functions  of  the  Ixhxaa-rcLi  were,  it  is  to 
be  presumed,  the  same  as  those  of  the  Athenian 
hxoLtrrai^  or  jurors.  The  swearing  in  of  jurors  was 
probably  usual  in  Greek  trials.  (See  Hermann, 
Lehrbuch  d.  Gr.  Staatsalt.  ed.  1855,  §  134,  9.)  ^ 

(4.)  1.  22.  "  If  any  one  brings  an  action  after  the 
fixed  term  of  eighteen  months,  the  person  in  pos- 
session of  the  land  or  houses  must  take  an  oath,  to 
be  administered  by  the  dicasts  in  the  presence  of  the 
plaintiff, — roZ  hetrrrixoTog ;  the  dicasts  are  to  receive 

T4^  r^v-  ^crov  5;icij^TA,^  KocTag  €u^/bc\ks  V'^3y^*  t>t^-^<^i 


V  "V^-w 


.  mU ;  '    1  /.    A . r^w-*  <.'  n .  at  ^t  ?tc i4.^>  ^4  r^i »  t/lr.  . .^'^  -r c^v 


."^i 


GREEK   INSCRIPTIOXS.  681 

for  this  the  fee  of  half  a  hekte.^^  Here  the  dicasts, 
first  being  sworn  themselves,  administer  the  oath 
to  others. 

Tow  iystrrrixQT^g,  M  the  plaintiff."  Compare  for 
this  sense  of  ewV-njjtti,  Theo^rastus  ap.  Stob.  Serm. 

xliv.  22 :  xaga  8s  ritn  irpoxripoTTsif  Xs7<s6o*j<n  xgo  tow 
xaraxupwiilyou  ttM^  TifJt^i^ag  cuvs^cSg^  el  rig  lyitrrarai 
^  dvTi'jromTai  roS  xryjfJLOLTQg  ^  r^g  olxiotg. 

(5.)  "  Those  who  were  in  possession  of  land  and 
houses  when  Apolonides  and  Panamyas  were 
Mnemones,  are  to  hold  them  still,  unless  after 

that  date "  •  •  •  ei  jx^  ucrfspov  awsTre^airai.  I  havo 
restored  this  word^  a^rsTgpaerav,  in  the  sense  of 
"sold."  This  tense  would  be  regularly  formed 
from  d7ro7ri7rpa(rx(o,  supposing  such  a  verb  to  have 
existed;  and,  though  we  have  no  authority  for 
this  compound,  its  counterpart  ot^ro^rpiWflai  occurs 
in  Aristophanes,  E/anaBi  1.  1227.  Again,  the  ne- 
cessity of  assuming  the  existence  of  a  new  verb 
might  be  altogether  avoided  by  reading  «  y  Jxejao-aif, 
with  the  same  sense  of  "  sold."  The  clause  would 
thus  enact  that  all  those  should  retain  their  lands 
who  had  held  them  from  a  certain  date,  unless 
they  had  subsequently  sold  them ;  though  such  a 
clause  seems  superfluous ;  for  how  could  any  of  the 
parties  concerned  claim  a  title  in  land  which  they 
had  sold  P 

(6.)  The  remainder  of  the  decree  is  very  clear 
and  straightforward,  enacting  that  any  one  wishing 
to  annul  this  law  shall  be  banished,  and  have  his 
property  confiscated  and  dedicated  to  Apollo  ;  and 
if  he  does  not  possess  property  to  the  value  of  ten 
stateres,  he  shall  himself  bo  sold  for  exportation 
and  never  be  permitted  to  return  to  Halicarnassus ; 

II.  2  Y       ,  — 


JA     >' 


V 


■» 


682  APPENDIX  NO.   m. 

and  if  any  one  shall  transgress  these  (enactments), 
it  shall  he  lawful  for  the  whole  denioa  of  Halicar- 
nassus  to  sue  him  in  the  manner  prescrihed  by  the 
treaties  (opxia),  and  as  it  is  written  in  the  'A^roXX^owov. 

1.  35.  iiifTa  for  ovra. 

1.  36.  Tco^oXXcoy[ia>].  Ionic  crasis  for  t£  *AtoX- 
Xctfv/co :  cf.  the  inscription  from  the  Sacred  Way 
at  Branchidae,  C.  I.  No,  39.  This  'A^roXXoiwoy  is 
evidently  the  temple  of  Apollo  mentioned  in  the 
last  line  of  the  inscription  as  the  place  where  copies 
of  laws  were  kept.  This  temple  may  have  been  that 
of  the  Triopian  Apollo  at  Cnidus  (see  antey  p.  350) ; 
but  Halicamassus  must  have  ceased  to  be  a 
member  of  the  Hexapolis  before  the  date  of  this 
inscription ;  and,  moreover,  it  seems  probable  that 
the  documents  referred  to  would  be  kept  in  some 
place  where  they  could  be  readily  considted. 
•  Among  the  Halicamassian  inscriptions  pub- 
lished by  Lebas,  is  a  dedication  to  Apollo  Archegetes 
and  Asclepios.   (Voyage  Arch6ologique,  No.  504.) 

1.  41.  Tibg  for  rwv.  Compare  r^y  y^y,  aupra^  I.  25, 
and  other  instances  cited  by  Boeckh,  C.  I.  i.  p.  117. 

1.  26.  T}jtt/[e]xTov  Ss^a/4syou^,  "  receiving  a  half 
hekte  as  the  fee  for  administering  the  oath."  The 
yfa^eTop  rtSy  opxtov  is  mentioned  in  a  later  Halicar- 
nassian  inscription,  No.  3,  as  one  of  the  sources  of 
public  revenue.  It  is,  therefore,  to  be  presumed 
that  every  time  an  oath  was  administered  for  judi- 
cial purposes,  a  fee  was  charged.  At  Athens  oaths 
were  administered  by  an  officer  called  opxoinj^.  (See 
Schoemann,  Antiquitates  Juris  pub.  Graec.  Greifs- 
wald,  1838,  p.  291,  4.) 

The  rJ/x/exTov  is  a  coin  mentioned  in  a  fragment 
from  the  Aafj^ia  of  the  Athenian  comic  poet  Crates, 


GREEK  INSCRIPTIONS.  683 

who  flourished  about  B.C.  450,  and  who  states  that 
it  was  worth  eight  obols : — 

(See  Pollux,  ix.  62.)  As  the  hekte  was  certainly 
the  sixth  part  of  the  stater,  the  heniiekton^  or 
ha\f'heki€y  must  have  been  the  twelfth  part  of  the 
stater. 

The  hemiekton  in  this  inscription  must  have  been 
a  division  of  the  stater,  which  is  mentioned  1.  38. 

We  thus  learn  the  fact  that  at  the  time  when  this 
inscription  was  written,  probably  about  B.C.  445, 
the  people  of  Halicarnassus  made  use  of  a  gold  or 
electrum  coinage. 

On  what  standard  this  stater  was  adjusted  we 
have  at  present  no  evidence.  At  the  time  when 
this  inscription  was  written,  there  was  an  extensive 
electrum  currency  on  the  western  coast  of  Asia 
Minor,  of  which  the  principal  mints  were  Cyzicus 
and  Phocsea.  The  coins  of  these  two  cities  appear 
to  be  adjusted  to  the  same  standard,  —  a  stater 
of  about  248  English  grains,  of  which  the  sixth, 
hekte,  weighed  about  41-^  grains,  and  the  hemi- 
ekton,  20  grains.  (See  Mommsen,  Geschichte  des 
Eoemischen  Muenzwesen,  pp.  1 — 4 ;  Burgon, 
Catalogue  of  the  Thomas  Collection  of  Coins, 
p.  316.) 

The  stater  current  at  Halicarnassus  may  have 
followed  this  standard ;  but  though  there  is  ground 
for  believing  that  the  electrum  currency  extended  as 
far  south  as  Caria,  there  is  no  positive  proof  of  this. 

Mommsen,  p.  18,  points  out  that  there  are  a  set 
of  gold  coins  of  which  the  heaviest  weigh  but  217 
grains.     These  pieces  of  217  grains  he  considers  to 


684  APPENDIX  NO.  Ill- 

be  stateres  of  a  standard  lower  than  that  of  Phocaea 
and  Cyzicus ;  and,  from  tlie  frequent  occurrence  of 
the  lion  type  on  these  coins,  he  thinks  that  this 
lower  standard  is  probably  that  of  Miletus.  (See 
Nos.  2153  and  2154,  in  Burgon's  Catalogue  of  the 
Thomas  Collection,  which  Mommsen  regards  as 
the  third  of  this  stater  ;  also  Burgon,  Catalogue  of 
Thomas  Coins,  p.  301.) 

It  is  possible  that  the  atater  of  Halicamassus 
may  have  been  adjusted  to  the  same  standard. 

I  may  here  mention  that,  while  the  "Medusa" 
was  at  Budrum,  her  commander,  Captain  Heath, 
purchased  a  very  small  coin  of  gold  or  electrum 
(see  the  cut),  which  may  be  thus  described  : — 

Obv.  Rose  or  flower. 

Kev.  Circular  flower,  incuse. 

Size  as  in  cut ;  weight  4*3  grains.  I  saw  another  coin 
precisely  similar  in  type  and  size  in  the  possession 
of  Chevalier  Hedenburg,  then  residing  at  Rhodes, 
which,  I  fear,  has  been  lost ;  Captain  Heath's 
specimen  is,  therefore,  so  far  as  I  know,  unique. 

Among  the  undoubted  coins  of  Phocaea  are 
several  which  Mommsen  (p.  6)  considers  to  be  the 
eighth  part  of  the  hekte^  or  the  forty -eighth  of  the 
stater.  Captain  Heath's  coin  is  so  much  lighter 
than  these,  that  I  suspect  it  is  the  eighth  of  a  hekte 
of  the  stater  of  217  grains,  which  Mommsen  calls 
Milesian. 

The  type  seems  to  point  to  Rhodes,  but  the 
commonly  received  date  of  the  foundation  of  the 
city  is  B.C.  408 ;  and  this  coin  appears  to  be  at 
least  half  a  century  earlier.  We  have  no  evidence 
to   show  that  the  three  Bhodian  cities,  Lindus, 


GREEK  INSCRIPTIONS.  685 

lalysus,  and  Camirus,  ever  used  the  type  of  the 
rose  as  representing  the  island  in  genere.  The 
Chevalier  Hedenburg  informed  me  that  his  coin 
was  found  on  the  coast  opposite  Rhodes. 

With  regard  to  the  value  of  eight  obols  assigned 
to  the  hemiekton  by  Crates,  this  would  be  too  low, 
whether  we  calculate  either  by  the  Cyzicene  or  the 
lighter  Milesian  standard.  Mommsen  (p.  58)  sup- 
poses that  the  hemiekton  mentioned  by  Crates  is 
an  Athenian  coin,  the  twelfth  part  not  of  the  stater 
but  of  the  drachma. 

But  may  we  not  rather  presume  that  the  line  in 
the  AafjLia  refers  to  a  foreign  coin  of  which  the 
value  was  not  universally  known  at  Athens  ?  To 
remind  the  Athenian  public  of  the  value  of  one  of 
their  own  gold  coins  would  seem  a  gratuitous  piece 
of  information. 

Boeckh  (Metrologische  TJntersuchimgen,  Ber- 
lin, 1838,  p.  135)  remarks  that  we  cannot  tell  to 
what  state  the  hemiekton  of  Crates  belonged.  He 
supposes  either  that  the  currency  was  very  much 
debased,  or  much  below  the  nominal  standard. 
From  the  mention  of  hektce  in  contemporary 
Athenian  inscriptions,  it  is  evident  that  about  the 
time  of  Crates  much  of  the  tribute  was  paid  into  the 
Athenian  treasury  in  the  electrwn  coinage  of  Asia 
Minor.  As  this  was  more  or  less  adulterated  with 
alloy,  more  especially  the  Phocsean  coinage,  the 
exchange  of  this  foreign  currency  against  Athenian 
silver  would  be  fluctuating,  and,  in  the  absence  of 
nice  analysis,  was,  probably,  matter  of  dispute ;  as 
the  Athenians  would  naturally  endeavour  to  de- 
preciate the  electrum  currency  much  below  its  real 
value  by  exaggerated  assertions  as  to  the  amount 


686  APPENDIX  NO.   III. 

of  alloy  it  contained.  This  is  borne  out  by  the 
statement  in  Hesychius,  a.  v.  ^coxatg  ...  to  xaxta-roy 
;fgu<r»ov,  and  by  the  mention  of  false  atatei^to  ^a  an 
Athenian  inscription,  C.  1. 150,  §  36.  Hence,  pro- 
bably, the  popular  prejudice  against  the  innovation 
of  a  gold  currency  at  Athens,  to  which  Aristophanes 
appeals,  RanaB,  ed.  Dind.  1.  720.  As  we  do  not 
possess  the  context,  from  which  the  line  in  Crates 
is  a  fragment,  we  cannot  be  sure  whether  his  state- 
ment about  the  hemiekton  is  not  a  specimen  of  the 
exaggeration  in  which  the  Athenian  comic  writers 
so  often  indulged.^ 

When  Aristophanes,  in  the  passage  already  re- 
ferred to,  stigmatizes  the  new  gold  pieces  at  Athens 

as  made  of  copper,  1. 725,  toutoi^  rolg  'rroprjpoig  ;^aXxioi^, 

his  statement  can  hardly  be  regarded  as  an  histori- 
cal fact ;  for  the  Athenians  of  his  time  would  hardly 
have  established  a  debased  gold  currency  side  by 
side  with  a  silver  coinage  of  remarkable  purity. 

«  According  to  Hesychius,  *.  v,  lifiuKToy,  this  coin  was  the  equiva- 
lent of  the  fifiiutfioXtoy ;  but  this  statement  can  hardly  have  been 
applied  to  the  IiemiekloH  of  gold,  which,  as  the  twelfth  part  of  a 
9t<Uer  equal  in  weight  to  two  golden  drachma,  must  have  been  the 
equivalent  of  the  obolos.  The  statement  of  Hesychius  can,  how- 
ever, be  explained  if  we  adopt  Mom ni sen's  view,  that  the  Itemiek- 
ton  of  Crates  is  an  Athenian  coin,  the  twelfth  part  of  the  drachma. 
It  does  not  follow,  however,  that  Hesychius  is  speaking  of  a  hemi- 
ekton of  gold.  The  term  may  have  been  applied  to  silver,  like 
iKrfij  reraprfj. 


1  .  .-1. 


e  o. 


\  s  c  ^^  1   \'  '   I  ';■  -i 


ETAONOITOVniXO 
PO  riAE  Jl-NOIEPin  PY 
^ZMETAAIOAOTOYT  O 
rpAM^ATE   yONTO   I 
OITOVNO   yAAATAOOY 
B  O  YA  H  IKAITniAHM/lirN-a 
EJIN  O  T-aiA  NTO  TYMNAX 
ION  E   PI  SIKEYAZGHIEPEI 
EYZPTOA  EMAIOIPPEI 
ZTH  XPO  A  EJTI  ZY  NEXXL PH 

.  E  xrun  r  ty/^maziowkai 

KJIZ^NX  A  ITH  MPAIAIKH  N 
N   H  I  N  y  N  OINCOUPJIIMTAIAE 
AH  M  JT-I  E  niZKEyAZAIEPf:  I 
K    A  .T  A   M   E  MMEPIZTAKAIPAE 
K  OAO  /^    H  M  EN  AOAimNAEPPOX 
Z    y    A  A   K    A  I  Ti^NXYAIN/lNE  P 
I     T  I   N  A  E  I  Z  A  ETAAOIPAEPAr 
I   N    EZBOyAOM  ENOYTOYAHMOY 
•TOPYMNAZI  ONAniEIOIMEfsJ 
X    P  H    M  A    1    A  O  .  -  EATOKAAEAO 
O    I    TAZXPEIA  ZPAPEXOMENO  I 
y   ■  •  •     T  A  I  ♦  AN  E  POmZiNOZOIAN 
\0    TAX    PHMA   TAMHEAAZZO  N 
NT    AKOZIiXN  KAIOZOIANATOK  A 
PAX    M  XL  N  T  PIZXIALaNEPHINH  r 
y    Z    y  P   O   T  OYAHMCyKAIANAPPA 
PO   r   P   A   VANTAZTOVH^IZMA 
APA    Z    T    A  A  ITOYHMIKYKAlOy  P  PO 

T  I  O  I  A  E  TOYAHMOYBOyAH  O  E  N 
Y  A   Z    A    I  TO  Py  MNADONEZ  E  Y  P 
A  O  I  M  E  N  AnPEAWOIAEATO  K  AA 
:  Z     .    .    .    .  T    E  POYEIAOYZTONTOPA  E 
T     .     .    .    .      "■      ONKArrOYZAOIPOYZ 
N   A  •  •  •  •   A-NTXINAEAYTXLNTA 
T  MEAHTAITOYPYMNA 

A    AMENOYZ  A"AITAXPI 
\  I  .  .  ZO  P-TL  ZA A  NKAITAEP  PA 

TIZ         KAIAYZITEAEZ 
N    TAEZTANEPril 
ZTOZ      EAEZOA 
E  PIMEAHT 


I 
I 


^oy  />«i/.C*.    .-..•-     ••!' 


GREEK   INSCRIPTIONS.  687 


No.  2,  Plate  3,  of  this  Volume." 

'EttI 'A/>]€Taovoc?  nfacu[voc? 

ravtuovTOc  rov  Suva]  /icra  AioSorou  to[D 
8cTi/a] ,  ypa/i/JiarivovTog 

Tov  deiva]  Tou  ^ovfiajuOov,  (5) 

fii|  7rpvTav]{iov,  oirtog  av  ro  yu/Lii/dcr- 

6  j3aaiX]€UC  riroXc/Liatoc^  7r/0€a[/3£v- 

aa<n|]c  ''Sc  woXcwc*  auvtx<*'/'»?[<^^''  (1^) 

oTTWc]  ^X*^*'*  7u/Livaa£0v  ical 

ayui]  vi^wvrat  r?)v  TratSticiiv 
a'ya>v/a]v  y  vvv  oJ  vfoi  ^pwvraif  8t* 

leap]  rd  /ii/x  p^iynrra  koI  ttXc-  (15) 

fovoc  a^ia  ({i]  KoSo/iTi/ilya^  oXfycuv  Se  wpoa- 

iioimov  ilg  tu]  ^vXa  icac  tgjv  ^vXivtov  tp" 

ytov  ia\Tiv  a,  hq  8i  ra  Xoitto  ciray- 

ytWovral T]ivig,  (iovXoplvov  tov  Sfz/Kov 

e 7ri(nc£ vaaat]  to  yvp.va<Tiov  Soact,  oJ  /Liev  (20) 

SoipEov]  xpfi^ara,  o[l  S]l  aroKa*  SsSol^^jOai 

Svwg  av]  ol  Tag  ypilag  irapi\6fiivoi  [ri|  iroXci 

e]  V  [cpyc]  ral  ^avtpoi  HcriVi  Stroi  av 

IvayyiXXfjJvrai  S]ord  "^pfipara  pfi  iXa<y<Jov[a 

Spa\inu)V  TTf]  VTaKOCfttJV  Ka\  Hcfoi  av  aroica  (25) 

/ii)  (Xaaaova  ?l]pa')(/i(!)v  Tpi<T\iXlu)v,  liryvfja- 

tiai  /jlIv  avTojvg  vtro  tov  S//fiou  fcal  avaypa- 

fpt(rOai  a]iroy paxpavTag  to  yp^ipiapa 

TOino  Iv  ry  7r]a^ttOTa8i  tov  ri/jitKVKXlov ,  ttjOO- 

aypaxpavTag  S]ti  oiSt,  tov  irj/jLOv  (iovXiiOiv-  (30) 

Tog  cTTiaicc]  uaaai  ro  yv/xvatriov  cacvTr- 

o/ooi/ai]  V  Of  /Lcei/  Stopeav,  oi  Si  aTOxa,  d- 


**  This  Plate  is  not  a  facsimile  of  the  original,  an,  from  its  posi- 
tion, I  was  unable  to  obtain  an  impression  in  paper. 


688  APPENDIX   NO.    III. 

vajpaip6vT(jjv  di  £ica]rl/oov  elSovg  tov  to  irXepor- 

ov  Sovra  wpwrjov  kuX  touc  Xonrovg  [TreiTpicrrl, 
d]  va  [ypa^oi/Jrojii/ Si  awTw vTcc  [6 vo/Liara?  .  •       (35) 
o{  £7ri]jueA?}ral  tow  yv/iva  [afou,  roue  Si 
iirayyiilXafilvovQ  8[ouy]a(  ra  ^[///iara 
Toig  Tafi]t[ai]g'  owtjg  8'  av  ical  ra  cpya 
fiKrOtHfaaiTo]  ric  •  •  >  i(o\  XvaiTeXig 

....  TO  Ic  Tfiv  ipyfo[ylav]  (40) 

•  •  .  .  (TTOQ    ....  t\t(TUa  [_l .  .  .  . 

....  c7r<^cX})[rdc  .... 


On  a  marble  slab  inserted  as  a  window-jamb  in 
the  tower  at  the  south-eastern  angle  of  the  Castle. 
This  is  a  decree  of  the  people  of  Halicarnassus 
relating  to  the  building  of  a  gymtumum  erected 
by  permission  of  one  of  the  Ptolemies,  kings  of 
Egypt.  The  Ptolemy  referred  to  in  this  inscription, 
1.  9,  is  most  probably,  either  Philadelphus,  or 
Ptolemy  III.  (Euergetes).  Caria,  as  has  been 
already  stated,  antCj  p.  69,  formed  part  of  the 
dominions  of  Philadelphus,  and  continued  in  the 
possession  of  his  successors  till  the  reign  of  Ptolemy 
Epiphanes.     (See  C.  I.  iii.  p.  282.) 

1. 1.  The  name  in  this  line  may  have  been  that  of 
a  Gymnasiarch,  or  Ixi/tsXijr?;^  of  the  GymnaHum^  as 
the  magistrate  to  whom  the  subject  of  the  decree 
specially  related.  The  eponymous  civil  magistrate 
was  probably  the  first  named  of  the  Prytanes.  In 
like  manner,  a  decree  of  the  Halicamassians,  re- 
lating to  sacred  matters  (C.  I.  2656),  commences  sTri 
yswjroiooj — then  follow  the  names  of  the  Prytanes. 

A  third  Halicarnassian  decree  preserved  in 
Josephus,  Ant.  Jud.  xiv.  10,  §  23,  commences  st) 
Ispioos.  This  also  relates  to  sacred  matters.  (See 
Eranz,  Elementa  Epigraphices  Grsec.  pp.  324-5.) 


GREEK   INSCRIPTIONS.  689 

1.  6.  On  the  idiom  yuwfjLrj  instead  of  yyaifjiji,  see 
Boeckh,  C.  I.  2264. 

1.  12.  ayeov/^ifovTai.  In  my  transcript  I  read 
'pia-wvraiy  but  this  is  probably  a  mistake. 

1.  14,  15.  I  cannot  restore  these  lines  satisfac- 
torily. 

1.  20.  SoVsi.  My  transcript  has  ^axrsi,  but  this  is 
probably  an  error. 

1.  22.  Compare  infra,  No.  3,  1.  3. 

1.  29.  irf>9[(rypai^avras'],  I  have  supplied  this 
word  from  the  analogy  of  No.  3, 1.  6,  7,  avayga^a* 

avribu  ra  ovofcora,    ....    vpoa-ypdi^avreg  ot«,  x.  t.  X. 

1.  34.  This  line  is  also  restored  from  the  analogy 
of  No.  3, 1.  7. 

The  remaining  lines  of  this  inscription  evidently 
relate  to  the  farming  out  the  contracts,  which,  as 
we  learn  from  No,  3,  init.,  was  the  business  of  the 

1.  40,  ry'v,  in  my  MS.  copy  rav ;  but  this  is  pro- 
bably a  misreading,  as  there  is  no  other  trace  of 
the  Doric  dialect  in  this  inscription. 


No.  3,  Plate  LXXXVI. 


Kq]AA£icX^v  [Ta]filaig'  oi  Si  ra/ilai  SoTtj^aaif]  Trapa\f)Ufia 


ToTg  iiri' 


fif]Ai|raTc*  oi    Si   € [ttz/licA] ijrai  Soraxrav  Ti/ig  ilpy^wvaic 

Kara  Tag  Siaypa^ 
tpag*  OTTfjjQ  S*  av  oi  vpoBav tlaavTag  ug  Trjv   aroav   riv  o 

SfjfJLog  avari- 
OijtTtv  T(^  'AttoAAwvi  Kfll  jiatTiXti  IlToXtfiaii^  tpavspoi  waiv 

wa<nv,  Toig 
IL  2    Z 


690  APPENDIX  NO.   III. 

f ?€TooTac  t^*  WW  av  avvrcXcffOn  V  orod,  orroi  av  wpo^avH-    (5) 

<TW(TIV 

aTOKa  fJifi  tXa(T<TOv  [ij  »*]^',  avaypa\pai  aunijv  ra  ovojiura 

cv  Tj/  irapa" 
crraot  r^c  <rroac  irarjOiori,  vpoaypa^avr^^  ore  oiSc  ISa>icav 

ajroica  \pi]ixaTa  A^tyiv  KaraaKevi^v  r^C  oroSc*  avaypa^ov' 

Ttjjv  Si  TTpW- 
Tov  Tov  TrXcTaroy  Sovra*  ottwc  8'  av  KO/JLtawvrai  ol  ir/oo8a- 

veiarai^  ttcJ- 
povc  viroKiiaOai  airoTc  towc  '"^  vwoTiOivTa^  etc  ro  /3ou-  (10) 

Xevrr//oiovy 
KO/Kcaajulroiv    o7c    wporepov    v7riTiOri<Tav,    viroKH<rOai    Si 

axfToXg  Kol 
TOvg  inroTtOlvraQ  ilg  rai;  ciicovaCy  Tfjv  vevrtiKoarflv  Koi  to 

ypatpuov 
rwv  6pKwv,  KO/j.i<ra/JLlv(»)v  olc  irp6Tepov  €T//»i^(OTaf  woictt- 

<rOai  Si  av- 
Toic  KaJ  £K  Tijg  oiKOvofjilag  Cfcuorot;  IvtavroC  raXavrov,  orav 

IfCKO/lf- 

aeuvrae  auro  icaJ  rov  tokov  of  Savcfaavrsc  ^t}  rdig  vttotc-  (15) 

iiaiv  av- 
Totc  aTTo  r5c   oIicovo/Lifac  «?  roXavroic*  ^o  Si  Xo(7rci  hirap^ 

\fiv  itg  rqv 
oiKOVofilav'  TTpovvoKUirOai  Si  icai  to  ycvijOlv  Ik  Tvjg  irroaC} 

TTjOaOtV- 
TWV  TtOV  KlOViOV  KqX    TUJV    %v\u)V  Koi    TOV    KC/Oa/iOU    Koi  TfOV 

7rXfi/0wv,  aTToSod- 
0(jj<Tav  Si  tovc  /uIv  icforac  rove  P-^XP^  ^^^  StKafrrriplov  Kat 

ra  €/t>- 
7a,  )U(O"0ou V [r«c]    Ty  avTy  cicicXijaf^'  6    Si   wpiap^voQ  iv  (20) 

•qpipaig  rfjota- 
Ko]  vra    TO    [a/>'yi}/o(Oi;   ic]  arajSaXfrw    toic    Taptaiq*    oeSc 

ra/i/[at 

On  a  block  of  dove-coloured  marble,  2'  f  by  2'  3" 
by  r  V\  This  block,  which  seems  to  have  been 
part  of  a  pedestal,  was  found  built  into  a  Turkish 


GREEK   INSCRIPTIONS.  691 

house  at  the  foot  of  the  western  peribolus  wall  of 
the  Mausoleum.  (See  antey  p.  276.)  It  is  now  in 
the  British  Museum.  The  inscription  is  part  of  a 
decree  relating  to  the  building  of  a  atoa^  dedicated 
by  the  people  of  Halicarnassus  to  Apollo  and  King 
Ptolemy. 

The  Ptolemy  mentioned  in  1.  4  of  this  decree  is 
probably  the  same  as  the  one  mentioned  in  Inscrip- 
tion No.  2,  as  having  granted  to  the  people  of 
Halicarnassus  permission  to  erect  a  gymnasium^ 
and  who  may  have  been  either  Philadelphus  or 
Euergetes,  as  I  have  already  stated  antey  p.  69. 

A  little  to  the  east  of  the  house  where  I  found 
this  inscription,  I  noticed  a  piece  of  architrave, 
inscribed  'A^oXVow  xai  ^a(^.  (See  No.  3,  A.)  These 
words  are  probably  the  commencement  of  the  dedi- 
cation to  Apollo  and  King  Ptolemy,  mentioned  in 
this  decree. 

1.  2.  i\_py\divais  xara  rag  Siaypa^a^,  "  to  the  con- 
tractors according  to  the  written  contracts  or 
agreements." 

1.  5.  e^eraa-TOLgy  auditors.  These  oflScers  are 
mentioned  in  another  Halicarnassian  decree  (C.  I. 
No.  2656.  See  Boeckh  ad  loc.)  W  ^^y  for  l<p'  mv. 

otroi  av.  I  originally  read  this  OPOIAN,  an  error 
which  I  did  not  discover  till  after  the  Plate  was 
finished.  The  second  letter  is  nearly  obliterated 
by  a  fissure  in  the  marble ;  but  on  re-examining 
the  inscription  in  a  different  light,  the  remains  of 
the  Z  became  visible. 

1.  6.  /t^  sXatrerov  [^  »-]  <p'.  Compare  No.  2,  antCy 
1.  24,  25,  where  the  same  amount  is  named  ft^ 
i'Kaa-frov  Spap^/xcov  wsvraxoa-iwv.  In  the  Plate  I  read 
EAAZZONI,  but  the  I  may  be  part  of  an  H. 


692  APPENDIX   NO.    III. 

1.  10.  Toug  uTror&Qsvrag   slg  to  ^owXsunJgioy.     From 

the  context  it  woiild  seem  that  mortgages  had 
been  already  effected  on  the  proceeds  of  the  0ow. 
XsuTTjgiov,  the  elxQvsSy  the  ^ffVTijxoo"!^,  and  y^a^sToi^ 
Twv  ogxeov  ;  the  use  of  elg  is  peculiar. 

Those  to  whom  these  revenues  had  been  pre- 
viously pledged,  ol^  vporepov  wTreTiSijo-av,  were  to  be 
first  repaid  the  money  they  had  advanced  to 
the  state ;  so  that  the  whole  operation  seems  to 
have  been  the  conversion  of  a  loan. 

The  Trevraxoa-rrj  was,  it  is  to  be  presumed,  the 
same  tax  as  at  Athens,  a  duty  of  two  per  cent,  on 
all  exports  and  imports.  The  Topoi  accruing  from 
the  ^ouXsuTi^piov  were  probably  fees.  The  ypa^sm  r&v 
"^xtoy  may  have  been  an  oflSce  for  the  registering 
of  oaths,  which  would  also  have  been  in  the  receipt 
of  fees.  (See  ante.  No.  1, 1.  26.)  What  the  ^Ixivs^ 
were,  which  are  here  enumerated  among  the  ^opoi, 
I  am  unable  to  conjecture. 

That  statues  were  sometimes  pledged  for  public 
debts,  may  be  inferred  from  the  well-known  anec- 
dote respecting  the  Venus  of  Praxiteles,  in  ex- 
change for  which  Nikomedes,  king  of  Bithynia, 
oflTered  to  redeem  the  entire  public  debt  of  the  city 
of  Cnidus. 

As  an  additional  security  for  this  loan,  an  assign- 
ment was  made  of  the  sum  of  one  talent  yearly  out 
of  the  general  revenue  of  the  state,  Ix  rr.g  olxovo/x/asr 
sxda-roD  IviauTou,  after  those  who  had  lent  on  the 
security  of  six  talents,  assigned  in  similar  manner, 
had  been  repaid  with  interest.  Lastly,  the  proceeds 

of  the  (TToa  itself,  to  yevr^flsv  sx  rrjg   cToa^,  1.  17,    on 

letting  out  to  contractors  the  building,  were  also 
assigned  as  security. 


GEBEK   INSCRIPTIONS.  693 

That  the  words  jrpadivrcoy  and  xpia/tevo^  refer  to 
a  farming  out,  and  not  to  a  simple  purchase,  seems 
to  follow  from  the  expressions  Ipycovai^,  1.  2,  and 

[ua-Qouvres  ra  Ipya,  1.  19,  20. 

1.  12.  ypa(p6iovy  on  the  stone,  ypa^iov. 

1.  21.  TO  apyOp^ov  xaTa^aXsTO).  This  money  to  be 
paid  down  by  the  contractor,  must  have  been  ex- 
acted as  an  eyyu^,  or  pledge  of  the  fulfilment  of  his 
contract.  (See  K.  P.  Hermann,  Lehrbuch  d.  Griech. 
Privatalterth.  §  68 ;  Herod,  ii.  180 ;  C.  I.  2266.) 

At  Athens  the   putting  up   to   auction  of  the 
public  works  was  the  business  of  the  board  of  ten 
magistrates  called  xcoXr^ra/.     (See  Boeckh,  Staats- 
haushaltung  d.  Athen.  ed.  Berlin,  1851,  i.  p.  209  ;^X-^ 
Rangab(i,  Antiquites  Hell6niques,  ii.  p.  389.)  ^         . 

This  inscription  is  especially  interesting  as  an 
example  of  a  loan  obtained  from  individuals,  by  ^2^i^w^«.  -  Jx^^b 
pledging  certain  public  securities.     See  other  in- 
stances of  this  practice  in  antiquity,  collected  by 
Boeckh,  Staatshaushaltung,  i.  p.  767. 


No.  3a. 

APOAAXINIKAIBAZ 

OAHMOZTHNZT.  .  . 

*A7roXXwv(  ical  j3a<T  [iXtt  nroXc/iaff^i] 
6  Sfi/Koc  Tr\v  aT[oav]. 

On  the  corner-stone  of  a  Turkish  house,  a  little 
to  the  east  of  the  Mausoleum.  The  stone  is  in 
length  3'  9"  by  Y  5".  It  is  broken  at  one  end.  This 
is  probably  part  of  the  architrave  of  the  ^toa  dedi- 
cated by  the  people  of  Halicarnassus  to  Apollo  and 
King  Ptolemy.  (See  r/«<^,  inscription  No.  3,  p.  691.) 


091  APPENDIX  NO.   m. 


No.  4,  Plate  LXXXVI. 

Georf/ut}  Eu^i}ftov 

XaXictSnc}) 
IcTTiatov  Bi  yvvfi- 
l<TTiaiog  ^apSiavog. 

On  a  sepulchral  stele  of  white  marble,  2'  9J"  by 
r  4|"  by  3J",  now  in  the  British  Museum,  exca- 
vated in  the  field  of  Suliman,  at  the  place  called 
Kislalik,  on  the  eastern  side  of  Budrum.  (See  ante^ 
p.  338.)  When  found,  it  was  lying  on  a  grave  of 
the  Roman  period,  for  which  it  had  been  used  as  a 
cover  after  having  been  displaced  from  its  original 
position. 


No.  5,  Plate  LXXXVI. 

Navvfov 

Ka\kiK\iovg> 

iraiSeg  * AOrivoKpiTOV 

KaWiKXrjg 

Aio<TKOV  plSriQ 

M  riTpoSwpog 

^  AOrivotujpog 

'AjO(aroicX^C 
virlp  r^c  fJLrirpog 

AnpifTpi  Koi  Kojoy. 


On  a  block  of  blue  marble,  2'  10^"  by  1'  10"  by  2', 
now  in  the  British  Museum.  This  was  found  in 
the  field  of  Chiaoux.  (See  aniey  p.  330.)    From  the 


GREEK   INSCRIPTIONS.  695 

evidence  of  this  dedication,  and  of  the  other  anti- 
quities found  in  this  field,  it  may  he  inferred  that  a 
temple  of  Demeter  and  Persephone  stood  on  or 
near  this  site. 


No.  6,  Plate  LXXXVII. 

(«) 

'EttciSi)]  17  alwviog  ?   koi   aOavarog  ?•    tov  iravrog  fpvaig 

lilyi]<TTov     ayaOov     irpog     vrr^pfiaWoviTag    cuc/oyca/ac 
avOp  [it)- 
Tro]iQ  l\aplijaTOy  Kataaparhv  ScjSaorov  ivev[ic]a/iivvi  [r]o[v 
Ti^  KaO^  ri/JLag  eifSaffiovi  (i((^  iraripa  filv  rfjc  [tau]roD  ir[ar 
Tp/Soc  Stag  *Pw)u»jCj  A/a  Si  Tlarpifov  koi  ISiwrfipa  [tov]  ic[ot-  (5) 
vov  rC)v  avOpwvwv  yivovg,  ov  [tj]  wpovoia  rag  [ttovt]  o)v 
iifX\ag  oifK  iirX-fipuxre  /lovov,  -aXXa  Koi  vTnprJKiv'  cJpijvcu- 
ouff[i]  /i€v  yap  yrj  koi  OaXarr a,  7roAc«c  Si  avOovaiv  evvo/i(^ 
b^fiovolq.  r€  icai  cvcrvjp/f^  aK/ifi  tb  kqc  ^opa  iravrog  e(TTi[v 
a]yaOov,  iXnl^wv  ptv  xprifrrtov  irpog  to  fiiWov,  i\f0vfita[g  (10) 
8]i  dg  TO  irapov  tmv  avdptJirwv  ivirtirXria/iiviov,  ayoi- 
ai  Ka[yaOfi]iJia<nv  Ovcrlatg  tc  koi  v/ivoig  Trjv  ifavTwv 

TO     V  .  .  .  .  Tutv  8'  6  Oibg  ilg 

avifJTQKe  TO  .  ,  .  . 


(About  twenty-six  lines  wanting  here.) 

(*) 

7r<JX[«c  f^]iv 

civa7/oa^f}vai  8I   avT/'ypa]^o[v  rJuuSc  row  \priij»l(TfiaT[og 
iv  OTiiXy  Koi  TiOrivai  iv  rcf]  Tt[fi]ivH  Trig  'Pwfiijc  tioX  t[ov 

Ilc/3aoTov  vir]6  [tov]  ^A[px]upiu)g  Tdiov  'looX/ou  M[cv- 
iKXlovg  ?]  ^iXoKQidapog,  iv  Si  Ta7g  aXXaig  ir6X[i(Ti         (5) 


096  APPENDIX  NO.   iir. 

VTTO  Tw]v  ap\ovTwv,  KaOupwOiivai  Si 

u]7ro  re  Upiiov  koX  ap\[ieplojv  .... 

I] Ojora^o vrwv  rwv  av[Op(»)inM)v  ?  . .  .  . 

....  Tij[v  Si]  riplpav  Talyrav   ....  (10) 

....  €]7i/a(  roua 

....  fpi\oK[al(Tapag]  .... 

....  \pfifpi](Tiia 

.... aoTO  ...... 

....  OTE (15) 

7]fvijr[a£] 

.  .  .  .  t/^]  */^«r  [/Lia] 

On  a  slab  of  white  marble  broken  at  both  ends. 
Present  height  3'  8^"  by  V  8^  by  5".  From  a 
Turkish  house  near  the  Acropolis  of  Salmacis, 
Budrum;  now  in  the  British  Museum.  This  in- 
scription has  been  published  by  M.  Bergk,  in 
Gerhard's  Denkraaler,  Forschungen,  &c.,  1859, 
pp.  91* — 94*,  from  a  transcript  so  hastily  made 
that  hardly  a  single  line  of  the  inscription  is 
correct;  and  M.  Bergk  has,  therefore,  been  led 
into  some  very  singular  and  amusing  errors.  The 
letters  on  this  marble  are  quite  worn  away  in 
many  parts,  in  consequence  of  the  slab  having 
been  placed  for  years  over  a  sink,  and  thus  exposed 
to  the  constant  action  of  running  water.  I  have, 
consequently,  found  the  greatest  difficulty  in  de- 
ciphering the  inscription,  and  have  only  discovered 
the  true  reading  of  several  lines  since  the  fac- 
simile (Plate  LXXXVII.)  was  printed  oS.  Prom 
a  comparison  of  this  inscription  with  C.  I.  Nos. 
3957  and  39026,  there  can  be  no  doubt  that  it  is  a 
fragment  from  a  decree  passed  by  the  Greek  cities 
of  Asia,  in  celebration  of  the  birthday  of  some 
Roman  emperor.     Wc  learn  from  C.  I.  No.  3902J, 


/  '  y.    .  •  '   •  '  o. 


GKEEK   INSCRIPTIONS.  697 

that  Paulus  Fabius  Maximus,  when  proconsul  of 
Asia,  instituted  the  custom  of  celebrating  the 
birthday  of  Augustus.  This  inscription  must 
relate  to  the  birthday  of  some  other  emperor,  as 
is  shown  by  the  words  xpo  sxra  KaTiayicSv  A£x[6jm^  ~  ,  /  '  j 
fipitop'],  1.  7  of  ft.  I  have  not  been  able  to  identify  ,  '  > 
this  with  the  date  of  any  emperor's  birthday ;  but 
from  the  form  of  the  letters,  the  inscription  is 
probably  of  the  Augustan  age. 

(a)  1.  1.  Compare  the  opening  of  the  decree  in 
honour  of  the  birthday  of  Augustus,  No,  3967 : — 

^E^o^Ep  v7s  stt)  ttIs  ^Aa-ias  "ExXr^o-iV exsiS^  ij 

EiO'svsvxa/t/vi}    xal    ^iXorijuiay    ro    rsXTjoVarov   r£  ^/a> 
i^sxacfjur^rrsp  epepxafJiivTj    top  Xe^acTop,     The  Halicar- 

nassian  decree  probably  commenced  in  like  manner : 
"ESo^eic  To7s  st]  rijs  A<r/a^ We  may,  there- 
fore, calculate  that  about  two  lines  are  broken 
away  at  the  top. 

1.  3.  ipspxafjiivr^.  It  will  be  seen  that  this  word 
occurs  in  a  similar  sense  in  the  passage  from 
No.  3957,  just  quoted. 

1.  6.  oi!  ij  Tpovoia.  This  word  is  also  used  in 
No.  3957,  but  in  the  sense  of  Divine  not  Imperial 
Providence. 

(ft)  1.  2, 3.  These  two  lines  have  been  restored  from 
the  analogy  of  lines  10,  11,  in  the  decree  already 
referred  to  (C.  I.  3902ft).  The  Wftsvo^  ri)s  'Vdaiu^g 
xai  t[ou  Se^aerroS]  was,  doubtless,  at  Halicarnassus. 
In  the  inscription  No.  3902ft,  copies  of  the  decree 
are  ordered  to  be  set  up  on  sielce  in  the  Caesarea 
or  temples  of  Augustus  in  the  different  cities. 

(ft)  1.  4.  Faioj  'louX/oti  M  .  .  .  •  This  must  be  the 
name  of  the  'Ap^f^ispeog.     He  may  have  been  called 

IL  3  a 


698  APPENDIX  NO.   III. 

Caius  Julius,  after  Julius  Caesar,  as  was  tbe  case 
with  Artemidoros  of  Cnidus. 

1.  4 :  6k  Sh  ToSg  SXKoLig  7roX[fo"iv.  Compare  ttoXsi^, 
1.  8  (a).  Erom  the  mention  of  "cities"  in  these 
passages,  we  may  infer  that  the  decree  does  not 
relate  exclusively  to  Halicamassus,  but  to  the 
Greek  cities  of  Asia  generally. 


No.  6a. 

OAHMOC 

TIBEPIWKAAY 

AIUKAICAPICCBACTU) 

rCPBANIKbOIKAICCBACT. 

APTEMIAIAHAIA 

AiriA 

Tt^aptt^  KAav- 
S/qi  Kaitrapi  Yttfiatm^ 
Tep^aviKt^  Koi  S€/3aoT[y 
^AprifiiSi  ArjiXia 

Se  .   . 

On  a  round  buckler  witli  a  sword  under  it, 
sculptured  in  relief  on  an  oblong  slab  of  white 
marble,  built  into  the  wall  which  connects  the 
two  central  towers  of  the  Castle,  Budrum.  This 
inscription  contains  a  dedication  by  the  people  of 
Halicarnassus  to  the  emperor  Claudius,  and  to  the 
Delian  Artemis. 

1.  4.  rs^^ai/ixo)  for  TepfjLavixtp. 

1.  5,  'AgTSjutiSi.  At  Halicarnassus  was  also  wor- 
shipped the  "AprsfjLis  IlegyaTa.     (See  C.  I.  2656.) 


GllEBK   INSCRIPTIONS.  699 


No.  7,  Plate  LXXXVIII. 
For  this  inscription  see  posi,  under  Cnidus. 


No.  8,  Plate  LXXXVIII. 

O]  irpiv  iv\  ^oioccre  <pt\oig  ^fXoCy  6  irpii;  iv  aarolt: 
'HSvg,  6  UitpiStov  yvfivaatov  rt  ^fXoc» 

KXJfioyfvijc*  voc  QioSiopov,  rt^S'  viro  TUfij3«ii 
KcTJrac  ^AXe^avSptf,  firirpl  Xnrwv  Satcpva, 

H  ya]p  ?  aai  yivlraKTiv  6<ln\o/jLivng  vvo  riKvwv 

On  a  base  of  white  marble  16"  by  15f  "  by  8^" ; 
the  lower  edge  broken  away.  On  the  top  is  a 
socket  for  a  term ;  in  the  British  Museum.  Prom 
a  Turkish  house  a  little  north  of  the  arsenal. 

1.  3.  ioV  for  wioV. 

1.  5.  In  the  Plate  I  read  EAEI  ;  but,  on  re- 
examining the  stone,  I  think  that  the  first  letter 
may  be  P.  The  sixth  line  of  this  epigram  has 
been  broken  away,  but  its  purport  probably  was 
that  the  mother  in  this  case  had  to  perform  those 
last  duties  usually  due  from  children  to  parents, 
not  from  parents  to  cliildren. 


No.  9,  Plate  LXXXVIII. 

aavT€c  Aiviag  Aa<TOivo[vg 


.  . .  .  €]ir    liplwg  KOI  TifxoKiov  naf(^(Xo[v] 

.  .  .  .  [cjT//Ltij<T«r  Tov  vibv  AaaOlviiv 

•  .  .  .  /uov  Alviov  Gto7i'. 


700  APPENDIX   NO.    III. 

....  Ylpafifiarta 
....  Sw^/o]orix[ov? 

(c) 

On  a  slab  of  blue  marble,  2'  3"  by  10"  by  2'  4", 
present  length  ;  now  in  the  British  Museum ;  found 
a  little  to  the  N.E.  of  the  Mausoleum,  at  the  point 
where  the  street  which  runs  east  and  west  through 
Budrum  is  intersected  by  one  running  south  down 
to  a  mosque  on  the  shore  of  the  harbour.  The  slab 
appears  to  be  part  of  a  wall-stone  from  some  temple 
or  public  building.  The  letters  are  finely  cut. 
TaTiitrrrig  is  probably  the  name  of  an  artist.  This 
name  is  not  given  in  the  list  of  sculptors  in  Brunn's 
Geschichte  d.  Griech.  Kuenstler. 


No.  10,  Plate  LXXXVIII. 

MvafiHov  toSb  (Tito  Tsarrip  iirovrioiv  havTo\y\ 

Xfp<riv  TTamv  opav  aag  aperaQ  tveKev, 
Kayu)  virepO*  itTTtoaa  irpo(Tr\p.alvt»}  irapiovmv 

WC  ViOV  M6(T\OV  TovS*  i\(M)  'EpjlOKpaTTlV, 

XaXKiditov  \MpaQ  iv9aS'  airofpOtpevov. 

On  a  marble  block,  V  9^"  by  10"  by  5^",  now  in 
the  British  Museum,  found  in  the  house  of  a  Turk 
called  Khodja  Mahomet,  in  the  Eastern  Necro- 
polis. (See  ante,  p.  339.)  Published  in  Gerhard's 
Denkmaeler,  Forschungen,  &c.  1859,  p.  55*.  This 
inscription  has  evidently  been  placed  under  a  statue 
of  the  mother  of  Hermokrates.  As  her  husband 
Moschos  made  the  tomb,  it  is  to  be  presumed  that 
he  was  the  sculptor  of  the  statue. 


GREEK   INSCRIPTIONS.  701 


No.  11,  Plate  LXXXVIII. 
For  this  inscription  see  poat^  under  Cnidus. 


No.  12,  Plate  LXXXVIII. 

OiSc  avi\fir\aav  Aq  av]8/oac  uq  lipaiav  AipijXf- 

av  Mevc yvjivaaiapxovvTtov 

*E^a/3fcoa  [rou 'lacrovoc  tov  Mev[e- 

•r/oaroi/c a  GcoJjotoc  a  tov  (5) 

* fiprlnwlyog  ^ApTBfiC\Su}poq  Aioyivovg  Tri- 

vevc  Si      ov  C6/06CC'  Kw/uoc  Fac- 

ou,  Eu7ro[poc  Kol  6  ScTva]  EuTro/oou,  'Eixrxrifitjv 

Tlap9iv(o[y GaXatrtrlptog  a^  Arivaiog  a 

'Epfiag  a S(urt}p  a,  Eiruxiic  Sw-  (10) 

rfipoc  a     Koi  ol  Xoiiroi  p£. 

On  the  left  side  of  the  stone,  in  larger  characters        _ 

On  two  fragments  of  a  slab  of  white  marble, 
which,  when  entire,  must  have  measured  about 
4i  by  19"  by  4|" ;  now  in  the  British  Museum. 
Found  in  a  well  immediately  to  the  south  of  the 
platform  of  Hagia  Marina.  (See  the  Plan  of 
Budrum,  Plate  I.,  and  antej  p.  323.) 

The  words  avi^a-av  els  avSpa^,  1.  1,  are  restored 
from  the  evidence  of  Nos.  12  A  and  B,  which  are 
nearly  similar  in  form  to  this  inscription.  It  is 
evident  that  this  expression  relates  to  the  enrol- 
ment of  youths  (6<^i)0oi)  as  avSpe^,  on  their  attaining 
manhood.  (See  Krause,  Gymnastik  d.  Hellenen, 
i.  p.  265.)  With  the  expression  avs^r^erav  may  be 
compared  the  use  of  [xsra^atpo)  by  Hesychius,  s.  c. 


i^l4ryM,f^.a.  Owrd  t^^il 


702  APPENDIX  NO.    III. 

TraiSiVxoi. — 01   ex  Trai^wv  elg  av^poLg  fJLsra^aivopreg^  and 

Lucian.  Amor.  24,  as  cited  by  Liddell  and  Scott, 
Lexicon,  s.  v. 

1.  2.  eig  UpuoLv  corresponds  with  us  Jep^,  in  Nos.  12 
A  and  B.  These  words  must  mean  that  the  enrol- 
ment took  place  "  before  the  priest  or  priestess." 

1.  5.  ©eoSoTo^  a.  The  a  which  follows  this  name 
occurs  after  several  other  names  in  this  list ;  and 
in  the  inscriptions  immediately  following,  Nos.  12a, 
by  and  c.  I  know  of  no  other  instance  in  which  this 
letter  is  thus  used  in  inscriptions.  The  names 
thus  distinguished  are  probably  those  of  6<pi)0oi 
who  had  attained  a  first  rank  by  seniority.  These 
would  be  the  IcJ^ij^oi  7rpsa-fi6rs^oi  mentioned  C.  I. 
No.  2214.  Compare  C.  I.  Nos.  232,  245,  where  the 
7ra78ss  are  similarly  divided  into  three  classes ;  and 
Krause,  i.  pp.  263-70.  The  numerals  p|=160,  at 
the  end  of  the  inscription,  seem  to  represent  those 
not  thought  worthy  of  being  named.  What  the 
numerals  hlg  ^  refer  to  I  cannot  conjecture. 


No.  12a. 

APAeH  TYXH 

OIAEANEBHZANEIZANAPAC  .  ICIEPHI .  4>A 

AHMHTPIONrYMNACIAPXOYNTflNMEAANOI 

OYTOYN  E I KOCTPATOYKAI  AG  H  N I  n  n  O  YTO  Y  A 
KA. 

EKATAIOYTOYA OYMEAANeiOCBTOYNEI 

KOCTPATOYKOI  NT  TO 

K  N       C  N  A 

nPIEPHE    Y         O 


GBEEK   INSCRIPTIONS.  703 

07Sf  avi(iti<rav  etc  avSpag  H'C  i^pv  '!•  ^X- 

Afjjuiir/ofov,  7u/L£i;aa(a/o;^oui>r(ui/  MeXavOi- 

ov  Tov  ^(iKOtTTparov  Koi  ^ AOrivtmrov  tov  d  Ka\\ 

'Efcaraioii  tow  'A ov  MtXavOiog  j3  tov  Ncc-     (5) 

Kocrrparovy  KtfcvT[oc    ..... 


On  a  block  of  blue  marble  inserted  in  the  face 
of  the  eastern  wall  of  the  Castle,  immediately  below 
the  battlements.  This  inscription,  together  with 
126  and  12(?,  were  copied  by  Corporal  Jenkins,  R.E., 
who  for  this  purpose  suspended  a  scaffolding  over 
the  battlement.  I  have  already  explained  the 
phrase  avi^r^trav  b\$  avSpa^,  in  this  inscription,  under 
No.  12. 

1.  4.  'AdtjviWow  To5  a.  Here  the  d  refers  to  the 
holding  oflBce  for  the  first  time. 

1.  5.  3  To3  Nsixoo-rparoti :  i,  e.  son  and  grandson 
of  Neikostratos.  (See  Franz.  Elem.  No.  146, 
p.  304.) 


No.  12*. 

OIAEANEBHZAN  EIZANAPAZEI  Zl  EPHTI KAMAP- 

KONPYMNA 
ZIAPXOYNTnN4>IAONEIKOYTOYEPMOAnPOY 

KAinOAEIPOY 
APAKONTOCKAIAHMHTPIOYAHMOZOENHZ 

MENEKPATOYC 
MENEKPATHCAnOMnHIOCAAMACATOPNEINOC 

AMAPANTOY 
EPMOPENH   .  nOCIAEOYKAEOMENIAACnOAEI 

POYEniKPATHC 
AnOAAflNIAOY    .   .    MM   .   .   .    EPACTONAMENE- 

KPATHCEPACTONOC 


704  APPENDIX  NO.    III. 

CYM*EP12NAXP  .  •  M ♦lAHTOYAPIZTO- 

MENHCMO 
CXIONOCAHMHTPIOYNEI2N*IAHTOYEPMA- 
CACXIZOME 

POY<IK)CMC  OY NAPOCZOCIMOY 

NO  O    Ol    PMA 

MOYKAIMI 

•  •••••  • 

07Sc  avififtaav  e!c  av^pag  etc  hpri  Tc.  KX.  MapKOv,  yvfiva- 
fTiap\ovvTu>v  ^tXoviUov  Tov  Ep/ioScu/oov  Kac  lloSelpov  [tov 
ApcLKOVTog  Kol  AiifiriTplov,  AtjfioaOivrig  Mcvsic/oarovcy 
Mcycic/[>art}c  o,  Tlofivffiog  Aafxa,  ^aropvuvog  ^A/xa/oavrov, 
'Epfxoyivijljg]  IloacSfou,  KXf OftcvfSac  noScZ/oou, 'E7reicpaT>|C    (5) 

'AttoXXwi'/Sou ^EpaoTtovdfMsviKparrig^l^pafrTtjjvog, 

^vfKJtlptjJv  a ^iXtjrov,  'A/oioro/ifi/ijc  Mo- 

<T\lta)voq  ArifuitiTpiov,  NAuv  ^iXfiTOu,  'Epfiag  a  2ci>^o/l£€- 

vov]     Pov^oc Ztifatfiov  (9) 

On  a  block  of  blue  marble,  4'  10"  by  1'  9",  from 
the  same  part  of  the  Castle  as  Nos.  12a  and  12c. 
On  the  loft  side  of  the  inscription  is  the  word  NIKH, 
below  which  a  lehythoa  is  incised.  On  the  opposite 
side  of  the  inscription  are,  in  like  manner,  incised 
a  nieta  and  a  palm-branch. 


No.  12c. 

EniZTE*ANH<l>OPOYT . .  ♦AAAHMHTPIOYIOYAI 

ANOYOIAEANEBHZANEIZANAPAZrYMNA 

ZlAPXCYNTXlNKArAlO . .  YKAIAAAKAITA 

nAPinNOZAEIZIEPHAnOAAXlNIONAYAOYAAP 

KIOYEY*HMOYYIONANAPI2NAEnA*POAEITOZ 

NIKIAMHNArOPAZA^ANIAZAAAMAZAIOAAPOY 

(Below  are  ten  illegible  letters.) 

lEPEHNAAEA^AN 


GREEK  INSCRIPTIONS.  705 

*Eirl  Src^aviy^f^pov  T[ir-]  ^Xa.  Avi/JLriTp(ou  'louXt- 
avov  oiSt  avlfirtaav  elg  avSpaCy  yvfuva' 
<riap)(ovvTtov  KX.  Vaio[^u  E]vK\lSa  a  kol  Ta. 
flarpcuuoc?  a  fic  <<p^  *AiroXX(^i/<ov  AuXou  Aa/»- 
jcfou  Eift^ijfiov  vloV  *'Av8pwva,  'Eira^/ooStiTOf  (5) 

Nifcfa,  Mr}vay6pag  a  ^aviag  a  Aa/jLag  AioSutpov, 

Copied  by  Corporal  Jenkins,  U.E.,  from  a  block 
in  the  battlement  of  the  eastern  wall  of  the  Castle, 
3'  S^  long. 

1.  4.  UoLTpeoifog  ?  In  the  copy  riAPIIlNOZ ;  but 
this  name  has  been  probably  misread. 

Aapxlou.  Perhaps  Aapix/ow  is  the  true  reading. 


No.  63,  Plate  XCVI. 

Me\av[j9(ov 

TOV  Qv 

....  viioripoig 

MitTpot^avov  TOV  Evalovog  r[ov  ScTva 
'Epfiy  KOI  'H/oaicXe[T. 

On  part  of  a  slab  of  white  marble,  1'  5"  by  10|'' 
by  3",  now  in  the  British  Museum,  found  in  the 
wall  of  a  w^ell  adjoining  the  field  of  Chiaoux  on  the 
east.  (See  antCy  p.  325.)  The  dedication  to  Hermes 
and  Herakles,  the  patron  deities  of  the  palcestra^ 
makes  it  probable  that  this  inscription  was  ori- 
ginally placed  in  a  Gymnasium.  —  See  another 
dedication  to  these  deities  by  Gymnasiarchs  at 
Halicamassus,  Lcbas,  No.  502  ;  also  C.  I.  No.  250  ; 
Osann,  Sylloge,  p.  153.  In  the  lower  left-hand 
corner  of  the  slab   the  letters  ni . .  AYCOY .  ZH- 

II.  3  B 


706  APPENDIX  NO.   III. 

NU)N  are  rudely  cut,  and  so  nearly  obliterated  that 
I  failed  to  observe  them  till  the  facsimile  had  been 
completed. 


No.  Ci,  Plate  XCVI. 

Mi\avO(ov  Tov  Arifiqrptov  tov 
MtXavOtov  larpov  to  /itv^fta. 
EilSeiCf  St  (fnXoTEKVi  Mi\av9ie,  koX  ^iaOvv  virvov 

tSSfiCf  larpiov  Si  TToXviruporaTB, 
aXX'^AcSac  Ztootaiv  ivavrtog,  Sc  tov  apioyo[y 
vouaoiv  €(c  ptpowiov  ovk  c^vXa^ev  okti, 

E«c  iavTov.  (5) 

TOV  Ti\VQ  \afx\f/avTa  MeXavOiov  trirripa 

\Ow[y  .   .  .  .  ]  c  KpiiiTTH  nplfjjivv aXworarov, 

On  a  pedestal  of  blue  marble  2'  square  and  2'  8" 
high.  On  the  top  a  socket  for  a  term.  Published  by 
M.  Bergk,  in  Gerhard's  Denkmaeler,  Forschungen, 
&c.  1859,  p.  55*.  This  was  found  a  little  to  the 
south  of  the  spot  marked  "  Ancient  Terrace  "  in 
the  Plan,  Plate  I.,  and  is  now  in  the  British 
Museum.  The  inscription  is  to  the  memory  of 
Melanthios,  a  physician,  son  of  Demetrios  and 
grandson  of  Melanthios.  The  name  Melanthios 
occurs  in  No.  12^,  ante. 

In  the  last  line,  after  ;f9wv,  M.  Bergk  supplies 
xoKirtiig ;  but  there  does  not  seem  room  for  more 
than  five  letters. 


GREEK   INSCllIPTIONS.  707 


No.  65,  Plate  XCVI. 

jive  TOVTO  [\\apuSpi)t,* 

KVfia  Xnrwv  ....  lE5ai/a/3a[c 

KOI   TTUTpl  .... 

Ttjg  Aac^c  j3at vc  [Si'J  atfiaauwv 

OvTOi  Kal  fi  ItKafnovTO  rbv  iv  yovarhtrai  IlpU)irov         (5) 
"Epya  T€  Koi  (iwfjLoifg  avyy^viijjv  itftopav. 

On  a  base  of  blue  marble  2'  2"  by  V  2"  by  11". 
On  the  top  is  a  socket  for  a  term.  Found  built 
into  a  Turkish  wall  in  the  northern  part  of  Budrum 
a  little  north  of  the  line  of  wall  called  "  Ancient 
Terrace"  in  the  Plan  ; — now  in  the  British  Museum. 
This  inscription  has  evidently  been  placed  under  a 
terminal  figure  of  Priapus. 

It  is  so  decayed,  that  I  am  unable  to  decipher 
more  than  the  two  last  lines.  The  expression  roy 
sp  yoyoLTBortn  IIpnjTrov,  1.  5,  evidently  refers  to  a 
kneeling  figure  of  Priapus. — Compare  Anthologia, 
Jacobs,  Lips.  1791,  ii.  p.  120,  ix. : — 

Ai/0£r'  ^ Aya^ayofit}*:  ptj  roy  ovk  Itti  TTOtral  Xlplrjnoy 
iv  ')(Qoy\  5'  ap<l>0Tip(t}  yovyari  KeKXiplyov, 

This  inscription  is  interesting,  as  furnishing 
a  second  instance  of  the  use  of  the  Ionic  dialect 
at  Halicarnassus.    (See  ante^  p.  674.) 


», 


No.  74. 

TOMNHMION  .  .  .  INO  .  .  ARA 
AWNAVTOYKAeWCTOAnOK€l 
MENON€NTOICAPXeiOICrPAMMA 
AHAOI- 

(At  the  end  of  the  inbcriptiou  a  branch  iucibcd.) 


708  APPENDIX  NO.    III. 

To  fivr\}iiov 

•     .     avTov  KaOwQ  to  otto- 
KUfAtvov  iv  rote  ipxiloig  ypafjLfia 
SriXoi. 

On  a  slab  built  into  the  wall  of  a  tomb  in  the 
western  cemetery.  (See  ante^  p.  340.)  The  writing 
referred  to  here  as  aTroxslfji^vov  Iv  roTg  ap^eioig^  must 
have  been  the  title-deeds  of  the  tomb.     Compare 

C.  I.  No.  4253,    TotjTo  xa)  Sia  riov  dp^eiwp  SsSi^Xcorai. 

Such  deeds  were  deposited  in  the  office  for  the  re- 
gistration of  mortgages,  called  x^psw^uTidxtov.  (See 
C.  I.  Nos.  2826,  2827.) 

1.  1.  [JLPr}[j,7op  for  fJLVTjfJLsToy^  so  ypa^lov  for  ypa^slov^ 

mite^  No.  3,  1.  12. 


.  • 


No.  76. 

EKATEA 
GEYAA  . 
XPHCTHXAIPE 

Efcarla 
GcvSd  [/iov] 
XOnarfi  xa7/3€ 

On  a  round  cippus  of  white  marble,  ornamented 
with  bulls'  heads,  found  with  Nos.  76  and  77,  near 
the  church  of  Ilagios  Georgios.    (See  ante^  p.  341.) 


No.  76. 

TOAMIAAZ 
KAEOAAMOY 
AXAIOZ*GIOTA 
EPMEAITEIAZ. 


GREEK  INSCRIPTIONS.  709 

I  ToXfilSaQ 

KAcoSa/iou 
'Axaioc  ^OiwTa[c 
iy  MeAercfac. 

On  a  base  of  blue  marble,  2'  8"  by  1'  6"  by  12^, 
on  whicb  a  statue  must  have  stood ;  found  with 
Nos.  75  and  77.     (See  ante,  p.  341.) 

1.  4.  sy  for  ex. 


No.  77. 

M  YPTON  EYBOYAOY 
MYNAIAXPHZTH 
XAIPE 
PATPIZM  EN  M  YN  AOZPEN  ET12PAEM  EYErAETI  A- 

ZTOPrAIAEYBOYAOYKOYPAANErPA^OMAN 
TEKNON  AAPTI  rAAAKTON  I AZON  AM  ATPI  Al- 

rOYZA 
ZnAZEZTEPOM  AN  ENN  EAKAI AEXETIZ 
Al  AKTANAEeYrATPAKATEZTENAXHZEZTPA- ; 
TEIA 
OlATiZEINAAIAAAKPYZINAAKYONIZ 
TOYNEKATANKATArAZMYPTONEENOIAYAH- 
ZANTEZ 
XAIPEINTANAYTANANTINEMEZeEXAPIN. 

MvpTov  Eu|3o6Xoi; 
Mvv^ia  yjpr\(TTti 

IlaTpig  filv  Mtii/Socy  yivtrwp  Si  fiev  CTrXcr'  'laacui/, 

(TTOpy^  S^  Eirj3ot)Aot;  Kovpa  av€ypa<l>6fxav» 
TtKuov  h*  apTiyaXaKTOv  'laaova  fiarpX  Xnrovaaf 

alaKTav  tl  Ovyarpa  KaTi^Ttva\i)<Ti  ^Tpartia  (o) 


710  APPENDIX   NO.    III. 

oia  Tig  ilvaXta  SoKpvaiv  'AAkuovic. 
Tovv^Ka  rav  Kara  yag  Mvprov  ^ivoi  aifdittravTig 
^atpuv  rav  aifTuv  avTtvifiatrOe  \apiv. 

On  a  block  of  white  marble,  2'  5"  by  2'  4",  found 
near  the  church  of  Hagios  Georgios,  on  the  shore 
to  the  east  of  Budrum,  with  Nos.  75  and  76.  (See 
mite,  p.  341.) 

1.  4.  IvvsaxaiScp^sri^,  for  svueaxai^sxirig. 

1.  8.  This  may  be  compared  with  a  line  in  an 
epigram  (Welcker,  Sylloge,  No.  45). 


No.  77a. 


HYnnCTHNAPKICCOYAPTOKOnOY 

On  a  marble  slab  forming  the  lintel  of  a  rock-cut 
tomb  to  the  west  of  the  Temple  of  Mars,  Budrum. 
(See  ante^  p.  318.) 

The  word  uTrwa-rri  occurs  in  another  Halicar- 
jiassian  inscription,  C.  I.  No.  2667.  It  probably 
had  the  same  meaning  as  the  word  sla-axrTTi^  which 
occurs  in  a  number  of  sepulchral  inscriptions  at 
Aphrodisias,  and  which  Boeckh,  C.  I.  2824,  ex- 
plains as  a  cell  or  oasuarium  in  a  tomb. 

aproxoTTos  occurs  in  an  inscription  (Rangabe,  An- 
tiquites  HcUeniques,  ii.  p.  890,  No.  1730).  See  his 
note  on  this  word. 


GREEK  INSCRIPTIONS.  711 


CNIDUS. 


No.  7,  Plate  LXXXVIII. 


'O  S[a/uoc 
Se/ooiuov  [^ovX]ir(Kiov 
^ AiroWwvloly]  vlov 
EicaraTov^  tov  larpov 
Koi  ipiXov  Tou  2c/3a(rrow  (5) 


tifvotag  tviKiv 


ra^  Big  avTOV  Oeoig. 

On  a  cipptis  of  blue  marble,  2'  3"  by  V  9Y  diameter, 
now  in  the  British  Museum,  excavated  on  the  site 
of  a  small  building  overlooking  the  encampment. 
(See  a7ite,  p.  469.)  The  name  Hekataios  occurs  on 
a  copper  coin  of  Cnidus. — (Mionnct,  Supplement, 
vi.  p.  485,  No.  245.) 


No.  11,  Plate  LXXXVIII. 

O  ^lovXlilOV  T(OV  Koi  AaoSlKi[(a)V 

Ttov  TTpog  0a\a<T<Ti^  rfjc  'cpa[c 
KOI  ctcruXou  Kal  avrovofiov  Vaiov 
'lowAiov,  ^ Apre/jiiSwpov  vcov,  G£V7r[o^- 
TTov  evvolag  evtKiv. 

On  a  block  of  blue  marble  which  has  formed  part 
of  a  pedestal,  2'  by  2'  r  by  V  11",  found  in  a  street 
overlooking  the  encampment  (see  ante,  p.  468), 
and  now  in  the  British  Museum. 

This  is  a  dedication  by  the  people  of  Laodica^a  ad 
Mare,  in  Syria,  to  Caius  Julius  Thcopompos,  son  of 


712  APPENDIX  NO.   III. 

Artemidoros.  This  is  evidently  the  Theopompos, 
native  of  Cnidus,  whom  Straho  mentions,  xiv.  p.  656, 
as  one  of  his  contemporaries,  a  person  of  great  in- 
fluence, and  a  friend  of  the  Emperor  Augustus.  His 
name  occurs  on  several  other  Cnidian  inscriptions 
(see  Nos.  78  and  47) ;  and  in  the  dedication  to  him 
by  his  friend  Marcus  iEphicius  ApoUonius,  copied 
by  Mr.  W.  L.  Hamilton  at  Cnidus.  (Travels  in  Asia 
Minor,  ii.  Appendix  v.  No.  287.) 

The  evidence  of  these  inscriptions  confirms 
Mr.  Hamilton's  opinion  that  Artemidoros,  the 
father  of  Theopompos,  was  the  person  of  that  name 
who  gave  Caesar  warniftg  on  the  day  of  his  assassina- 
tion, and  who  is  described  by  Plutarch  (Caesar,  Ixv.) 
as  a  sophist,  or  teacher  of  rhetoric,  a  native  of 
Cnidus,  resident  at  Rome.  Theopompos  was  proba- 
bly named  Caius  Julius  in  honour  of  the  emperor, 
to  whom  his  father  was  so  devoted  an  adherent. 
Both  were  evidently  men  of  the  same  class  as  their 
contemporaries  at  Lesbos,  Theophanes,  Lesbonax, 
and  Potamo.  (See  Plehn,  Lesbiaca,  pp.  211,  217-18 ; 
Strabo,  xiii.  p.  617.) 

We  learn  from  Strabo,  that  the  son  of  Theo- 
pompos was  named  Artemidoros ;  this  name  was, 
therefore,  probably  given  in  the  family  every  second 
generation,  alternating  with  that  of  Theopompos. 
Inscription  No.  52  must  relate  to  one  or  other  of 
these  two  Artemidori,  who  is  described  as  priest  of 
Artemis  lakynthotrophos,  and  as  a  public  benefactor 
to  whom  statues  and  other  public  honours  were 
decreed  in  his  lifetime ;  whose  monument  was  to 
be  placed  after  his  death  in  the  most  conspicuous 
part  of  the  Gymnasium,  and  in  memory  of  whom 
quinquennial  games,  called  Artemidoreia,  were  in- 


GREEK   INSCRIPTIONS.  713 

stituted.  The  titles  which  follow  the  name  of  the 
people  of  Laodicsea  in  this  inscription  are  to  be 
found  on  its  coins.  (See  Eckhel,  Doct.  Num.  Vet. 
iii.  p.  315.) 

1.  1.  0  'louXisoiv,  X.  T.  X.  The  word  S^/xo^  is 
wanted  here ;  but,  as  there  is  no  trace  of  it  any- 
where on  the  marble,  it  was  probably  written  on  an 
upper  slab,  as  the  pedestal  must  have  been  com- 
posed of  more  than  one  stone.  ^- 


No.  80. 

AAMA 

APIATHA.K?0^  ITOYFYNA  t 

Ad/ia[r/ut  icai  Koup^ 
'Ayotarij  ?  AvKOpTOV  ?  yvvd. 

Under  a  niche  in  the  temenos  of  Demeter.  (See 
ante^  p.  376.)  The  letters  are  nearly  obliterated  by 
weather.  I  could  not  decipher  satisfactorily  either 
of  the  names  in  the  second  line. 


No.  13,  Plate  LXXXTX. 

^ajuuTpi  AiOKXaa  N(- 
Kayopa  ^Ap\iSanov 
yvva. 

On  a  pedestal  of  white  marble,  1'  G^"  by  1 
by  11",  now  in  the  British  Museum ;  found  in  the 
temenos  of  Demeter.  (See  aw/(?,  p.  384.)  The 
mouldings  of  this  pedestal  and  the  letters  are  beau- 
tifully cut,  and  must  have  been  executed  in  a  good 
period  of  art. 

11.  3  c 


Ss:u^  jgc^UCc^.  ^^-^Upi 


7U 


APPENDIX    NO.   III. 


p 


t.  "x 


No.  14,  Plate  LXXXIX. 

Aafiarpi,  Kovpt^y  UXovrtjvi  ^ETninu^ii)^ 

On  a  base  of  white  marble,  17"  by  6^"  by  4'', 
now  in  the  British  Museum;  found  in  the  te^ne- 
9108  of  Demetcr.  (See  ante^  pp.  405-6,  where  I  have 
offered  a  conjectural  explanation  of  the  epithet 
B7ri[jLa)(^og  as  applied  to  Pluto.) 


'^      V 


No.  15,  Plate  LXXXIX. 

Kovpa  KQi  Aafiarpi  oIkov  koI  ay aXfx  aviOtjKSv 
Xpu<7oyovfj[c]  fxi)Tripy  'ImroKparovg  S*  aXoxog, 
Xpvtrlva,  lvvv\(av  6\ptvlSov<T  iepav 

'E/3/Li^C  yop  vtv  t<pf)<n  OcaTc  Tadvy  npoTroXtveiv. 

On  a  base  of  blue  marble  2'  10"  by  V  2i"  by  2'  2'\ 
now  in  the  British  Museum  ;  found  in  the  temenos 
of  Demeter.     (See  cmte^  p.  380.) 

1.  4.  TaSvr .  I  am  unable  to  suggest  any  explanation 
of  this  word  except  the  one  already  given  p.  380 ; 
namely,  that  it  is  the  name  of  the  site  on  which 
the  olxog  was  to  be  built. 

This  inscription  may  be  compared  with  one  at 
Priene,  C.  I.  2907,  also  in  Elegiac  verse,  in  which 
a  certain  Philios  sees  in  a  dream  Demeter  and 
Persephone,  who  command  him  to  worship  a  hero 
on  a  particular  spot. 

In  this  inscription  Ionic  terminations  occur, 
intermixed    with    native    Doric.      Thus  we   have 

Xptiff-oyoyij^,  /t^Tijp,  *E^/A%,  Taflvr — but  KoJpot,  Aa/ta- 

rpi.      In  two  other  Cnidian  inscriptions,  Nos.  22 
and  29,  we  have  Ionic  forms.  These  inscriptions  are 


f , 


I 


*    -    ^ 


I' 


.-r  .4 


^ 


I 


GREEK    INSCRIPTIONS.  715 

probably  not  much  later  in  date  than  the  age  of 
the  Cnidian  historian  Ctesias,  in  whose  style  many 
lonicisms  were  introduced,  according  to  Photius,  vJ 
Cod.  Ixxii.      (See  antSy  p.   674,  and  Ctesias,  ed. 
Baehr,  p.  21.) 

No.  16,  Plate  LXXXIX. 

"ASivva,  2w7roX«oc  OvyaTtjp,  Tlo\v)(apivc  yvvQf 
Koi  rot  TTolSeCy  AafiUTpi  icai  Kovpq. 

On  a  base  of  white  marble,  2'  4J"  by  10^"  by 
2^",  now  in  the  British  Museum ;  found  in  the 
temenoa  of  Demeter ;  described  ante,  p.  384. 


No.  17,  Plate  LXXXIX. 

YlXaOaiviQi  iWiiTwvoQ  jvva, 
A  a  par  pi  koi  Kou/)^i. 

On  a  base  of  blue  marble,  1'  3f  by  12"  by  8" ; 
on  the  top  is  a  socket  for  a  term.  Pound  in  the 
temenos  of  Demeter;  now  in  the  British  Museum. 
(See  ante^  p.  386.) 


No.  18,  Plate  LXXXIX. 

Aaparpt  koi  Kou/og  koi  rdiq 
6io7g  Ttiiq  wapa  Aaparpt  Ka\ 
Kovpq.  ')^apiiJTua  koi  iKTipa- 
Tpa  avidviKf  llXuOaivig  IlXa- 
Tcuvo^  yvva. 

On  a  base  of  blue  marble,  2'  2''  by  V  11"  by 
V  6^",  now  in  the  British  Museum ;  found  in  the 
teynenoa  of  Demeter.  (See  ante,  p.  381.)  On  the 
top  of  this  base  is  a  socket  for  a  term.     Who  the 


716  APPENDIX   NO.    Ill- 

0601  01  TcoL^oL  Aa/targi  xai  Koupa,  mentioned  1.  2, 
were,  we  learn  from  Inscription  No.  14,  where  the 
0601  (rti/x3a)/Aoi  in  this  teinenos  are  named.  yaL^itr* 
reTa,  **  thank-oiferings,"  occurs  in  another  Cnidian 
Inscription,  No.  32  :  x'^P^^^'^P^^  is  the  usual  form 
in  Greek  literature.  I  am  not  aware  of  any  other 
.      ^  ^    instance  of  Ixr //iarpa,  hut,  from  the  analogy  of  trto- 

V  •  "''"  '^^'      '^    f^'rpoLy  XSrpa,  /ATjvurpa,  and  other  substantives  of  the 

/ ,    same  termination,  and  also  from  its  apposition  with 

'^'        ^"^  pfapierreTa,  this  word  may  mean  "atonements,"  or 

•^ :  -^r.  :*> .  /i   ^-^  / .      "sin-offerings."  The  possible  analogy  between  these 

offerings  and  the  rites  called  ?>3/x/a  and  Trpo^apitrnQ-' 
pioLy  in  the  Athenian  Anthesteria,  has  been  already 


■•  -.. , « 


>-.•  •^ 


'     noticed,  ante,  p.  422. 


» *'  •*.'■» 


The  name  Plathainis,  wife  of  Plato,  is  found  in 
two  other  dedications  in  this  temenos^  Nos.  17  and  19. 

It  also  occurs  in  an  inscription  found  at  Cos. 
— Ross,  Inscript.  Ined.  ii.  No.  178^. 


^ 


f 


No.  19,  Plate  LXXXIX.  and  Plate  LVIII. 

Fig.  3. 

On  the  base  of  a  small  marble  boar  dedicated  to 
Proserpine,  broken  off  at  one  end  ;  present  length, 
18"  by  8i"  by  li";  now  in  the  British  Museum; 
found  in  the  temenos  of  Demeter.  (See  ante^ 
p.  385).     For  the  name  Plathainis,  see  Nos.  17,  18. 


No.  20,  Plate  LXXXIX. 


....  (TTlij^ 

Aci/i[arp< 


GREEK   INSCRIPTIONS.  717 

On  a  fragment  broken  off  from  the  angle  of  a 
base  of  blue  marble  found  in  the  temenos  of  Deme- 
ter,  and  now  in  the  British  Museum. 


No.  21,  Plato  LXXXIX. 

NiKOicXeia  N«KO^opou, 
7ui'a  St  'A7roXXo0av£uc> 
Aa/JLOTpi  KoX  Kovp<^  Koi  Oioig  rolg 
irapii  Aafiarpi  ivxav. 

On  a  base  of  white  marble  found  in  the  temenoa 
of  Demeter,  with  the  statue  engraved,  Plate  LVI. 
(see  antCy  p.  398) ;  now  in  the  British  Museum. 
This  base  is  3'  V'by  2'  If'.  It  is  curved  at  the  back, 
and  has  therefore  been  placed  in  a  niche.  Having 
been  found  at  the  foot  of  the  three  niches  in 
the  rock  represented  in  the  view  of  the  temeiioa^ 
Plate  LIV.,  it  may  have  stood  in  the  tallest  of 
these;  of  which,  however,  the  height  could  not  be 
ascertained,  as  the  upper  part  is  broken  away. 


No.  22,  Plate  LXXXIX. 

Ali/JLHTpl  KOI 

On  a  base  of  blue  marble,  12f"  by  10^"  by  3f ', 
now  in  the  British  Museum,  found  in  the  temenos 
of  Demeter.  (See  ante,  p.  384.)  In  this  inscrip- 
tion the  forms  Ar/jxijrgi  and  su^i^v  are  probably 
lonieisms.  (See  No.  15,  ante.)  The  object  dedicated 
is  a  marble  Calalhus. 


718  APPENDIX  NO.   III. 


No.  23,  Plate  LXXXIX. 

^iXig  Upua  Kovpq. 

On  a  footstool  of  blue  marble,  1'  3"  by  1'  3" 
by  If,  found  in  the  temenoa  of  Demetcr  (see  ante, 
p.  392) ;  now  in  the  British  Museum. 


No.  24,  Plate  LXXXIX. 

*AXic[ifi]a;(a 

On  a  base  of  blue  marble,  1'  3f'  by  9"  by  2f" , 
now  in  the  British  Museum ;  found  in  the  temenos 
of  Demeter.  (See  ante,  p.  384.)  On  the  connec- 
tion of  the  Dioscuri  with  the  worship  of  Demeter, 
see  ante,  p.  406,  note  **. 


No.  25,  Plate  LXXXIX. 

AyoaficXcia 
Aafxarpi. 

On  an  altar  of  blue  marble,  2'  2^"  by  1'  6"  by 
1'  4^",  now  in  the  British  Museum  ;  found  at  the 
foot  of  the  temenos  of  Demeter.     (See  ante,  p.  410.) 


No.  26,  Plate  LXXXIX. 


)eia 


ieptia 


Kovpq. 

On  the  base  of  a  term  of  Persephone.  (See  Plate 
LVIII.  fig.  1.)  The  base  is  1 4"  by  12"  by  8  Y' ;  found 
in  the  temenos  of  Demeter ;  now  in  the  British 
Museum.     (See  ante^  p.  383.) 


kA,lAAAyrt-^o 


K/\lY^cT/^^fr'o- 
,  L-rtr-Z)c£k(-.    - 


IHftlrf^-^*" 


-•. .  i      .  *-       A       r\       r       V 


V    /  >-'/       7jJ 


N 


D     L'     S    . 


GREEK    INSCRIPTIONS.  719 


No.  27,  Plate  LXXXIX. 

'yujva  leap]  Trai [See- 
On  a  round  cippus  of  blue  marble,  2'  4^"  by  1'  3" 
diam. ;  at  the  top  is  an  oblong  sinking  to  receive  a 
small  statuette ;  found  in  the  temenoa  of  Demeter 
(see  antej  p.  377) ;  now  in  the  British  Museum. 


No.  81,  Plate  4  (of  this  volume). 

avupoX  ^Avriy^ 

ovTi  Aafiarptj  Kov- 

p^,  TlXovrwvif  3rc- 

o7c  Toiig  irapa  Ad- 

fiarpi  airaai  kul  (5) 

7rd(Taic*  ct  /Jiiv  t- 

yw  <j>ap/JLaKOv  *A- 

Sai[K]a  ^  Ive0v- 

IJ.{}Oriv  Kara  xj^  (10) 


fcdXf^a  Yuyaiic- 

o  tTTi  TO  iepov, 

rpia  YifJiifivai'  (15) 

a  SfSo&cra  7yo 


airov  tic  rtjv 


ava/3a{[ij]?  'AvnYo- 

vTi  na  Aafia-  (20) 

T/^a  Tmrprifii" 

va  e£  6/xoSouX[a;y  P, 


Koi  fxfi  yivoiTo 


£U£iXar[ou]  Tu- 

\uv  Ad/iaT/)[oc,  (25) 


720  APPENDIX   NO.    III. 


aWa  fiByaXor 

C  fiatravovg  /Saa- 

aviZo/xiva*  tl  S*  €[7- 

n(]  TiQ  Kar  ifnov  ir- 

poQ  'AcTicXoirtSa,  eJ  if[a-  (30) 

T  ifiiou  Koi  irapifTT" 

aveTa[t]  yvvalKa 

\aXicouc  Soco 


(On  the  reverse.) 

f/uoi  S*  6<Tia  Koi  (35) 

etc  [ia\avt\jlo]v 

KOi  VTTO  TO  avTo 

ariyoQ  tltreX^ 

£IV  ica£  ITTl  TO- 

V  avrav  rpn-  (40) 

£^av. 

This  inscription  and  the  following  ones,  Nos. 
82 — 95,  are  graven  on  leaden  tablets  found  near 
some  bases  of  statues  in  the  temenos  of  Demeter, 
as  has  been  already  stated,  ante^  p.  382. 

The  subjects  of  all  these  inscriptions  are  Dine, 
or  solemn  dedications  of  certain  persons  to  Demeter, 
Persephone,  and  the  other  infernal  deities.  In 
each  case  the  name  of  the  person  thus  dedicated, 
and  the  cause  of  offence  which  had  called  forth 
the  imprecation  are  stated.  In  some  of  the  tablets 
the  dedication  is  made  by  the  injured  party ;  in 
others,  by  some  third  person  acting  in  his  or  her 
behalf. 

Such  maledictory  inscriptions,  called  defixionea 
or  xaraSserjxoi,  formed  part  of  the  system  of  ancient 
magic,  and  were  probably  in  use  among  the  Greeks 
from  an  early  period,  as  there  is  allusion  to  them 


GREEK   INSCRIPTIONS.  721 

in  two  passages  of  Plato  (Rep.  ii.  p.  364  C ;  Legg. 
xi.  933  A). 

A  curious  and  well-known  instance  of  the  use 
of  such  magical  devices  is  recorded  by  Tacitus, 
Annal.  ii.  69. 

In  describing  the  last  illness  and  death  of  Ger- 
manicus,  he  states  there  were  found  concealed  in 
the  walls  and  floor  of  his  house  remains  of  human 
bodies,  poems,  and  imprecations, — carmina  et  devo- 
tion€8y  and  the  name  of  Germanicus  inscribed  on 
leaden  tablets.  It  was  thought  that  these  magical 
instruments  were  employed  by  Piso  to  compass  the 
death  of  his  enemy.* 

Previously  to  my  discovery  of  the  Cnidian  Dirce, 
several  similar  tablets  both  in  Greek  and  Latin 
writing  had,  from  time  to  time,  been  published. 
A  list  of  these  is  given  by  M.  P.  Lenormant  in  his 
dissertation, "  De  Tabulis  Devotionis  Alexandrinis." 

Of  the  Greek  tablets  two  were  found  in  or  near 
Athens  (C.  I.,  Nos.538, 539);  and  one  in  a  tomb  near 
Cumae,  which  was  published  by  M.  Henzen  (Annali 
dell'  Inst.  Arch.  Rom.  xviii.  1846,  p.  203,  Tav.  d' 
aggiunta  G).  Two  fragments  were  discovered  at 
Alexandria,  which  were  published  by  M.  Lenormant 
in  the  treatise  already  referred  to.  Another  leaden 
tablet  dug  up  at  Athens  is  published,  C.  I.,  1034. 

M.  Lenormant  considers  that  M.  Bockh  has  been 
guilty  of  a  great  oversight  in  not  classing  this 
fragmentary  inscription  among  the  DircB.  It  evi- 
dently contains  a  dedication  of  some  object,  either 

*  Compare  Dion  Cassius,  Ivii.  19  ;  and  for  other  passages  in 
later  authors  respecting  these  Dirce^  see  Hermann,  Lehrbiich  d. 
Gottesdienstl.  Alterthiimer,  §  42,  18  ;  F.  Lenormant.  De  Tabulis 
Devotionis  plumbeis  Alcxandrinin.     Bonn,  185G.     "^  <.   «*^*.   - 

II.  3    B 


t 


722  APPENDIX  NO,   in- 

to the  infernal  deities  or  to  the  manes  of  some 
individual ;  but  I  cannot  discover  in  this  fragment 
any  positive  expression  of  malediction. 

Similar  Dirce  have  been  discovered  in  two  Greek 
papyri  ;  one  of  which  is  preserved  in  the  Imperial 
Museum  at  Vienna,^  and  the  other  in  the  Museum 
at  Ley  den. ° 

Two  leaden  tablets  with  Latin  inscriptions  have 
been  discovered  in  tombs  in  Italy.  One  of  these, 
published  by  M.  Henzen,  seems  rather  a  depreca- 
tion than  an  imprecation.*^  The  tablets  found  at 
Cnidus,  when  compared  with  those  previously 
known,  present  the  following  peculiarities  in  the 
form  of  imprecation. 

The  inscriptions  commence  with  the  words, 
dviepoL  AoLfjMTpi,  or  aj/ar/$ijjxi  Aajccarpi;  then  the  name 
of  the  offending  party,  and  the  nature  of  his  or  their 
offence,  are  stated ;  after  which  follow  the  words, 

[JL7]  Tu^oL  cmyiOLTcop  jtxTjSs  AoLfxaTpog  jXijSe  Qswp  Twp  irapoL 

ActfAarpi ;  and  this  dedication  to  the  infernal  deities 
is  made  to  apply  to  the  whole  family  of  the 
offender,  who  is  said  to  be  /xera  roSv  ihioou  Travreoy 
Trapa     ActfJiarpa    ^rgTrprjjxsvo^,    a    phrase,    the    exact 

meaning  of  which  will  be  presently  considered. 

In  several  of  these  tablets,  punishment  {xoT^atng 
or  riiLoy^ia)  or  tortures  (3a<ravoi)  are  invoked  on 
the  head  of  the  accursed.     (See  Nos.  81,  83,  91.) 

*»  Published  by  Petrettini,  Papiri  Greco-Egiziani  dell'  I.  R. 
Musoo  di  Corte,  Vienna,  1826,  p.  1.  See  also  Letronne,  Analyse 
des  Papyres  Gr^co-Egyptiens  di  Petrettini,  Journal  des  Savans, 
Ao{it,  1828. 

^  Reuvens,  Lettres  k  M.  Letronne  sur  les  Papyres  bilingues  et 
Grecs  du  Mus6e  de  Leide,  p.  39. 

d  Bnlletino  dell' InsL.  Arch.  Rom.  18t0,  p.  77.  The  other  tablet 
is  published  by  31.  de  Rossi,  ibid.  1«*^52,  pp.  21 — 25. 


GKEBK   INSCRIPTIONS.  723 

Such  imprecations  are  always  accompanied  by  the 
formula  e/xoi  ^l  otrtoL  xa)  eXewflfpa,  by  which  it  was 
intended  to  exempt  the  author  of  the  curse  from  all 
liability  to  be  involved  in  its  consequences. 

These  curses  are  not  all  irrevocable ;  in  several 
instances,  the  evil  invoked  is  deprecated  in  case  of 
the  restitution  of  property  withheld.  (See  Nos.  83, 
86,  88,  89,  93a,  94.) 

With  reference  to  the  age  of  these  Cnidian  in- 
scriptions, we  may,  I  think,  assume  them  to  belong 
to  an  earlier  period  than  the  Cuma^an  tablet  already 
referred  to,  which  M.  Henzen  ascribes  to  the  third 
or  fourth  century  A.D.  On  the  other  hand,  the  cha- 
racter of  the  palaeography  would  lead  me  to  assign 
them  to  a  later  date  than  the  Athenian  tablet,  C.  I. 
No.  539,  which,  according  to  Bockh,  was  probably 
written  between  Olympiads  105 — 110,  though  he 
admits  that  it  may  be  of  a  later  period.  In  this 
inscription  the  E  and  Z  still  retain  their  original 
angular  type,  while  in  the  Cnidian  tablets  we  find 
the  uncial  letters  €,  C,  and  U).  These  must  have  been 
originally  adopted  for  convenience  in  waiting  with 
a  pen,  and  must  have  been  used  as  early  as  B.C. 
247 — 222,  because  they  occur  on  a  gold  plate  bear- 
ing the  name  of  Ptolemy  Euergetes  I.  (See  the 
facsimile  of  this  plate,  Letronne,  Recherches  pour 
servir  a  THistoire  de  TEgypte,  pp.  5,  14.) 

In  this  latter  inscription  the  forms  of  nearly  all 
the  letters  resemble  those  on  the  Cnidian  tablets. 
The  identity  of  the  P,  one  limb  of  which  is  bent  out- 
wards, may  be  especially  noted.  The  ♦  has  a  very 
long  vertical  stroke,  a  peculiarity  which  may  be 
also  recognized  on  the  Cnidian  tablets.  If  we  allow 
for  the  difference  between  graven  and  written  monu- 


C(yi^^}tKn^     ZK>^   t.'w:? K^^i^X'^rv-.    A    /Vi  2^^      oW>^Aw^*^/c 


^^  A.'.^/^ ^<^^-^  •  ^'^ '  -  ^^'^'^ "  ^^^  "'^^  -^^^^ 


y 


724  APPENDIX   NO.    III. 

ments,  we  may  discern  the  same  peculiarities  in 
the  types  of  the  letters  in  the  Greek  papyri  of  the 
Ptolemaic  period.®  This  resemblance  inclines  me 
to  assign  the  Cnidian  tablets  to  a  date  ranging 
from  B.C.  300  to  100,  though  it  is  possible  that 
they  may  be  later.  ^^^ 

The  CumsBan  tablet  already  referred  to  is  ascribed 
by  M.  Henzen  to  the  third  or  fourth  century  A.D. ; 
but  the  writing  on  this  is  certainly  of  a  later  cha- 
racter than  that  of  the  Cnidian  tablets. 

Both  in  grammar  and  in  orthography  these  Dir(B 
exhibit  many  errors,  such  as  a  regular  lapidary  of 
the  same  period  would  not  have  committed.  Similar 
errors  and  anomalies  occur  in  the  Ptolemaic  papyri. 
(See  Peyron,  Papiri  Greci  del  Museo  Britannico, 
pp.  101-3.) 

In  reference  to  the  site  where  these  Cnidian 
tablets  were  found,  it  should  be  noted  that  this  is 
the  first  authenticated  instance,  as  far  as  I  know, 
of  the  discovery  of  such  Dirce  within  the  precincts 
of  an  ancient  temple.  They  were  probably  sus- 
pended on  walls,  as  they  are  pierced  with  holes  at 
the  corners. 

Throughout,  the  Doric  dialect  is  used,  except  in 

the    solitary   lonicism,    TreTrpr^fjiiyog    for    Treirpafjiimg . 

(On  the  occurrence  of  Ionic  forms  in  Cnidian 
inscriptions,  see  ante,  No.  15,  p.  714.) 

^  See  Letronne,  Reclierches,  etc.,  pp.  11,  14 ;  Bockh,  Erklarung 
einer  JEgyiit.  Papyrus.  Berlin,  1831  ;  A.  Peyron,  Papyri  Grseci 
K.  Tauriu.  Musei,  iu  vols.  xxxi.  and  xxxiiLof  Memorie  della  R.  Acca- 
demia  di  Torino  (Papyri  i.  ii.  iii.  iv.  viii.  in  this  v/ork  all  bear  dates 
of  the  reign  of  Ptolemy  Euergetes  II.) ;  Forshall,  Description  of 
the  Greek  Papyri  in  the  British  Museum.  London,  1839  ;  B. 
Peyron,  Papiri  Greci  del  Museo  Britannico.     Torino,  1841. 


GREEK   INSCRIPTIONS.  725 

No.  81  contains  a  dedication  made  by  one 
Antigone  for  the  purpose  of  clearing  herself  from 
the  accusation  of  having  attempted  the  life  of  a 
certain  Asclepiades. 

"  If,"  declares  the  writer  (1.  6—27),  "  I  have 
given  poison  to  Asclepiades,  or  meditated  in  my 
soul  to  do  him  any  injury ;  or  if  I  have  called  a 
woman  to  the  temple,  giving  her  a  mina  and  a 
half  in  order  that  she  might  take  him  from  among 
the  living,  may  Antigone  go  up,  sold  from  among 
her  fellow  slaves  to  Demeter,  and  may  Demeter 
not  be  propitious  to  her,  but  may  she  suffer  great 
torments.*' 

Then  follows  an  imprecation  on  her  accuser. 
"  If  any  one  has  spoken  to  Asclepiades  against  me, 
or  has  brought  forward  the  woman  as  a  witness, 

giving  her   small  copper  money" (here 

occurs  a  lacune  in  the  text ;  but,  doubtless,  the 
missing  lines  contained  a  curse  on  the  accuser 
already  mentioned).  From  1.  35  to  the  end  of  the 
inscription  is  occupied  by  a  formula,  added  by  the 
writer  to  protect  herself  from  all  participation  in 
the  consequences  of  the  curse. 

"  May  it  be  lawful  for  me  (in  company  with 
the  person  against  whom  the  curse  is  directed)  to 
go  to  the  bath,  or  under  the  same  roof,  or  to  the 
same  table." 

1.  1.  awego7,  "makes  a  votive  oflFering."  As 
otvispoai  is  usually  employed  as  a  transitive  verb 
(see  Nos.  82,  83,  84),  we  must  consider  it  as  used 
absolutely  here.  Though  the  third  person  is 
employed  in  the  opening  sentence  of  this  inscrip- 
tion, and  again  1.  11),  there  can  be  no  dou])t  that 


C 


'         '       -7' 


726  APPENDIX  NO.    III. 

Antigone  loquitur  throughout.  There  is  the  same 
change  from  the  third  to  the  first  person  in  No. 
82  and  No.  84. 

1.  2.  Aa/jiaTpi,  Koupa,  nxouroivi,  x.  t.  X.  (Compare 
No.  11,  ante.)  This  is  the  only  one  of  the  DinB  in 
which  the  name  of  Pluto  occurs. 

1.  12.  TToTtrou.  This  is  either  an  error  of  the  scribe 
or  a  local  form  for  Troi^crai.     Compare  No.  91, 1. 14, 

VSTTQlXei  for  TTSTTOiriXSl, 

1.  14.  stt)  to  iepov.  The  temple  here  referred  to 
may  have  been  that  of  Demeter  and  the  other 
Infernal  Deities. 

1.  15.  Tpla  rifuyLvouoL.  If  we  suppose  that,  at  the 
time  when  this  inscription  was  written,  the  later 
Attic  standard  of  63  grains  to  the  drachma  was 
in  use  at  Cnidus,  a  mina  and  a  half  would  equal 
about  £5.  16*, 

1.  18.  '^wvTwv.  In  the  original,  N  has  either  been 
omitted,  or  united  with  the  W. 

1.  19.  avoL&oLi.  I  read  here  oLva^ai\ri\^  supposing 
that  the  final  letter  has  been  omitted  through  the 
carelessness  of  the  scribe.  In  the  next  line  ttol  is 
evidently  for  wapoL,    Compare  Ao-xXa^riSa,  1.  30,  and 

Tp7re§0Lv  for  Tgaxe^av,  1.  40. 

1.  21.  Trapa  Aajuiar^a  yrsTrqr^iJLSva,     This  phrase  is 

repeated  in  No.  85 ;  and  in  Nos.  88,  89,  we  have 
a  nearly  similar  phrase. 

The  word  Tr6TrpriiJ,ivo$  here  seems  to  bear  the  same 
sense  as  in  chap.  vii.  14,  of  St.  Paul's  Epistle  to 

the  Romans, — TrsTrpafJiivog  wtto  t^v  a/itapr/ay,  which 

Schleusner  (Lexicon  in  Nov.  Test.  s.  v.)  translates 
peccato  addicttiaJ    He  observes  that  TnTrpacrxo)  here, 

^  See  also  for  this  pa&sage,  Grotius,  Critici  Sacri,  AnisfceL  1698, 
vol.  vii.  p.  74^6.    Compare  Tacitus,  Hist.  ii.  71,  luxu  et  sagince  man- 


GBEEK   INSCRIPTIONS.  727 

and  also  in  several  passages  in  the  Septuagint,  and 
in  other  authors,  means  the  handing  over  of  a  person 
into  the  power  of  another,  as  if  they  were  a  slave 
or  a  chattel  sold  for  a  price.  Sophocles  uses  this 
word  in  the  same   sense,   Philoct.  978,   Dindorf, 

Thus,  too,  a  person  devoted  to  the  Infernal 
Deities  might  be  said  to  he  sold  to  them  as  a 
bond-slave  during  life,  and  the  magical  words  xara- 
ietrfJLos,  xocraSsoi,  defixioneSy  vincnlay  may  be  regarded 
as  analogous  modes  of  expressing  the  idea  of  what 
may  be  termed  spcU-bondage.  Hence  Hermes 
and  G6  are  called  xoLroyoi  6sol ;  and  the  same 
epithet  in  a  passive  sense  is  applied  to  those  who 
are  under  some  special  divine  influence.  (See 
Bockh,  C.  I.  No.  539,  and  Heinsius,  Comment,  in 
Ovid.  Amor.  iii.  7,  29,  ed.  Fischer,  Lips.  1758.) 

Viewed  in  connection  with  the  passages  quoted 

above,  the  phrase  Traoa  Adfiarpa  TrsTrprnjLSvos  might 

be  regarded  simply  as  a  metaphor  adopted,  perhaps, 
from  an  euphemistic  motive. 

It  seems,  however,  more  probable  that  this  ex- 
pression refers  to  a  particular  rite  supposed  to  give 
efl&cacy  to  the  words  of  the  imprecation. 

Ancient  magic  consisted  not  in  words  merely, 
but  in  acts  accompanied  by  a  spell  or  set  form  of 
words,  as  we  learn  from  the  Pharmaceutria  of 
Theocritus  (Idyll.  2),  where  a  number  of  rites  are 
described,  several  of  which  reappear  in  the  magic 
of  the  Middle  Ages. 

The  expression  TrsTrprjfjLivog  may  thus  refer  to 
some  ceremony  by  which  the  sale  of  the  accursed 

cipatus  emtusque  ;  Apuleius,  Metaiu.  ix.  c.  14,  mero  et  stupro 
corpus  manciparat. 


728  APPENDIX  NO.   III. 

person  as  a  slave  to  the  Infernal  Deities  was 
typified ;  ^  and  such  an  interpretation  would  give 
peculiar  significance  to  the  expression  iXsOQepa  in 
the  deprecatory  formula  which  concludes  several 
of  the  JDirce. 

Such  a  transaction  as  I  am  supposing  present* 
at  first  sight  a  striking  analogy  w^ith  that  curious 
form  of  manumission  by  which  a  slave  was  trans- 
ferred from  a  human  master  to  the  service  of  a 
god  by  a  regular  deed  of  sale,  which  was  registered 
in  the  temple  in  which  the  slave  became  hierodule. 
(See  the  inscriptions  relating  to  this  subject  in 
Curtius,  Anecdota  Delphica,  Berolini,  1843.) 

There  is,  however,  this  essential  difference  be- 
tween these  dedicatory  manumissions  and  a  trans- 
action such  as  we  suppose  to  be  implied  in  the 

words  Trapot  Aa/tarpa  xs^g^jju-svo^. 

The  deeds  of  sale  recorded  in  inscriptions  at 
Delphi  and  clsew^here,  were  instruments  by  which 
slaves  were  emancipated  as  a  reward  for  long 
and  faithful  services ;  nor  is  there  in  the  wording 
of  these  documents  any  suggestion  that  this  reward 
required  any  supernatural  agency  to  bring  it  about, 
or  that  its  benefits  extended  beyond  the  appointed 
term  of  human  existence. 

But  the  rites  by  which  offenders  were  consigned 
to  the  Infernal  Deities  were  probably  intended  to 
affect  their  condition  not  in  this  life  only,  but 
after  death ;  and  the  punishments  invoked  could 

B  It  is  possible  that  the  words  uttered  by  Teucer,  SophocL 
Ajax,  978,  Dindorf,  may  refer  to  some  such  rite,  if  we  adopt  here 
Hermann's  reading,  ap*  ?)/i7rd\>y«:a  tr,  a»r,  <fec.  The  use  of  IfiwoXaw 
here  has  never  been  satisfactorily  explained.  See  Lobeck  ad  loc., 
and  EJleudt,  Lexicon  Sophocleum,  8,  i\ 


GIIEEK  INSCRIPTIONS.  729 

only    be  carried  out  by  the  special  aid   of   an 
avenging  deity. 

The  explanation  of  the  phrase  yrapa  AdixarpoL 
TTSTTfyrifjJyog  here  proposed  receives  much  illustration 
if  we  consider  the  import  of  the  magical  words, 
xardhcrfjLoi  or  defixUmes.  There  can  be  no  doubt 
that  the  utterance  of  these  words  was  accompanied 
by  a  symbolical  act  of  binding  or  fastening.  Such 
a  spell  was  used  to  confine  the  dead  as  prisoners 
within  their  tombs, as  we  learn  from  the  declamation 
entitled  Incantatum  Sepulchrum,  which  has  been 
erroneously  attributed  to  Quintilian.^ 

This  curious  composition  relates  how  a  departed 
spirit  was  in  the  habit  of  appearing  to  his  mother 
every  night  in  mortal  shape,  and  how  he  was 
restrained  from  these  visits  by  a  magician,  who 
imprisoned  him  in  his  tomb,  binding  the  walls  with 
iron,  and  at  the  same  time  reciting  spells — carmina. 

In  a  Latin  inscription  (Gruter,  p.  xix.  No.  6), 
there  is  mention  of  defixa  monumentis  Decurionum 
nomina. 

In  the  Annali  of  the  Uoman  Archaeological  Insti- 
tute, 1846,  p.  214,  two  bronze  nails  are  published, 
one  of  which,  now  in  the  Temple  Collection  at  the 
British  Museum,  is  inscribed  with  a  magical  impre- 
cation, the  other  with  symbols  of  unknown  import. 
Such  nails  may  have  been  used  for  fastening  magical 
bands  or  tablets.' 

^  Quintilian,  Declam.  x. 

^  Such  nails  may  have  been  also  driven  into  those  images  which 
magicians  made  in  the  likeness  of  the  person  against  whom  their 
incantations  were  directed.     See  Ovid.  Heroid.  vL  91  : — 

Devovet  absentes,  simulacraque  cerea  fingit, 
£t  miserum  tenues  in  jecur  urget  acus. 

Though,  as  these  effigies  seem  to  have  been  generally  of  wax  or 
II.  3   E 


730  APPENDIX  NO.    III. 

• 

Hitherto  I  have  been  considering  the  phrase 
wapoL  Adfjiarpa  apart  from  its  immediate  context  in 
No.  81,  on  account  of  the  uncertainty  of  two  read- 
ings.    I  read  the  whole  passage  dva&ai[rj']  'AvnyoVi} 

TTapa    AayLOLTpa   TreTrpr^fjJva    i^    6ju.oSouX[a)y] ;   but    in 

the  first  word  in  this  sentence  the  final  letter  is 
omitted,  and  the  termination  of  the  last  word  is 
obliterated. 

The  most  probable  explanation  of  the  words 
dva^ai[rf]  e*  o]u,o8otiX[tt)y]  which  I  can  oflFer  is,  that 
the  word  dyafdalrj  is  here  used  in  a  technical  sense, 
to  express  the  act  of  sale. 

We  learn  from  various  passages  in  Greek  and 
Roman  writers,  that  slaves  sold  by  public  auction 
were  made  to  stand  on  a  stone  base  by  the  side  of 
the  crier,  x^pu§,  in  order  that  they  might  be  the 
better  seen  by  the  bystanders. 

This  stone,  according  to  Pollux  (iii.  §  78  and  126), 
was  called  irparr^p  x/dop.  In  another  place  (vii.  §  11) 
he  notices  it  thus :  'E(^'  S  8'  dva^ami^TBg  ol  So5Xoi 
triwpdtrxovroLi^  toSto  rpdwe^av  * Apitrro^dvr^g  xaXs7.  Com- 
pare Plutarch,  in  Solon,  c.  8,  Reiske: — avaSaj  hr\ 
Toy  ToS  xYipuKog  x/9ov ;  Plautus,  Bacch.  iv.  7,  17  : 

.Nescis  nuDc  venire  te 
Atque  in  eo  ipso  adatas  ]apidc  ubi  prsaco  pnedicat. 

Hence  a  slave  was  said  to  be  emptus  de  lapide, 
and  this  expression  became  a  term  of  reproach,  for 
the  persons  so  sold  were  often  convicts  and  male- 
factors. Hence  Columella,  iii.  3, 8,  De  lapide  noxium 
posse  comparari.  (See  on  this  passage,  Brodaeus, 
Miscellanea,  vi.  5.) 

some  yielding  material,  such  large  nails  would  not  have  beeu  re- 
quired. Oq  the  whole  subject  of  Defixiones  see  Gothofred*s  note 
on  the  Codex.  Theodosianus,  ed.  Bitter,  Lips.  1738,  ix.  Tit.  16,  3. 


GREEK   INSCRIPTIONS. 


731 


The  occurrence  of  the  word  dva^atva)  in  the  two 
first  of  the  passages  just  quoted  from,  makes  it  not 
improbable  that  the  words  ai/a^anj  s^  o/toSouXtov  were 
a  customary  formula  in  the  public  sale  of  slaves.  / 

If  any  such  rite  as  I  am  here  assuming  ^vas 
really  practised,  the  devoted  person  would  pro- 
bably be  sold  in  effigy,  and  the  forms  and  usages  of 
a  real  sale  more  or  less  imitated,  as,  in  the  magic  of 
the  Middle  Ages,  compacts  with  the  devil  are  always 
described  as  instruments  drawn  up  in  legal  form. 

1.  30.  'A<rxXa^iSa  for  'A<rxXa^ia8a. 

1.  31.    Trapi(rTdv6ra[i],      The   form  Trapicrrdpa}   for 

'Trapla-rr^fju  is  used  by  late  authors ;  but  I  am  not 
aware  of  any  example  of  7rap*<rTaj/o/xa*.  All  the 
letters,  however,  of  Trapitrrdysrai  are  visible  except 
the  final  i,  which  has,  I  suspect,  been  confused 
with  the  vertical  stroke  of  the  Y  immediately 
above.  If  we  take  Trapitrrdysrai  here  as  the  equiva- 
lent of  the  middle  form  Trapiarraron,  the  sense  would 
be,  "  If  any  one  produces  the  woman  as  a  witness, 
giving  her  money  ;  '*  or  perhaps  "  suborns  "  would 
more  nearly  express  the  meaning  here. 

1.  33.  8o<ra  seems  to  be  a  mere  error  for  SoSera,  like 

rpTTBH^av,  1.  40,  for  Tpdyrsl^av. 

1.  34.  Tav  ?  8'  efjLotj.  In  the  original  the  first  of 
these  letters  is  only  a  vertical  stroke,  but  the  cross 
bar  of  the  T  may  have  been  obliterated ;  the  A,  as 
will  be  seen  by  the  facsimile,  is  very  like  an  A; 
but  this  may  be  from  carelessness.  At  all  events, 
dyoL  efjLoij  would  make  no  sense.  After  l/xoS  letters 
are  faintly  visible,  which  may  be  either  M  or  KA. 

1.  35.  iiAol  y  oeria.  A  similar  deprecatory  formula 
occurs  in  Nos.  82,  84,  85,  86,  87,  90,  91,  92. 


732  APPENDIX  NO.   IIT, 


No.  82,  Plate  5  (of  this  volume). 

avtspoi  ^Aprc- 
fAHg  ^afiarpiy 
Kovpq,  [Oto]ic  ira- 
pa  Aci/iar/oc  war 

If \     t     %   y        —  /e\ 

tri  ofrnq  ra  w  tfiov  \p) 

KaraXt^Otvra  I- 

fiarta  Koi  €vSl^- 

/la  Kol  avaKai[X- 

ovy  ipov  airatT[Ti'' 

trag,  ouk  airlS[(kiicl  (10) 

fioi*  avevlyKali 

auTog  rrapa  A[a- 

fi]aTpa  Kol  H  Ti 

Tafia  cS 

ir€ir/oi)]/i/i;oc  cS  (15) 

CUV  ?•  l)Uo[l  8J 

S<Tia  ic]al  VXe£[0. 

Koc  <rvfivitiv  Kal 

fTujA^ayuv  Kol  (20) 

iv  P  TO  a]  UTO  ari^ 

yoc  f  [XOJcIv*  aSi- 

Ktifiara  'A/Sm- 

1/  [cu  ?]  Aafianp  a 


In  this  tahlet  one  Artemeis  dedicates  to  Demeter, 
Persephone,  and  all  the  gods  associated  with  De- 
meter,  the  person  who  withholds  certain  garments 
which  had  been  intrusted  to  him. 

1.  1.  dnspoT  (rov  8«rya,  sc),  this  suppressed  accu- 
sative being,  of  course,  the  antecedent  to  otrrig. 

'AprepLiig,  The  termination  of  this  name  is  un- 
usual ;  but  all  the  letters  are  perfectly  distinct. 
It  may  be  an  abbreviation  for  'ApT«/t«i^/a,  like  vol 


I 


J) 


.  i:."i 


r        f 


'     t  .    ,t 


',:■;• 


A   . 


I  I  > 


1.   1 


.     I  «     ' 


19         ' 


I      ■     '       ' 


1 

«  ■ 


.  1* 


I    '      4  t   •  t 


' »  .1 


*  «K. 


'    '     I  !..-     ''U*  <      i^    li'  - 


>  < 

I 


I  •  ,'      '  M  '^  I   1     » •  *  I   . 


!  '1 


gheek  inscriptions.  733 

for  xapa,  in  No.  81.  The  name  ^Aprtfiag  occurs  in 
inscriptions. 

1.  8.  ayaxa>[x]ov,  sc.    pfircov/erxov,  "  a  short  smock." 

Compare  Plutarch,  De  mulier.  virtut.  (vii.  p.  64, 
Beiske).  This  garment  seems  to  be  identical  with 
the  fTTiyovaTiV.  It  is  not  unfrequently  represented  on 
vases.  (See  Tischbein,  Vas.  d' Hamilton,  ii.  PI.  Iviii.; 
Gerhard,  Antik.  Bildw.  Taf.  Ixvi.) 

1.  9.  ijttoC  a7ra*T[^](ra^.  Here  we  might  have  ex- 
pected dfroLirr^a-oLtrr^s^  "  though  I  asked  him  to  restore 
them.'* 

1.  11.  ayeyeyxa[i]  a\}rog  Trapa  Adfiarpa.     The  final 

letter  of  dveuiyxai  is  restored,  on  the  evidence  of 

No.  88,  1.  4,  el  Si  xa  [JLTi  a7r[o]Sa>,  aiyBviyxai  awri 
«r[}]  AdfMLTpa  xa)  Kovpav  7r£xpi3]u,6j/[o^]  ;  and  No. 
89,  1.  2,  il  hi  [Jiri  aT[o]8a>,  dvotnoL  xa}  awraJ  xa}  roig 
atir[oti] — xa}  dvtviyxai  iriTrpTHJiiyog  iyr)  AdfJuarpa  xa} 
KoJpav  xa}  [f^^]  «wi[Xa]Tow  aurSg  Twpfoi. 

A  similar  phrase  occurs  No.  83,  1.  6,  a7ro8o5<ri  [th 

airoTg  otria  ^,  jtx^  dTroiotjtri  hi  ay[oVia],  xa}  dvsviyx^at 
AaJ/tar^i  xa}  Ko[tipa  au]rou^  Trapa  AdfJiM" 

[rpi  xa)  KJoupa  xoXa^o/t£yoti[^.  It  would  seem  from 
these  passages  that  the  oflFender  was  bound  by 
the  terms  of  the  devotio  to  bring  back  the  missing 
article  to  Demeter  and  Persephone.  The  infinitive 
avBviyxca  is  used  elliptically  for  the  imperative. 
(Jelf,  Greek  Grammar,  §  671.)  Where  the  accu- 
sative TTSTrpr^fjLivov  follows,  some  such  verb  as  xp^  ^ay 
be  supplied ;  where  the  nominative  awroV,  TrsirqTjfjihog 
follows,  some  such  as  fleXeToi,  [jLS[jLnj(rQa). 

1.  13, 14.  xa}  Bin  ....  rafJLa  sS ftsvo^  e^ 

oiv.  I  can  make  nothing  of  this.  The  next  words 
may  be  TreirprfjijJvog  i^  [ojxoSotiX]a>v  (see  No.  81,  1. 
21,  22). 


734  APPENDIX  NO-   III. 

1.   23,   24.  otSoei^jetara,   AfSaiv[sS?]    Aa/tarip.     The 

reading,  A/Sroy[g5]  is  doubtful ;  for  after  the  N  the 
only  letter  of  which  any  traces  are  left,  appears  to 
be  an  A.  After  AdfjLarep  is  an  A ;  in  the  next  line 
are  remains  of  several  illegible  letters.  The  sense 
requires  some  verb  like  avTajXf /^«a■flf  or  ayrlxo^a^srff• 


No.  83,  Plate  6  (of  this  volume). 

avupoi  Nai/ac  •  •  •  •  •  [roue  Xa/BJrfi'- 

T]a[c 

nvupoi  Nai;ac  Aa/jLarpi  Koi  Ko[i;- 

pig,  Koi  dcocc  ToXg  irapa  Aapa- 

rpi  Kol  Kovpa  roitg  XajSovrac  (5) 

vapa  Af okXcvc  ira/oaOi)  [xav 

icai  prj  airoiiSovrac,  aW  a- 

TTOOTfpowvrac'  anoSovm 

fjLtv  avroig  o<na  y,  /lit}  airoSoD- 

<re  Si  av[p<ria]f  koI  aviviyK[at  (10) 

Aa]fjiaTpi  Kot  Ko[u/o- 

Q.  avjrovc  ira/oa  Aa/ia- 
rpc  Kai  K]ou/o^  KoXa^Ojti^ vov  [c 

on  aXJXorp'a  a7rp[<r]r£ 

[povvTt 


No.  84,  Plate  6  (of  this  volume). 

avtsp[o'i  Navac  A]d/iarpe  koi  Koup[u  koX 

dfocc  rofc  Ttapa  Aaparpi  koI  Ko[u- 

pig,  ^Efc^avQ  KoL  'PoSoj,  ore  Xaj3ov* 

r€c  irapaOqKav  vapa  AioicX€[i/c 

oiic  airoS/Soi/re,  aXX'  otto-  (5) 

orr6/o]oi;v[r]i,  apdi  piv  8<ria,  roic 

c  /If}  QTrooovcTi  ayocna,  aA- 
X*  «[? J  rt  ir/ooaicaraXaXovvrc. 

No.  83  is  a  dedication  by  Nanas  of  certain  per- 


'  I 


!• 


1«  *  •        ^ 

Oi"-    I.  »    '  •    "      .'       ! 

^'•v«   \\.\    :.   '     I   I  -       "... 

1.  •).  '.  '.     .1  i*^  !'\  •' 
^'».  ^ J,  1   7,  -.    'a:/ 


>l    *  •         I 

I.    r  »•     'J 


A   ttfiaToiti^  Kill    K  '*  ^H'.    i/if'{  .'•   '     -\«i>'  .".I    T  i..«    lit    : 
Tftfft\   'ftfJl    <  I    1^    *l  u7.n  Kfit   'A.I  ''     111    .ri'ifTT^^  .    -.       •, 

•;,  .>«•»! «n»r 'I  i;  kh)  i7r<7»ii:r  i  Ti*,  ;.»/  rr  ^o;  A^  </'.'    ■ 

i:«i  ntTn  7hH'  tclwi'  7:<ir.''i'  tt*:.;.-!  A 

This  <lr«li(Mti»'n   i^  ]iia<l<'  Kv  n   • 

« 

j-)i.son  for  hor  lui^'jaiuL 

si'^7'ij5'''*jj'.      Ihis,  PS  it  s:ands,  is  \  .;.    t:  : 


fM. 


•'  . 


s 

■ 


^ 


/ 


A 


.^'>^ 


f 


GREEK   INSCRIPTIONS.  735 

sons,  because  they  have  restored  a  deposit  received 
from  Diokles. 

No.  84  appears  to  be  a  repetition  of  the  same 
dedication,  with  the  addition  of  the  names  of  the 
offending  persons,  Emphanes  and  B/hodo. 

No.  83,1.1.  difispo7Ndvas,  After  these  words  follow 
several  letters,  which  I  have  been  unable  to  read. 

1.  3.  dviB^di  is  here  repeated  iuvoTT^rog  gratia. 

1.  8.  xal  av6V67x[a/].  This  phrase  has  been  already 
considered  under  No.  82. 

No.  84,  1.  7,  8.  aTOC  el  ri  wpofrxaraT^oKt^xiyTi^  "  But 

if  they  say  anything  more  against  me." 

The  inscription  terminates  abruptly  here.  There 
are  no  traces  of  letters  below,  though  the  sentence  is 
unfinished,  and  must  be  regarded  as  an  aposiopesis. 

Compare  No.  81, 1.  24,  aXXa  [j^ydTiOLS  jSacravow^  jSacravi- 

No.  85,  Plate  7  (of  this  volume). 

ava]TlOrifn  Aafiarpi  koI  Kovpq  rhv  Kar  Itfiov 

i]iir[a]vTa  &ri  iyit  rcj?  ifit^  avS[p\]  ^a/o/Liaica  iroiij  Oava[<Tifia' 

rrapa  Aafiarpa  irtvprifAlvog  /icra  twv  avTOv 

rravTiav  i^ayopivwv,  Koi  fxri  Tv\y  iviXarov 

A]a/iar/ooc  koX  KovpaQ  fxti^i  tCjv  deSiv  rutv  irapa  Aa[jua-       (5) 

r/DOc,  Efcoi  Si  y  T|  ocrca  Koi  iXevOspa  ofAOOTByritTaay  ri  qi  7ro[rc 

rpovw  iirtirXiKOfiivy  avartOinjii  Si  koI  tov  kqt  i\jAOv 

ypwf/avTQ  ri  kvlL  (Trird^ai/ra,  fi^  rv^oi  Aa/JLarpog  koX 

K]6pag  /i/fSc  OiCtv  rCtv  rrapa  Aafxarpog  eifiXarwv,  aWa 

icaJ  fiiTa  rwv  \hlwv  vavTwv  vapa  Aa/iarpa  verrprifiivog,       (10) 

This  dedication  is  made  by  a  wife  against  some 
person,  not  named,  who  has  accused  her  of  preparing 
poison  for  her  husband. 

1.  3.    WBTrpriii,iyog  ju,£ra    tcov   auToEf ^avTO>i/ 

«|ayoggJa)y.     This,  as  it  stands,  is  unintelligible. 


736  APPENDIX   NO.   III. 

From  the  context,  we  should  expect  ^aja  Adfiar^a 
irsTprjiJihov  futra  ribrf  auro?  ....  ttolvtwv  J^ayopeuoucra, 

the  nominative  being  the  writer  of  the  imprecation. 
But  the  letters  are  all  quite  distinct  as  they  are 
given  in  the  facsimile,  and  it  is  difficult  to  believe 
that  the  scribe  would  have  committed  two  such 
grammatical  blunders  in  two  consecutive  lines.  If 
i^ayopeutou  refers  to  the  offending  person,  it  is  pos- 
sible that  it  may  be  used  in  the  sense  of  *  confessing* 
sin,  as  in  the  following  passage  from  Plutarch,  De 

Superstit.  c.  vii. — e^w  xaflijTai TroWdxig  Sa 

yufAvog  iv  TnjXco  xaTuvhovfASvos  i^ciyopeOei  rii/a^  OLfutpricLg 
auroti  xcu  irTirjfxfjLsTisiag. 

1.  6.  6/tol  hi.  After  8g  I  read  HH.  The  second  of 
these  letters  must  have  been  added  by  mistake, 
unless  we  suppose  a  Doric  form  ^13  for  gfij,  of  which 
there  is  no  example. 

ofjLotrTsyritrdtrr}.  This  word  is  not  given  by  the 
lexicographers,  though  ojtAoVrsyo^  occurs. 

1.  8.  ^  xa]  e^iTot^avra,  "  Or  directing  another  to 
accuse  me." 


No.  86,  Plate  8  (of  this  volume). 

aviBpu)  Tov  ic/Dv0]a  [r] f /tio v [ra]  rfiv  airaTaXtiv  fjv  airatXkaa  [iv  t- 
occ  •  •  .JXoic  ToTc  'PoSoicXtvc  Aafiarpi  Koi  Kov/t)^  koi  Ofoig 

[tt]  aer  [i 
KOI  iraff] QIC*  atroiovTi  /liv  [S]<Tta  icai  iX^vdipa  KO/JLt<Tafuvotg  r[o 
KOfiia^rpov,  Koi  ipoi  ry  KopiZofiivy  koI  T(i^  airoSeSovri, 
firi  inrjoBiSoirri  ^i  Aaparpo^  Koi  Kovpug  icat  dtwv  rijv  ir[a-   (5) 
pa  A]afcar/>i  icac  Kovpij.  vavrwv  Koi  iracrav,  Koi  tl  irov  irp- 
a]0yy  ivdipiov  tartt)  Aa/iaTpog  koX  Koipag*  avarlOtiiii  Si  K[ai 
«  r]<j>  irXfov  i^iTiiaa  wapa  tov  (rra0/iov  tov  uir'  ifxov  lK^\jV 
pivoVf  AafiaTpi  icac  Kovpi^  Aiairoiva,  ipol  Si 

Haia'  (10) 

avarlBmii  AafiaTpi  koI  Ko/j^  roi/  ri].  .  . 


740  APPENDIX  NO.   III. 


No.  88,  Plate  10  (of  this  volume). 


Aa/Lia]r/:>{  Koi  Kovpi^  ro  .  •  •  • 

TO  Ifiariov  &  inrtiXeaiVf 
Koi  ciica  fxiv  airoSii^f  $v(\ar 
ra  avrc^  tl,  cc  Si  ko  /lii  air[o]Si^, 
avivlyKQi  aifTO  iir\X]  Aajuar[/>a]  icai  (5) 

ic[a]i  Koi pav 
ir€Trpi|fifv[oc]  Koi  fi[fi  T]v[xot  £iiA]arcii[v 


No.  89,  Plate  10  (of  this  volume). 

Koi  fTica  TO  f/i]a[ri]ov  S  a7r«5  [Xcertv 
a]iroS<|»,  {(fta,  ccica  S2  /uif  aTroS(i>,  a v  [({erf a 

Koi  avrc^  Kol  roec  airo[w]  ir[a<n 

icai  avci/lyicai  irBwptHJilvog 

iirX  AafiarpaKoi  Kovpav  Koi  (5) 

/uif]  €vc[Xa]rov  avrac  rv^ot. 

Nos.  88,  89.  These  two  fragments,  written  on 
the  opposite  sides  of  the  same  tablet,  are  identical 
in  import.  In  both  an  imprecation  is  invoked  for 
the  non-restoration  of  a  garment.  The  obscure 
construction  aueviyxai  wsTrpi^pLSvos  or  ^rrgijpiyoy,  1.  5, 
has  been  already  noticed  under  No.  82,  ante. 

No.  88, 1.  6.  This  second  xa)  seems  superfluous. 

1.  7.  I  read  ^«rgi3|x«v[o^],  but  the  last  letter  seems 
like  H. 

No.  89,  It  4.  I  read  irs7r^rj[ji.evog  here. 

If  irsTT^rnjLsvSgis  right  in  No.  88,  these  two  inscrip- 
tions probably  relate  to  the  same  person. 


GREEK  INSCRIPTIONS.  737 

Xoifjiia  /JLOV  a[ji]a?  Ta[v]Ta  rov  iroiovvra?  ica)  avro[v 
Koi  vvv  KoX  TO  €7[7€]  v5  ?  [to]v  anavTa,  ifiol  Si 
o Jerca  Koi  ItXe  [li]  Ot  [pa]  y  ira  [v]  twc- 

m 

In  this  inscription  a  female,  whose  name  is  not 
given,  dedicates  to  the  infernal  deities  the  person 
who  stole  her  bracelet,  cnraTaXij.  She,  in  like 
manner,  devotes  any  one  who  has  defrauded  her 
with  false  weights.  A  third  dedication  below  is 
not  to  be  clearly  deciphered. 

1. 1.  At  the  commencement  of  this  line  I  read 
aviepw^  because  there  would  be  hardly  room  for 
avaTifli3]u.i.  My  reason  for  reading  xpu^a  is  that  the 
A  given  in  the  facsimile  before  €MON  is  perfectly 
clear ;  and  that  on  the  left  of  this  letter  are  two 
vertical  strokes,  the  ends  of  two  letters  now  broken 
away.  After  fp  djrwTiStra  we  might  expect  to  find 
f V  ro7$  xTJiroig^  \oOTpo7$^  or  olxtug ;  but  the  fragment 
of  a  letter  at  the  commencement  of  1.  2  seems  to 
have  been  A,  M  or  A. 

1.  3.  xQ[jL$(roL[jLiyois  to  xo[xi(rTpov.  The  plural  here  is 
difficult.    To  whom  does  the  phrase  refer  ? 

1.  5.  jx^  aTToSiSoWi  i\  AoLfiarpog  xa)  ¥io6pag  •  •  •  . 
xo),  efwou  ^^[a]d^,  ivOvpuov  iarm  AajEtarpo^  xa)  Kovpag. 

The  construction  is  not  clear;  for,  if  the  words 
AifjLarpog  xal  Koupag^  1.  7,  are  governed  by  ivOvfJuov 
IcTToi,  then  the  previous  genitives  AdpLarpog  xa) 
Kowpa^,  1.  5,  are  left  without  any  word  to  govern 
them,  and  vice  versa.  The  sense  seems  to  be,  "  in 
case  he  do  not  restore,  [let  him  be  the  slave]  of 
Demeter,  &c. ;  and  if  he  be  already  sold  anywhere, 
let  this  be  a  care  to  Demeter,  &c." 

I.  8.  fif  Tip  ttXsov  e^eTsitra  Trapd  Toy  crrafl/toV,  "  if  I 

have  paid  any  one  more  than  was  due  for  the  weight 
which  I  asked  for." 

II.  3   F 


73S  .  APPENDIX    NO.    III. 

1.  9.  AsViroiya.  This,  according  to  Fausanias 
(viii.  37,  6,  6),  was  the  name  of  a  goddess  specially 
worshipped  by  the  Arcadians,  whom  he  states  to 
have  been  the  daughter  of  Demeter  by  Poseidon, 
distinguishing  her  from  Kore  or  Persephone,  whom 
he  makes  the  offspring  of  Zeus  by  the  same  mother. 
He  intimates  that  this  goddess  had  another  name, 
only  known  to  the  initiated, — t^^  Sa  Aetnroivrig  to 
ovojuia  ehsKTa   eig   Tobg   aTeXeerroti^  ypa^eiv,      (See  viii. 

25,  5  ;  42,  2  ;  v.  15,  3.)  ^ 

This  distinction,  however,  docs  not  seem  to  be 
recognized  by  other  ancient  writers ;  and  the  name 
Aia-TToiva  occurs  as  a  title  of  Persephone,  and  also 
ofHekateand  other  goddesses.  (See  Preller,  De- 
meter,  p.  384 ;  Welcker,  Griechische  Gotterlehre, 
Getting.  1860,  ii.  p.  490 ;  Gerhard,  Mythologie, 
ir;  v.!  •^ .      §  ^1S»  2Ji      AleTToiva  is  in  like  manner  addressed, 

in/ray  No.  91. 
\  *',  1. 11.  With  this  line  commences  another  dedica- 

tion,  very  difficult  to  decipher,  from  the  carelessness 
of  the  writing.  Thus,  1.  12,  jroioura  is  written  for 
iroiouvra ;  and  several  syllables  and  letters  are  written 
above  the  lines  to  which  they  belong. 

1. 11, 12.  Tov  TTj TToioSvra.  I  can  make  nothing 

of  this,  though  nearly  all  the  letters  are  legible, 

1.  13.  ?«a[J]  vSv.  The  I  has  been  omitted. 

xa)  TOL  67[76]v^.  r  and  E  have  been  in  like  manner 
omitted  in  this  word ;  so  the  N  in  iroioSvra.  The 
last  word  in  the  inscription  I  read  in  like  manner, 
7ra[v]Tiog,  though  the  letters  are  riATlOC. 

J  I  take  this  opportunity  of  rectifying  an  error  into  which  I 
have  fallen,  aritey  p.  420,  where  I  state  that  it  was  the  name 
AefTiroiyn,  and  not  the  mystic  name  of  this  goddess,  which  Fausa- 
nias feared  to  make  known. 


'   r 


H^ 


-^,.-     7A9 


r        M        1         rs         M        c- 


r. i,. 


i 


< 

!jlJ 
-J 


J 


Tj 


GREEK  INSCRIPTIONS.  739 

No.  87,  Plate  9  (of  this  volume). 

dvKpoi  Tlpo(T6Sio]v  Aafxarpi  koI  Kopq 
Koi  OtoTc  To]tg  "rrapa  Aafiarpi,  rlq  tov  Upoao- 
Slov  rojv  ri/oocToS/ot;  avSpa  iripiaiplrai 
Naicciiva  7ra]pa  roii/  irai^lwv*  pij  tv\oi  eviXa- 
Ttvv]  fii)  Aapaparpoc  l^fj  Oewv  tljv  irapa  Aaparpt,  (5) 

H  rowc  irlapa  NuKwvog  viroSi\iTai  irri  woviiptq  r^ 

UpotroSjlov,  Upoaoili^  Si  oma  Kot  avrq,  icae  ro7c  irai^iotq 
Kara  ira]v  fjilpoq*  koX  tIq  afxa  l^aKWva  tov  Upoao^lov 

avhpa]  viroSi\iTai  IewI  irovriplfg.  ra  UpoiroStoVy 
pLri  Tv\oi  tviKarov  fifj  AaparpoQf  juvy  Ottjv  [twv  (10) 

ira[/>a]  Aaparpi,  UpofroSlf^  Si  o(r<a 

icat  Toig  tIkvoic 
Kara  Trav  fiipoQ. 

This  dedication  is  made  by  one  Prosodion,  the 
wife  of  Nakon,  of  the  person  who  seduces  her 
husband  away  from  her  and  her  children,  and  of 
the  person  who  receives  Nakon. 

1.  2.  rig  for  otrris — cf.  No.  93.  (See  Dindorf  ad 
Soph.  (Ed.  Tyr.  1144.) 

r\¥  Upoa-o^iou.  This  is  repeated  Ssivotijto^  svexa. 
(Compare  No.  83,  init.) 

1.  5.  fjLT^iapMiJLaTpos.  This  is  probably  not  ftijSafta 
.Mar^oV,  but  a  mere  mistake  of  the  scribe  for  firj 
Aa/targo^,  as  Demeter  is  nowhere  called  Manjp  in 
these  inscriptions. 

1.   6,  ii  Tohsl  jrapa  Naxoivoy   uTroii^erou^  "  If  she 

receives  the  messengers  of  Nakon." 

hr)  TTovijp/y,  "  to  the  detriment ; "  so  wovr^pios 
iX^i¥,  « to  be  badly  off." 

1.  7.  I  read  IlpoeroSji'oti ;  but  the  letter  before  the 
final  w  seems  more  like  A.  This  must  be  an  error 
of  the  scribe  for  O. 

1.  11.  7ra  for  irapoL — cf.  No.  81,  1.  20,  ante. 


742  APPENDIX  NO.   III. 

I  print  this  mutilated  fragment  as  it  stands, 
having  in  vain  attempted  to  restore  it. 

If  the  words  hr  ayaTijv  an/jLtoini,  lines  6,  7,  are 
correctly  read,  the  subject  is  probably  connected 

with  'jrou^tpatrrla. 

1.  26.  At  the  commencement  of  this  line  iro  is 
written  under  the  y  of  yeVoiro.  The  scribe  probably 
forgot  the  middle  syllable  of  this  word,  and  then  in- 
serted it,  omitting  to  erase  the  «to  previously  written, 

1.  29.  The  first  word  in  this  line  may  be  the  end 
of  a  name.    The  letters  seem  to  be  awova. 

No.  91,  Plate  12  (of  this  volume). 

^ap/i]aicoii  ?. . . . 

irocc. . . . 

ajrr'  ifxov  ica[l. . . . 

ic]ai  Mupofdov. . . . 

rrafSfoic  •  •  •  •  (^) 

ravra  dSiK  .... 

y]  ivoiTo  aXX  [a. .  . . 

cjrr  avrav  i}. .  . . 

ifiarlov  TOi  €/x.  . . . 

cl  ri^wpriOTiv[ai. .  (10) 

Kvpioi  firj  rv\oi  c[v(Xa- 

TWV .  .  .  ?r]  ViVfl&TLOV  f . .  .  . 

pLTi  KaOafpovaa  /ui|[Sl. . 

Tv\oi  ivi]XaTwv  HTi  {}  ifioi  ircirofKCi  ^ap[;ia« 

icoi']  rj  WOTOV  ri  Kara)(pi(TTOv  rj  tiraKTOV  (15) 

....  fifitov  Alairoiva  ical  firi  fi. .  . . 

....  it] /96c  tjuc  /ii|8l  tXOoi  [t]Jc  TO  [avTO 

(rr/'yoc,  aXXa]  rf/uoipcac  rv\oe^  t/uoi  8  [J  Strta 

iyi)  Ai<T[iroiva. .  . . 

ujrr*  vjjLwv  aSiKOVfiai, .  . .  (20) 

di  ifii  iiriXvTTriaai 

ircKTav  KoXaiTiVt  c/ioi   [Sc 
y*         Haia  Koi]  (TvviaOlovTi  Koi  iwi  to  aiJr[o 
<TT{yog  II  K*]  aura  wapaEafXOoi  TavT[tj. 


','>'>',  r\  y/ 


/ 


j£je  742 


M  I  r\  Mr 


♦      •      • 


;•  •   «r 


1'     ,  M  • 


'      I  t' 


I  ' 


«    •!  -    » 


I'd 


.'  ,  C#/    *l"  '    .   .  .- 


<••        .CJ 


I  i 


t,     .T  < » 


<«       I  • 


»    \ 


•      ".,11 


.1 


•       •       • 


ttif  u. 


T/trTfl* 


'  1 


«    'TUi 


'!• 


r'^./,'-.'  •  111   'tti   r 


r?r:-\o«'  .     K       •/!  ra  7rti/.«'fTcA'    »     ■'•»:    .i. 


■ » 


/ 


r 


I  ■  I  ■ »  t  I 


J      "N 


^N'sv  .;!;•: . 


* , 


I"  '<  ♦•• 


1  i»»  .4.1  I 


•  >      .  ti ' 


)'■   '-♦•"    ;  ;.   '    \»    \,.   i'. 


:  1  I 


I   . 


1  / »        *  / 


^M..  i;^     I'.^.t, 


.1 


•  •  i  <t 


,"      .-.I 

t   < 


•  •    'I 


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'    1  >'     ' 

'    •  •  •  r    »x   •  I        I  i  ; 


n  ,    > 


.   'T, 


'    1 


1      » 


I     • 


f». 


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A 


•  « 


744  APPENDIX  NO.  ni. 

if/ii]  /iwpoBlav  rtgroif  i[ji' 
ov  avSpa  tl\B 


Aa]/ia[r/Di 

The  subject  of  this  fragment  was  probably  similar 
to  that  of  No.  87. 
1.  3.  TiV  for  ^ng.     (See  ante.  No.  87, 1.  2.) 


No.  93a,  Plate  14  (of  this  volume). 


....  air  [p]  SovTi  fil  [y  oat- 
a  9y  fJLti]  airoStfvre  Si  av6[aia» 


This  fragment  evidently  relates  to  articles  which 
have  been  imlawfully  taken. 


No.  94,  Plate  14  (of  this  volume) 

avifpoi  Aa/ua  [rpi  Koi  Koipq.  koX  BioTg  vapa 
Aa\paTpi  airo\l<r[avTa  ra. ...... . 

Klpara'  rtfj  a  [ttoSovtc  /ilv  Stria  Kot  iXtiBe" 

pja,  rcji  Si  \a[ji6vTi 

t]  vtKa,  iSi. . . .  Kal  firj  ylvoiro  fiti- 

Si  Aa]/iarpoc  c[viXarov  tvxhv  ptiSi  Kovpa^ 


•  .  • 


(On  the  reverse.) 
irj a/9a  A/;[/iqr/DOc? 


GREEK   INSCRIPTIONS.  745 

This  fragment  appears  to  be  part  of  an  impre- 
cation directed  against  some  one  who  had  stolen 
xiparay  probably,  silver  drinking-horns. 


No.  95,  Plate  14  (of  this  volume). 

avarWrifii]  Aafiarlpi 

Koi  Kov^pq,  Koi  fltoic  ro«[c 

irapa  Aa]paTpi  touc  ctt'  ipi  i\[a<Tav 

r]ac  ical  paanyuKravrlaQ 

Koi  S/jaai/rac  icai  ropic  ^y 

•caXscravrac  firi  e^. . 

.  .  IV.  [cjuojl  ^l  KaOap6vn 

In  this  fragment  some  person  invokes  an  impre- 
cation on  those  who  had  assaulted,  scourged,  and 
bound  him. 


late  XC. 


Aaparpta  'Elpi}valov 
Tov  Tag  OvyarpoQ  ibv 
Aiwva  Sevo^covoc 
AprapiTi  'Iaicvv0or/9O^f]i 
*E7r(^avc?. 

Ziji/oSoroc  Mivlirnov 
KvlSiog  £7ro/i}(rE. 

On  a  block  of  blue  marble  3'  4"  by  V  5"  by  12^'', 
which  has  formed  part  of  a  pedestal  found  in  the 
supposed  Crymnasium  (see  ante,  p.  461) ;  now  in  the 
British  Museum. 

1.  2.  ioy  for  fiioV. 

I.  4.  *AprafJLtriy  Doric^  for  ^Apripdh. 

The  name  Artemis  lakynthotrophos  occurs  on 

II.  3  G 


7  to  APPENDIX   NO.    III. 

another  inscription,  No.  52,  found  on  the  same  site. 
(See  awfe,  p.  459.)  It  is  probable,  therefore,  that  the 
temple  of  this  goddess  was  in  this  neighbourhood. 

It  is  to  be  presumed  that  the  epithet  'laxuvdorpo^tp 
is  only  a  Doric  form  for  Taxivflorpocjxo.^  Among  the 
sculptures  on  the  throne  of  Apollo  at  Amyclae, 
Hyakinthos  and  his  sister  Polyboia  were  represented 
being  conducted  to  heaven  after  death  by  Aphrodite, 
Athene,  and  Artemis.  (Pausan.  iii.  19,  §  4.)  As 
the  worship  of  this  latter  goddess  was  associated 
with  that  of  water  as  the  source  of  vegetation,  and 
as  she  was  regarded  as  the  protectress  of  the  young, 
and  hence  called  xougorgo^o^,  TatZor^o^og  and  (^iXo- 
jctsT^a^,  it  seems  natural  that  Hyakinthos,  as  the 
type  of  the  brief  season  of  vernal  bloom,  should 
be  mythically  connected  with  her.  (See  Welcker, 
Gotterlehre,  i.  pp.  567,  582,  and  his  Kleine  Schriften, 
i.  p.  25.) 

The  name  of  the  sculptor,  Zenodotos,  son  of 
Menippus,  occurs  on  another  Cnidian  inscription, 
inff^a,  No.  79,  but  is  not  to  be  found  in  the  list  of 
sculptors  in  Brunn's  work  on  the  Greek  artists. 

^  As  examples  of  the  intei*c1)ange  of  i  and  v,  compare  al<nfiyCiyT€Q 
for  altTVfjLvCiyTiQ  (C.  I.  3794) ;  'YTTTraypa,  *Yinra<r<a,  for  'Iiriraypa, 
*JT7raiTm(C. 1. 2554, 11. 106, 127) ;  'Apra/ivr*  for  'Aprt/itSt  (C.  1. 1172). 
We  find  also  'Epedvfiioc  and  'E^Otfiioc,  Rosa,  Inscript.  Ined.  iii.  p.  31. 
Fulgentius  (Mythol.  iii.  5)  derives  'Yai:iyO<K  from  la  Kvy&og : — 
"  Cj-nthos  enim  Attica  lingua  flos  nancnpatur,' tinde  hyacinthas 
dicitur,  quasi  iaKvrdoQ,  quod  nos  Latini  solus  flos  dicimna.*' 
It  seems  probable  from  this  that  Fulgentius  had  seen  the  form 
'InKvrdo^  in  Greek  MSS.  Similarly,  we  find  Mi/rcXv/Ki;  on  coins 
and  inscriptions,  though  this  name  is  constantly  written  Mtri/X^rii 
in  MSS.  Schwenck,  Etyni.  Mythol.  Andeutungen,  Elberf.  1823, 
p.  208,  thinks  that  vaiciydo^  may  be  compounded  of  lov,  a  violet, 
and  icirOoc,  a  kindred  form  to  Kia^roCf  Nupn-co-^oc* 


6UEEK   INSCRIPTIONS.  *    747 

^  No.  29,  Plate  XC. 

fiaihv  oSoiiro/)/i|c  ?H«  XdinTaif  aXXa  irpoi,  alirog 

Tr^v  oXlyriv  aviaug  arpaviTov  Sitirutv 
XUpog  atp*  TifiiTipri^  Xat^c»  £^V6,  Kafil  TrpocrciVac 

X^fpftv,  H  aTd\Hg  rrpog  ^iXlov  rifitvog 
Upwog  ^AvTiyovov,  Movaai  Si  aot  tt  ri  vitiovtriVy  (5) 

IgBXov  aTrapxetrOai  Saf/uoaiv  iy  jut[A]tV»jc- 
KOI  yap  aoiSoiaiv  flujutXij  kqX  cttjico^  vtt'  a7fc£i 

Tt^  'ETTtycfvow  Kovptit  ^vvog  ofjuvviriSog, 
KOI  Spofiog  fi'iOioKTtv  iSpmrai,  17  Sc  7raXa/(TT[p]Tj, 

Aovrpa  r£  koc  rapad^t  Hav  6  /icXc^o/icvoc*  (10) 

aXX'  aaivfjg  €/»\£u,  Kai  aTr'  ^A/9icoSii)c  n/juvovpov 
Ep/jLTiv  ov  pffiipu  Tpi\\{og  i\  ^tviov. 

On  a  block  of  dove-coloured  marble  2'  2Y  by  11" 
by  10^",  which  has  probably  been  a  wall-stone ; 
found  in  the  Eastern  Necropolis ;  now  in  the  British 
Museum.  (See  ante,  p.  472-3.)  It  has  been  already 
noticed  that  this  inscription  contains  several  Ionic- 
isms  ;  as  oSoixognj^,  xaXaiVrgij,  ^Aqxa^ir^g,  'J'f'JX^®^' 

1.  6.  ^ptoog.  So  ijpoiais  used  as  a  dactyl,  C.  I,  2907. 
(See  other  instances, — Liddell  and  Scott,  Lexicon, 

8.  V.) 

1.  6.  iy  for  6x,the  tenuis  x  being  changed  into  the 
medial  y  before  pi  (=medial  0),  as  in  1. 12  the  tenuis 
X  into  the  aspirate  x  before  the  aspirate  4). 

1.  7.  This  QfjfjLsT^r^  for  the  aoiSoi  must  have  been 
used  as  a  0Sj/ta,  on  which  poets  and  musicians  stood 
during  their  performance.  (See  ante,  p.  453  ;  and 
Wieseler,  TJeber  die  Thymele,  Gottingen,  1846.) 
Musical  and  poetical  contests  must,  therefore,  have 
taken  place  in  this  temenos.  The  QtipiiT^r^  must  have 
been  dedicated  to  the  Muses.  Compare  Fausanias, 
i.  30,  §  2,  for  the  Moua-Av  ^€0[jt.6g  in  the  Akademia  at 
Athens.  In  Greek  Gymnasia,  Moutrela  were  generally 


748  APPENDIX    NO.    III. 

to  be  found.  (Sec  Petersen,  Das  Gymnasium  d.  Grie- 
chen,  in  the  Verzeichniss  d.  Vorlesungen  im  Ham- 
burgisch.  A.  und  R.  Gymnasium,  Hamburg,  1858, 
pp.  44-5.)  So,  too,  in  the  temenos  set  apart  by  the 
will  of  Epieteta,  Bockh,  C.  I.,  No.  2448,' is  a 
Mouseion  and  a  Hereon. 

1.  8.  The  meaning  of  this  line  is  not  clear.  I 
should  imagine  that  "the  son  of  Epigonos"  can 
only  mean  the  hero  Antigonos  himself;  the o/tfyysr*^ 
is  his  wife,  to  whom,  in  common  with  her  husband, 
the  (TT^xis  was  dedicated.  The  construction  is  some- 
what forced,  but  the  interpretation  which  I  propose 
is  corroborated  by  the  inscription  called  the  Will 
of  Epicteta,  already  referred  to,  C.  I.  2448,  in  which 
instrument  a  temenos  is  set  apart,  sacred  to  the 
husband  of  the  testatrix  Epicteta,  her  two  sons  and 
herself,  after  her  decease,  as  Heroes,  and  to  the 
Muses,  whose  respective  temples  are  to  be  within 
the  same  sacred  precinct. 

1.  10.  ra^tTio.  This  must  mean  the  syrinx  of 
Pan.  I  know  of  no  passage  in  which  rapa-og  is  so 
used  ;  but  it  bears  several  analogous  senses ;  as,  for 
instance,  raoa-og  xaXajmoiy,  a  mat  of  reeds  (Herod,  i. 
179);  ra^fTog  oSoyrroy,  a  row  of  teeth  (Oppian.  Halieut. 
V.  202). 

1.  12.  The  Hermes  who  is  guardian  or  temenouroa 
of  this  precinct  is  the  Hermes  of  Pheneos  in  Ar- 
cadia. AVe  learn  from  Pausanias,  viii.  14,  §  7,  and 
V.  27,  §  5,  that  this  deity  was  worshipped  with 
special  honours  by  the  people  of  Pheneos,  and  that 
they  dedicated  a  statue  of  him  at  Olympia  carrying 
a  ram  under  his  arm.  On  a  silver  coin  of  Pheneos 
he  is  represented  carrying  the  young  Arkas.  (See 
Eckhel,  Doctr.  Num.  Vet.  ii.  p.  296.) 


GREEK   INSCRIPTIONS.  749 

There  seems  to  be  an  allusion  to  the  introduc- 
tion of  this  Hennes  as  a  new  deity  into  Cnidus  in 
No.  31,  as  will  be  more  fully  shown  under  that 
inscription. 


No.  30,  Plate  XC. 


'AcrJ/wya  6  7rari)/B  EuicpaTijc 
.     'Acjrfcuvoc  Koi  a  fiarfip  Xpvait 
riccan/ovi. 

On  a  fragment  of  cornice  of  blue  marble,  broken 
at  both  ends.  The  present  length  is  2'  11"  by  V 11^" 
by  8^"  depth.  Found  in  the  supposed  Gymnasium 
(see  ante^  p.  461) ;  now  in  the  British  Museum. 
JlsKTivoug^  like  Xoyio^  (see  Gerhard,  Mythologie, 
§  275-0),  is  probably  an  epithet  of  Hermes,  as  the 
god  of  eloquence  ;  I  know,  however,  no  other 
instance  of  this  word,  risicrivow'i  for  JJeia-ufS  is  a 
form  of  dative  of  which  I  know  no  other  example  ; 
but  the  reading  is  beyond  dispute. 


No.  31,  Plate  XC. 

eiri  v€OiroXir5v  TrpotrTarav  affuKOfiav 
'Epiaa^  'A^poSiV^  irapeSpog,  aXka  \ulpiTi. 
OiTiv€c  8'  oi  wpofrrarai  ypcLi^ri  trapovcra  crriiiavH' 
TijuoicXcfSac,  KpirayopaQ,  ^ApifrrayaOog,  ^iXitovlag, 
Ti/iorAijCj  riai^riicoc,   EuicXijc,  K/o^wv,  4>fAwv,  ^Apxior parody 
^ Ay aOditopog,  Sei/ojc/airoc,  TeXiatov,  UoXiavOrig,  Sct/acicXnc- 

On  a  pedestal  of  blue  marble,  V  9"  by  V  4''  by 
10^'' ;  on  the  top  is  a  socket  for  a  term.  Found  in 
the  supposed  Gymnasium  (see  ante^  p.  460) ;  now 
in  the  British  Museum. 


750  APPENDIX  NO.   III. 

The  prostates  whose  names,  thirteen  in  numher, 
are  given  in  this  inscription  are,  it  is  to  he  presumed, 
the  same  magistrates  who  appear  in  No.  36,  in  the 
heading  of  a  Cnidian  decree,  yvwfia  Trpoa-rarSiv.  A 
numher  of  decrees  discovered  hy  me  at  Calymna  all 
have  the  formula  yvfofJLu  Trpotrrarav.  (See  also  the 
Calymnian  decree  cited  in  a  decree  hy  the  people 
of  lasus,  C.  I.  No.  2671.  The  word  xgoerra-nj^  occurs 
in  a  CorcyrsBan  decree,  C.  I.  No.  1845,  and  in  one 
hy  the  people  of  Gela,  C.  I.  No.  5475  ;  in  hoth  cases 
in  the  sense  of  "  president.") 

This  inscription  has  evidently  helonged  to  a 
figure  of  Hermes  placed,  prohahly,  at  the  side  of  a 
statue  of  Aphrodite.  Hermes  himself  addresses 
the  reader,  as  in  inscription  No.  29.  The  expres- 
sions a^ixifxav  and  j(ai^^TB  seem  to  imply  that  the 
worship  of  the  particular  Hermes  referred  to  in  this 
inscription  had  been  introduced  into  Cnidus  from 
some  other  place.^  He  may,  therefore,  be  the 
Hermes  from  Pheneos,  who  is  the  guardian  of  the 
temenos  of  Antigonos  [No.  29].  The  words  JttJ 
peoTToT^traif  xgoerraTai^,  1.  1,  would  thus  mark  the 
coincidence  in  date  of  the  accession  of  newly-made 
citizens  to  office,  and  the  introduction  of  a  foreign 
deity. 

The  change  of  metre,  1.  3,  occurs  not  unfrequently 
in  inscriptions.  (See  C.  I.  Nos.  6226,  6239,  6291.) 
The  three  lines  of  proper  names  are  also  trochaic, 
the  eo)  in  SiXseov/a^  and  Kgecuv  being  pronounced 
as  one  syllable.  The  termination  of  each  trochaic 
line  is  marked  on  the  stone  thus  ( : ) 

^   Compare  the  inacription  0.  I.  2465  6,  in  wYiich  the  god  of 
Lampsacus  anDouDces  himself  as  having  come  to  Thtru. 


GllEEK   INSCUIPTIONS. 


751 


No.  32,  Plate  XCI. 

Os<ng  iraai 

^  AwoXkiovlSaQ 

\apiaTfiia» 


(5) 


On  a  white  marble  pedestal,  broken  at  the  top  ; 
present  height,  2'  1"  by  1'  7^  ^7  1'  7"  ;  found  near 
the  Odeum,  Cnidus ;  now  in  the  British  Museum, 

This  inscription  has  been  published  by  Lebas, 
No.  511,  under  Cnidus,  but  is  given  in  Texier, 
Asie  Mineure,  ii.  p.  312,  under  Cos.  M.  Texier 
states  that  he  copied  it  near  the  fountain  Burinna 
in  that  island ;  but,  as  it  is  hardly  likely  that  an 
exact  duplicate  of  the  Cnidian  dedication  would 
have  been  made  at  Cos,  it  is  to  be  presumed  that 
in  this  instance  he  has  omitted  to  note  accurately 
the  place  where  he  saw  the  inscription,  and  so 
confounded  it  with  others  copied  at  Cos. 

The  two  first  lines,  now  broken  away,  and  there- 
fore omitted  in  the  facsimile,  are  given  both  by 
Texier  and  Lebas.  In  1.  3,  Texier  reads  ispaTrsOtrei^ ; 
but  depaTTstjQsls  is  still  quite  clear  on  the  marble. 
He  reads  the  first  line  ZAPAPIAIZI,  making  it  the 
dative  plural  of  Serapis,  agreeing  with  dioTs  wSitn. 
But  I  know  of  no  other  instance  where  the  plural 
form  of  this  deity  occurs  in  inscriptions. 

Lebas  reads  this  line  ZAPAPI.  IZI. 

The  word  ^apia-Tuay  "  thank  offerings,"  has 
already  been  noticed,  ante^  No.  18. 


T 


yf. 


i-J      /••  ■'  v  ' 


/ 


,) 


r.-/  .;  . 


•  > 


.  'v 


^^ 


i. 


/ 


752  APPENDIX   NO.    III. 

No.  33,  Plate  XCI. 

On  a  fragment  of  an  oblong  base,  depth  2^$ 
original  length,  probably,  about  V  6"  by  10".  Found 
on  the  site  of  the  Temple  of  the  Muses  (see  ante^ 
p.  439),  and  now  in  the  British  Museum. 


No.  34,  Plate  XCI. 

Sr/oa  [rcii v  Be  [ vSwpoc  ? 

£/9^o  [^o  v]  rou  Epfio  [^ayrou  ? 

Gcu8]ci»poc  '  EpfiotpivTov  tov  rraripa  Koi  tovq  aSeX^ouc  O^oIq. 
.  .  .  pog  'EXivOipvaiog  iiro(ri<Ttv.  OivSwpoc  H  •  . 

On  two  consecutive  slabs  of  blue  marble,  each 
2'  W  deep,  by  V  V ;  their  united  length  is  &  V. 
Found  near  the  Lower  Theatre  (see  ante,  p.  447) ; 
now  in  the  British  Museum.  These  slabs  have  evi- 
dently been  wall-stones  from  some  public  edifice 
anterior  in  date  to  the  theatre ;  1.  4  is  the  name  of 
some  sculptor  of  Eleuthernae  in  Crete ;  perhaps  the 
name  has  been  QeCow^os. 


No.  36,  Plate  XCI. 

^EniKparri  ^(Xwvog 
Toi  TralSic  * AvriKpurrfQ 
^iXoKpatfiQ  'AfffcXairfc^. 

On  a  base  of  blue  marble,  2'  by  2'  3"  by  2'  6^" : 
on  the  top  are  two  holes  to  receive  the  feet  of  a 
statue.  Found  in  the  Lower  Theatre  (see  ante, 
p.  447) ;    now  in  the   British  Museum.     On  the 


GREEK  INSCRIPTIONS.  753 

marble  the  E  in  'Exixparij  has  the  middle  trans- 
verse stroke  omitted.  The  dedication  makes  it  pro- 
bable that  this  inscription  was  originally  placed 
in  a  temple  of  ^sculapius.  It  is  well  known  that 
Cnidus  was  the  seat  of  a  school  of  medicine,  rather 
popular  than  scientific,  which  based  its,  dogmas  on 
the  records  of  diseases  inscribed  on  tablets  dedi- 
cated in  the  temple  of  the  god,  from  whom  the 
native  physicians  claimed  descent,  styling  them- 
selves AsclepiadiB.  Ctesias  was  one  of  this  gens. — 
On  this  Cnidian  school  of  medicine,  see  Sprengel, 
Versuch  einer  pragmatischen  Geschichte  d.  Arznei- 
kunde,  ed.  HaUe,  1821,  pp.  343-4 ;  Hippokrates,  de 
vict,  acut.  init. 


No.  36,  Plate  XCII. 

cSo^c  Kv«8i'o£[c  71'- 
cG/ia  7rpo(TTaT[ai/, 
irzpi  S)v  Tin  Baic[^oi 

ayvevrirai  t[o  ta/oo-  \o; 

V  Tov  Aiov6(t[o- 

V  BaK\oUf  fiii  €[5ov 
fi]iv  icaTaXt;c[iv  iv 

rcji]  iapif  Twv  [aictviirw- 
i/?fi]i}Sev,  a^  .  .  .  (10) 

*  .  eva/uf .... 

. .  EC  Sc 

ay  vi]v}l[Tai?. 

On  a  slab  of  blue  marble  16"  by  8f '  by  4f', 

found  near  the  fountain  marked  in  the  Plan  of 

Cnidus.  In  the  British  Museum.  This  is  a  fragment 

of  a  decree  of  the  people  of  Cnidus  which  appears 

II.  3  n 


754  APPENDIX  NO.   III. 

to  relate  to  the  purification,  ayvi<r/toV,  of  a  temple 
of  Dionysos.    (See  line  5.) 

For  the  prostatcB  at  Cnidus,  see  ante^  No.  31. 


No.  37,  Plate  XCII. 

AvTJoKparopa  KattT[apa 
Biov  T^a'iavov  Tla[p^OtKov 
vioVf  GioD  Ncpoua  vltovhv,  Tp[a]ia' 
vov*ASptayov  SfjSa  [<rro]  v. 

On  an  angle-piece  of  cornice  of  blue  marble, 
3'  r  by  r  9"  by  V  1^\  found  in  the  ruins  of  a 
small  building  overlooking  the  encampment.  (See 
ante.  p.  468.)     Now  in  the  British  Museum. 


No.  38,  Plate  XCII. 

Eu]^^av(ii/o  Osp<TifJia\ov, 
KaO*  vi]o9e<Ti[av]  Si  £v^pavo/ooc» 

Tov  iraripa  F^viftpavopa 
£u^/oa]  V0/90C  TOV  Evfjtpavopog, 

Tifiipag]  |s  (TtTBVcravTa  tuq  (5) 

Koiva]  c  rpaniZag  Koi  TifihOiv 
TO  v]iro  TOV  SafxoVf  GfoTc- 

On  a  block  of  marble  2'  10"  by  V  6"  by  1'  4",  now 
in  the  British  Museum ;  found  on  the  shore  of  the 
smaller  harbour  near  the  Agora.  This  block,  from 
its  form,  has  evidently  been  originally  the  voussoir 
of  an  arch,  and  has  been  subsequently  used  in  some 
other  building,  when  the  inscription  was  added. 

1.  5.  Since  the  facsimile  of  this  inscription  has 
been  published,  I  have  succeeded,  after  long  study, 
in  reading  the  beginning  of  this  line.  The  second 
extant  letter  is  i,  which  in  the  facsimile  I  had 
mistaken  for  Z. 


GREEK  INSCRIPTIONS.  755 

No.  39,  Plate  XCII. 

6  Sa/Lioc 
^lovXlav  9€u^/So[uc 
Ovyarlpa  ^F^iriavacrcrav, 
fiaripa  Si  AbvkIov  MJcr- 
X^^f  opirag  li/cica  ical  ivvola[g 

TCLQ  Iq  avTav  060*  [c- 

On  a  pedestal  of  blue  marble  2'  ^  ^7  1'  9F  ^7 
V  4J'Viiow  in  the  British  Museum ;  excavated  at  the 
entrance  to  the  Lower  Theatre.  (See  ante^  p.  445.) 

1.  2.  The  name  06u(pel8r^g  occurs  in  the  list  of 
Cnidian  magistrates  (C.  I.  iii.  Nos.  45,  46)  obtained 
from  handles  of  diotcB. 

1.  3.  The  name  *Exiaya<r<ra  does  not  occur  in 
Pape's  Worterbuch  d.  Griech.  Eigennamen ;  but  he 
gives  'Ewiava^  and  ^A^^eavaa-tra. 

1.  4.  According  to  the  letters  on  the  marble,  the 
last  word  in  this  line  would  be  Moi;^ oV ;  but  this  is 
so  improbable  a  name  that  I  read  Mo(r;(oy,  supposing 
that  the  I  in  the  third  place  has  been  a  C ,  now 
partly  effaced. 

1.  6.  aurav.  Here  the  sense  requires  aurov ;  but 
the  A  is  quite  clear ;  a  similar  anomaly  occurs  in 
an  inscription  from  Syros,  C.  I.  No.  2347  L  p.  1061* 


No.  40,  Plate  XCII. 

Oeoig  aOa]vaToig 

•  •  •  •  avaTe]OivTa 
Sa]fjnovpyog  'Ap- 

•  •   fc(ia  .  ^  iSpvaaro 

(On  another  side  of  the  stone,  in  smaller  letters.) 


r^ 


.A.i# 


756 


APPENDIX  NO.    IIL 


On  an  altar  of  dove-coloured  marble  1'  4"  square 
by  r  r',  now  in  the  British  Museum ;  found  in  the 
ruins  of  a  small  Doric  temple.    (See  ante^  p.  470.) 

1.  3.  8a]/xiougyoV-  The  chief  magistrate  at  Cnidus. 
(See  ante^  p.  359.)  'A^.  These  letters  must  be  the 
beginning  of  the  name  of  the  demiourgoa  (see  j?o«^. 
No.  61),  of  which  the  letters  which  precede  JSgoiraTo, 
1.  4,  ought  to  be  the  termination ;  but  between  the 
kPA  and  the  Z  are  traces  of  a  half-obliterated  C. 


No.  41,  Plate  XCII. 


olJSi  (niv\ra\^iiv  Trpoaipovfjitvoi 
Tojv  Olaaov  tTrayyiiXavTO  ica[Oa)] 
N^]«p\oc  'HjoaicXjiTou 
vwlp  ^iap\ov  Tov 

^Ava^ticXtDc  Y  T 

2wT?)/)«xoc  A/j3uc  Y  T 

Aa/iOKX^C  ^ApdStog  p  r 

AifJivjv  ^oXiifg  Y  ^ 
riar/ooicXoc  MiJv- 

Siog  Y  V 
Aio]K\n<:?  ^p[if^  Koi  ^ 

vlwlp  t]wv  natSlwv  p  k 

6  S«va]  "SiiXjiuc  Y  * 
•  .  .  .  iyytvri  [ica]i? 


C  ?6u>[i 


Kav, 


Goac  MuvSioc  ic[oi     _    (5) 


f " 


Virtp  TMV  VIWV 

^iXlraipog 

epA'iK 

YiViifiipog  KOI  ir- 
Trlp  rag  yvvaiKog 

'Ai/S/cJocrOivijc 

[2]a/iio[c]. 


YX 


V    € 


y  r  (10) 


h* 


/^L 


On  a  steU  of  white  marble  12^"  by  IT  by  3", 
broken  at  the  foot.  Excavated  in  the  Eastern  Necro- 
polis (see  antSy  p.  476) ;  now  in  the  British  Museum. 

1.  2.  STrayyeiT^ayro  :  siCf  for  exijyye/XavTo. 

1. 5 — 14.  The  sign  of  the  drachma  prefixed  to  the 
numerals  differs  from  the  usual  sign  h .  Both  may 
be  derived  from  an  earlier  type  used  at  Corcyra. 
(See  C.  1. 1838.) 


, .  I  *  1 


>. 


\  '*; 


T^  V'     "/'.    '.Cry^irkt^ 


\ 


'.    ^N 


GREEK  INSCRIPTIONS.  757 

;  1.  14.  iyysyij.  In  the  facsimile  EllENH  ;  but  the 
second  r  is  clear.  [S]a/tio[^].  In  the  facsimile 
TAMIO ;  but  the  first  letter  may  be  Z. 


No.  42,  Plate  XCII. 


Kkifiai  TO [7c  yiviTaicn?^  ij^ikovfitlyog  wJKuljiopog]  Traig, 
n]/oci/il/)ta;c»  [8to'](rac  [owk]  iHttJV  S6ic[a]Sac 

e^u^/oaafy  X^/^['^]^*'  ^*  yiXwrt  rt  wavra  /3[*]aio'ac, 
Koi  Sia  TOVTO  0/Xocc  iraai  noOeivog  tl/jivv. 

aXXa  fXB  pLoipa  ^  [tXaiv  airt]  v6iTipi(nv,  «J  yev^  [rrj^  Ik         (5) 
ug  apiOfxop  Z^vg  [v^ae]  plrotGi  ^povov. 

On  a  sepulchral  stelS  of  white  marble,  2'  6"  by 
1'  3''  by  10".  Found  at  the  western  extremity  of 
the  Street  of  Tombs,  in  the  Necropolis,  east  of 
Cnidus.     Now  in  the  British  Museum. 

1.  2.   II]g«ijutfigtt>^.   This  must  be  a  proper  name 

compounded  of  e^wg;    so,  'Eg/tepfli^,   ^iT^ipwg.     For 

similar  false  quantities  in  metrical  inscriptions,  see 
Welcker,  Sylloge  Epigr.  Graec.  p.  xxvi. 

1.  3.   xavra  ^\_i]ai(rag.     irayra  must  be  used  here 

adverbially,  as  is  often  the  case  in  the  poets  (see 
Liddell  and  Scott's  Lexicon,  p.  1099,  B.  i.  4,  ed.  5) ; 
^icia-ag  would  thus  govern  hex[a]^ag. 

1.  5.  Construe  £  yioi^  v^ers  [^Irottn  ^ivoy  ^(oijg  elg 

a^ifl/xov,  "  to  the  fated  number." 


No.  43,  Plate  XCII. 

VXvKtvvav  6  TraTTJp  'imroKptTOC 
noXvfTTparov  koX  a  parrjp  <PiX(tiov 
BovXaKpanvg  koI  roc  aScX^oi 
BovXaKpaTHQ  Ka\  YloXvcrTparog 

Movaacc* 
EwiKparrig  ^AttoXXiovov  £irof}|0'£. 


r 


} 


758  APPENDIX  NO.   III. 

On  a  block  of  white  marble,  V  by  5f  '  by  4^" ; 
now  in  the  British  Museum ;  found  on  the  site  of 
the  Temple  of  the  Muses.  (See  ante,  pp.  427-8.)  I 
have  already  noticed  that  the  name  Epikrates  does 
not  occur  in  the  list  of  Greek  sculptors  by  Brunn* 
"ATroXXeovoti,  1.  6,  is  probably  an  error  of  the  lapidary 

for  *A^oXXa>j^/ou. 


No.  44,  Plate  XCIII. 

avvypafifia  [ra 
TflSc  ^vvlypaxpav  avlaypaxpav^ 
r£c  Kara  \pa<pt(Tfiarwv\jiiivoQ  Ba- 

Spofilw  T(^  £7r€ 

Xou  AvXoc [Sci/o-  (5) 

^wi;ro[c [^iX- 

Oil>p6[vio^ 

Of\  arp  [o  V 

On  a  fragment  of  a  white  marble  slab,  ir'  by  9f 
by  2^'y  found  in  the  tomb  on  the  Peninsula.  (See 
antcy  p.  517.)     Now  in  the  British  Museum. 

This  fragment  appears  to  be  part  of  a  set  of 
transcripts  (a-wyypdpLiJLara)  made  from  certain  de- 
crees. The  fragments  found  with .  this  inscription, 
as  they  appear  to  have  been  all  written  at  the  same 
period,  are  probably  part  of  this  collection. 

On  the  marble  a  space  is  left  between  the  cuy 
and  the  ypa/tjttara,  1. 1  (see  the  facsimile)  ;  this  is 
unusual. 

No.  45,  Plate  XCIII. 

....  roc  TO  \pri(fniTfxa [*£- 

Karalov,  t7r«i//ij^/2^ovroc  [Aioyt- 

vovc  ToD  Moaxfwvoc'  ^[ireiS^  AvicafOc- 


GREEK  INSCEIPTIONS.  759 

ov  ^ApcoToicXcfSa  KviSfa 

pa  TToXctTic  U7rapxouo'[o  yivov^  filv  (5) 

XafiTrpOTCLTOV  Ktfi 

ira/[ia  ficii/  7tvou[c 

ry  apiTy  irdap  ic[al 

K^JKOtTfifipilyfi      

• .  a]  w^ppo     (10) 

• .  ovc    

On  a  fragment  of  a  slab  of  white  marble  8"  by 
10^"  by  r',  found  in  the  tomb  on  the  Peninsula  (see 
ante,  p.  517).    In  the  British  Museum. 

L  2.  'E]xaraiou.    Tliis  name  occurs  No.  7,  ante. 

1.  3.  Mo<r;f»a>vop.  In  the  facsimile  the  X  in  this 
name  has  been  misread  K. 

1.  4,  5.  Auxa/flijov  *Apio"ToxXs/8a.  I  have  restored 
the  first  of  these  names  from  the  evidence  of 
No.  49.  The  name  'ApierroxXe/Sa  occurs  in  the 
fragment  No.  60.  In  describing  the  discovery  of 
No.  49,  antey  p.  516, 1  have  assumed  that  the  name 
Aoxa/dioy  is  the  accusative  of  Auxa/dio^,  and  that 
this  person  was  the  son  of  Aristokleidas. 

But  if  we  read  xoXeTri^  6^ap;fouo-a,  L  5  of  this 
inscription — and  no  other  reading  seems  possible, 
— ^then  it  becomes  a  question  whether  these  words 
do  not  agree  in  gender  with  the  name  in  the  pre- 
ceding line ;  in  which  case  Auxo/fliov  would  be  a 
female  name. 

1.  7.  /tff/v  for  /ts'y. 


No.  46,  Plate  XCIII, 


...  A]SXo[c?. ... 

.  . .  SovXtt [iKiog  ? 

•  .  •  {C  TOV,  .  .  . 


760  APPENDIX  NO.   III. 

On  a  fragment  of  a  slab  of  white  marble,  4"  by 
3"  by  y  thickness,  found  in  the  tomb  on  the  Penin- 
sula (see  ante^  p.  517).    In  the  British  Museum. 


No.  47,  Plate  XCIII. 

Tov  KaTaKTri<raiiiivov[i)fJuv  tXcu- 

Otpfav  Koi  aviafoplav  Geo 

Tov  *ApTtfnStjjfiov  TiOvaici[yf  6 

Sa/io^  iv  ov  jucrpf^  <rvy\v[(Tei  yt- 

vo/icvoc,  Sia  Tav  V7rap)(0v<r[av  car'  (5) 

aitrav  apETav  re  Koi  SoSa[v,  /icra 

iracrac  TrpoOvfitag  <Tvvi[XOiov  t- 

tC  ^o  Oiarpov  avfica  i^t  [icofi((r0rj, 

r]o  Tc  (TUifJLa  KaTi-)((ov  [oiXijr- 

a7v]  \TrtKeXsv<rarOy  flair  [twm  irav  (10) 

Sa/u]£l?  Koi  cirtjSoaorc  r[ov  ?iro«- 

voi»  ojirac,  Sirwc  t'[«ju5c  o£fac 
ri;;^0(]  ical  pera  r  [rjv  rcXcurijv  ? 
airoy]oybj|/. .  • . 


On  a  fragment  of  a  slab  of  white  marble  V  3f  " 
by  13"  by  If'',  found  in  the  tomb  on  the  Peninsula 
^see  ante^  p.  517)  ;  now  in  the  British  Museum. 
This  decree  appears  to  relate  to  the  funeral  of 
some  one  of  the  family  of  Artemidoros  (see  a«/^. 
No.  11),  and  to  the  public  honours  which  accom- 
panied those  obsequies. 

I  at  first  read  Qeo\To[tTof/],  L  2  (see  ante,  p.  517) ; 
in  which  case  the  two  persons  named  here  would 
probably  be  Artemidoros,  the  friend  of  Julius  Cflesar, 
and  his  son  Theopompos,  either  of  whom  would 
have  been  likely,  through  their  influence  at  Rome, 
to  have  obtained  for  the  Cnidians  the  av6ia'<popia  and 


k 


GREEK   INSCRIPTIONS.  761 

iKeu&tpia  referred  to  here,  privileges  which  could 
only  have  been  conceded  by  special  imperial  favour. 
But  in  other  Cnidian  inscriptions  where  the  name 
Theopompos  occurs,  it  is  written  ©euTro/ATro^  ;  and  the 
Gnidians,  as  long  as  they  retained  the  Doric  dialect, 
seem  to  have  written  ©eu  in  composition.  (See  the 
list  of  Cnidian  magistrates,  C.  I.  iii.  p.  xiv.)  If  we 
do  not  read  ©ffo[7ro/ii^ow  here,  the  xaraxrijera/iifivou 
must  refer  to  Artemidoros ;  and  it  is  probably  his 
offspring  whose  death  is  spoken  of,  and  whose  name 
must  be  supplied  as  the  nominative  to  riQvaxs. 

"  The  people,  thrown  into  no  small  trouble  "  (at 
the  announcement  of  the  death). 

1.  6.  auTotv.  If  we  read  here  xarJawTav,  and  suppose 
that  by  airav  the  person  was  meant  who  was  the 
object  of  the  popular  demonstration,  that  person 
must  have  been  a  female ;  and  arJTo^,  1. 12,  probably 
also  refers  to  her.  The  purport  of  the  remainder  of  the 
inscription  is  matter  of  conjecture.  I  have  restored 
lines  6  to  the  end,  on  the  supposition  that  the  mul- 
titude made  some  sudden  demonstration  in  honour 
of  the  deceased  on  the  occasion  of  the  funeral, 
"  having  met  in  the  Theatre  when  she  was  being 
carried  out  to  burial,  and  detaining  the  body,  cheered 
on  the  flute-players,  making  the  funeral  a  public 
one.'*  After  KATEXX2N,  1.  9,  are  traces  of  a  letter 
which  is  represented  in  the  facsimile  as  N,  but  it 
certainly  has  been  either  A,  A,  or  M.  I  have  ven- 
tured here  to  supply  uuTir^raTs,  because  the  attendance 
of  flute-players  was  usual  at  Greek  funerals.  (For 
public  honours  at  funerals,  see  C.  I.  2347  I,  and 
No.  52,  poatf  1.  9.) 

II.  3  I 

#i5t#i^  tit^  -c^v  i^fi^^  t^T  rsS^  ^i^^  th  ^^^  ^S^ 


762  APPENDIX  NO.   III. 


No.  48,  Plate  XCIII. 

A0a[^vay6pac? 

icai  ylvu 

ii/iwv€7rax. .^ 

^opav  Koi  iTTijSfjSo 

iivOiivai  avTfjv  S (5) 

^A0avay6pa  Kviila [ir/aftr* 

/3e£c  ofnvcc  <i^<  {jcvovfjifvoi  .... 

OTfV  r(>Ss  ro  i/^i;^  [ccr/ia 

Tjcrovorf V  ry  K v(  [Sf^  ? 6  8a- 

^OC  flfJLt^V  (TV (10) 

uirijv  €7ri  ry  r 

ICOC  fTVV 

TB  av8 

avOp 

ir/t>fo[/3«c?    (15) 


On  a  fragment  of  a  slab  of  wbite  marble  15|^"  by 
10"  by  f',  found  in  the  tomb  on  the  Peninsula  (see 
ante  J  p.  517).    In  the  British  Museum. 

It  is  evidently  part  of  a  decree,  the  subject  of 
which,  however,  cannot  now  be  ascertained.  A' 
comparison  of  1.  6  with  1.  15  makes  the  restoration' 
Trpitrj^ug  probable  in  the  former  line. 


No.  49,  Plate  XCITI. 

• [oTf^Q- 

vw - - [oTC^a- 

VOIV  ?  c 

ical  icafle [^a^fcr-  .... 

fxarog  ?  av (5) 

fAlvov  virb 


G|L££K  INSCRIPTIONS.  763 

oraTiipOQ  ev 

pciii;  Suo  roue  ^*  ? [av 

Spac  CTTI  TOV  fJLVri 

ravrav  irraivtiv  o (10) 

Aiovvrrdtov  rutv  vpaljwv 

fiira  r^c  <Tirov8cic,  avayo[pivovTog  raur- 

a  TOV  KapVKog  rag  (iovXagy  o  [ri  6  Sa/ioc 

itraivti  Koi  ors^avoi  raic  rai[v  ivvofiwv? 

frri^avwv  th^oiq  Avicaf0iov  'A/at  [crro-  (15) 

icXcfSa  apBTag  tvBKa  koX  cvvofac^  [icat 

€C  TO  XocTTov  avayop^vev  Aiowmtwly^ 

iXirrOai  Bl . .  avipa  otrrig  airoSc^a- 

fiivoQ  napa  tov  bv  ap\q,  a^BtrrfipoQ  <i7^ 

ray  int^tXeiav  rag  alKOvog  rag  avacrra"  (20) 

crtog  iv  Ta\jEi  ironjcriTrar  tKvpioOri  ^ti- 

pOTOvlr^  Iv  j3ovX^,  iKVpiijOri  koi  iv  t^ 

S]a/Eir^  X'poroi/f^'  xpat^oi  ale  ISo^e  icvpovi; 

• .  .  aig  Si  fci),  ovStfita  •  av?)/o  •ai/ol0i}  eirl 

rac  ava]oTa(r(oc  rac  cckJvoc  Ne£Ki|^opoc  (25) 

roD  Soi^/Doyoc* 

'  On  the  fragment  of  a  slab  of  white  marble,  21|^" 
by  19"  by  2 J",  found  in  the  tomb  on  the  Peninsula 
(see  antey  p.  516)  ; — now  in  the  British  Museum. 
•  This  inscription  is  the  latter  part  of  a  decree  by 
the  senate  and  people  of  Cnidus,  rewarding  Lykae- 
thios,  or  Lykaethion,  with  a  crown  and  a  statue  in 
i-ecompense  for  public  services."" 

'    1.  19.  row  Iv  oipX^  d^strrripos.    The  d^sa-Trjp  was  the 

president  of  the  Cnidian  0otiXa  or  Senate  of  60  a/tv^'- 
fjioveg.  (See  ante,  pp.  355,  360;  Plutarch.  Quaest. 
Gr.  4.  vii.  p.  172,  Reiske.) 

</y(p\  3,500  drachma.    As  this  inscription  seems 
from  the  palaeography  to  be  of  the  same  date  as 

m 

^  I  have  already  pointed  out,  ante,  No.  45,  that  it  is  not  certain 
whether  the  name  ia  Lykaethios  or  Lykaethion^ 


« 


764  APPENDIX  NO.   III. 

No.  47  found  with  it,  in  which  the  name  of  Arte- 
midoros  is  mentioned,  we  may  take  the  drachma 
here  mentioned  as  equivalent  to  the  E/Oman 
denarius  of  the  republican  period,  or  about  7^d. 
of  English  money :  3>500  dra^hmce  would  thus  be 
worth  £109.  7«.  Qd.  sterling. 

This  sum  would,  of  course,  include  the  price  paid 
to  the  sculptor,  as  well  as  the  expense  of  setting  up 
the  statue.  Fragments  No.  45  and  50  appear  to 
relate  to  the  same  subject,  though  I  cannot  identify 
them  as  parts  of  the  same  decree. 

1.  24.  The  letters  indicating  the  number  of  votes 
have  unluckily  been  broken  away. 

ai^sQrj  for  r,psQr^ ;  SO  ajite^  No.  41,  e^rayye/XavTo.   (See 

C.  I.  No.  2483  ;  Ahrens,  De  dial.  Dor.  §  19.) 

If  the  special  honours  ordained  by  this  decree 
were  granted  to  a  female  citizen,  it  is  probable 
that  she  was  a  priestess;  in  the  Boman  period 
such  distinctions  were  not  unfrequently  conferred 
on  women. 

It  has  been  already  stated  (ante,  p.  513)  that  a 
statue  of  Demeter  was  found  in  the  tomb ;  there  is, 
however,  no  reason  to  suppose  that  this  is  the  statue 
named  in  the  decree ;  nor  can  we  be  sure  that  the 
inscriptions  were  originally  placed  in  the  tomb^ 
and  not  used  in  its  construction  as  mere  building 
materials. 


No.  50,  Plate  XCIII. 


no  .... 
Kan. .  . . 


.  • 


va/iov. 

VTrOTTf^OI- 

vtiKiv  6  SafioQ?  iv  r]atc  avayopB-  (5) 


GREEK  INSCRIPTIONS.  765 

vaetrt  AvKalOiov]  ^ApcoroicXcfSa 

• irepl  avTCLV  ar(i>- 

iSo^e  r]^  PovXq,,  yvui^a 

vpotrraTCLV,  tov  ev]  ap\i^  iafxtovpyov 

VOV  \v  TOIQ  yilVQ'  (10) 

fxlvaig ]  iiriOifreaiv  ai/a- 

yopivuv  ? a]  vipoq  ahrag  ai- 

y\vvmKoq  avTOv 

ic]al  rov  KapvKQ  rac 

fiovXag.-] (15) 

On  a  fragment  of  a  slab  of  white  marble  14"  by 
9"  by  2",  found  in  the  tomb  on  the  Peninsula  (see 
ante,  p.  617).    In  the  British  Museum. 

This  inscription  appears  to  be  part  of  a  decree  by 
the  Senate  of  Cnidus  in  Honour  probably  of  Lykae- 
thios  or  Lyksethion. 

1.  4.  67ro9r£^a>[v73X£v  6  SajUrO^  iv  roSg  dvoLyopeutntri 
Atixaidioy,  "  the  people  echoed  the  name  of  Lykse- 
thios,  when  the  x^pS  proclaimed  it." 

1.  9.  Trpoo-rarov.  On  this  magistrate  at  Cnidus^ 
see  No.  31. 

Sa/uougyoy.    See  ante.  No.  40. 

1. 11.  hridua-etn.  I  cannot  find  this  word  in  any 
lexicon.  Erom  the  context,  it  might  be  expected 
that  this  word  means  here,  "  after  or  second  sacri- 
fices ; "  in  which  case  ^tia-ig  also  must  be  added  to 
the  lexicons  in  the  sense  of  ^^ua-la. 


No.  51,  Plate  XCIII. 

« 

Aafiiopyog 
KaifnaoSufpog  'ETriic/oarcvc 

On  a  round  altar  of  white  marble  2^  5''  by  1'  8'' 
diam.,  foimd  in  the  Temple  of  the  Muses  (see  ante^ 


7C6  APPENDIX  NO.   III. 

p.  439) ;  now  in  the  British  Museum.  Eor  the 
demiourgos  see  ante,  Nos.  40  and  50.  From  a  com- 
parison of  this  inscription  with  No.  40,  antey  it  would 
appear  that  the  Cnidians  placed  the  name  of  their 
chief  magistrate  after  the  mention  of  his  oflSce  in 
their  inscriptions.  This  is  an  unusual  arrangement. 


No.  52,  Plate  XCIII. 

....  icai]  0a[XXou]  (rr€^av({)  icai  aXXocc 

\pv]<Tloig  [cr] rt^a j/o«c>  Tpicri  £ticoo  [i 

\a]XKl[a(c],  Tpial  Koi  iiapfxaplvai^f 

Tpi\a\  ic[ai  \jp\vaiaiqf  rpiai  avayopf u<T€<f [i 

Ka\\  OTii^avo^oplaiQ  koL  itpoiipiaiQ  (5) 

iv\  iracTi  rote  aywdt,  koL  avrij^  Koi 

€]icyovo<c»  oiTtioH  iv  SafjLiopytt^ 

t]6[v  j3]/ov,  rafjt^  Sa/xofTiq,  Koi  iv  raiftq 
Kajra  iroXiv  iv  nj^  iirifxapiOTart^  (10) 

«.  To]u  yvfivaalov  roin^'  itrraKU  8J 

av]TOv  Koi  iiKOva  \pvaiav  avvvaov 

r^]  'A/3ra[ju]in  'Ioicuy0or/tto^C|» 

ic]ai  'ElTi^ava,  ac  *cai  avrac  «€/>€uc 

v]7ra/>;(et  Sm  /3fov*  ical  jScu/iov  (15) 

iS/ov<7ajU€i/oc  Kuc  Ovdiag  Koi  TrofXTrav, 

ica[l  7i;]/iycKoy  a'y(ii>i'a  irevraeri|piicov 

^a0  [i]  ^a/i£voc  ^ Apre/LnSeupcia, 

On  a  block  of  blue  marble,  2'  10"  by  2'  1"  by  T  9", 
now  in  the  British  Museum,,  found  in  or  near  the 
supposed  site  of  a  Gymnasium  (see  ante,  p.  456), 
published,  Hamilton,  Asia  Minor,  ii.  p.  459,  No.  294; 
apparently  the  same  as  the  one  noticed  by  Leake, 
Asia  Minor,  p.  227. 

This  inscription  has  reference  to  some  person  no^ 


GREEK   INSCRIPTIONS.  767 

named,  whom  the  people  of  Cnidus  wish  to  reward 
as  a  public  benefactor,  decreeing  for  him  divine" 
honours,  1.  19,  rijital  lerodcoi.  These  honours,  as  we 
learn  from  the  context,  were  crowns  of  gold  and 
olive ;  statues  in  bronze,  marble,  and  gold ;  pro- 
clamations in  all  the  public  games ;  maintenance 
for  himseK  and  his  descendants  in  the  demiourgion  ; 
a  public  funeral  on  his  death,  and  a  monument  in 
the  most  conspicuous  part  of  the  Gymnasium;  a 
golden  statue  to  be  placed  in  the  Temple  of  Artemis 
lakynthotrophos,  of  which  deity  the  personage  thus 
honoured  is  priest  for  life;  an  altar,  sacrifices,  a 
procession  and  a  quinquennial  gymnastic  contest. 
As  these  games  were  to  be  called  the  Artemidoreia^ 
there  can  hardly  be  a  doubt  that  the  person  honoured 
was  Artemidoros,  either  the  father  of  Theopompos, 
or  his  son,  but  more  probably  the  former.  (See  ante^  ^ 
No.  ^  for  an  account  of  this  family.)  47 

Divine  honours  were  in  like  manner  decreed  by 
the  people  of  Mytilene  to  their  countryman  Theo- 
phanes,  for  his  services  in  re-obtaining  a  grant  of 
liberty  for  them  from  Pompey.  (See  Plehn,  Les- 
biaca,  p.  211-12.) 

1.  7.  6v  SajEtiogy/o),  "the  place  of  office  of  the 
demiourgosy  I  know  no  other  instance  of  this 
word.  Persons  maintained  at  the  public  expense 
in  thei  manner  ordered  in  this  decree  were  called 
ttfiViroi.  At  Athens  this  maintenance  was  given  at 
the  Prytaneura.     See  Pollux,  ix.  40,  TrgiiTayeTov  xal 

divTss,  xa)  tt  Tig  ix  ri[jLri§  autnrog  ^v.  Compare 
the  passages  cited  by  K.  F.  Hermann,  Gr.  Staats- 
alterthiimer,  Heidelberg,  1865,  §  127,  Notes  16, 17. 


768  APPENDIX  NO.   III.  . 

The  dedication  to  Hestia  Boulaia,  No.  79j  was 
probably  placed  in  the  Demiourgion.  (See  ante, 
p.  368,  note  **,  where  I  have  used  the  term  Pry- 
taneum  incorrectly,  as  there  is  no  evidence  that 
there  were  Prytanes  at  Cnidus.)  At  Lindua  the 
public  table  was  in  the  Iff ofltiTeTov. — Boss,  Archaol. 
Aufsatz.  Part  ii.  Leipsig,  1861,  p.  589. 

Por  the  Demiourgoa^  see  antej  Nos.  40, 50,  and  51. 

1.  8.  %<o\g  xa  ^a>ij.  In  the  facsimile  KAIZIIHI. 
There  are,  however,  faint  traces  of  the  Z  in  ea>]^, 
and  there  is  no  I  after  KA,  as  I  had  supposed.  After 
2II1H  the  facsimile  gives  I ;  but  this  is  doubtful. 

1.  13.  *Iaxt*vQorq6^(p.  Respecting  this  epithet  of 
Artemis,  see  ante,  No.  28. 


No.  63,  Plate  XCIV. 

MfXfrciivoc  [rjou  Assficpa- 
TBVQ  ^ Ai>Tio\l(»)Q  fieroficoii. 

These  lines  are  inscribed  on  the  edge  of  No.  64. 


No.  64,  Plate  XCIV. 


Xaiva  oroi  rc;/L(/3(^  iiOfifiiiaTa  Qtiog  Ircu^a, 

Arfftg,  6  <Sig  Trjg  trriQ  riXiKlriQ  trpoylpwVf 
ivZofm'og  \etpijv  airb  rriov  koviv  ;  aKpin  SaT^oy, 
ap^oripxiiq  fifjuv  ttr^edag  riiXiov* 

ArOic  tfJiot  ZnarafTa  Koi  tig  ifii  ^vcu/ia  Xiirouo-a,  (5) 

wg  irapog  BVfj>po<Tvvrig,  vvv  oaKptnov  irpofpaartf 

ayva  irovXuyoijrc,  tI  nivOipov  Stti'OI'  laveig^ 
avSpog  inro  aripviav  owtrorc  dkiaa  icapa, 

GtTov  ipjifnooaaa  rov  ovKtri ;  aoi  yap  ig  '^AiSav 

j}A0oy  opouf  ^biac  ATTiSec  apivlpag,  (10) 


GREEK   INSCRIPTIONS.  769 

ouK  iwiov  AfiOrig  ^AiScuviSoc  i(r\uTOv  SScu/o, 
&c  ^^  irapriyoptriv  Kav  (ftBifxivoKriv  tx*^' 

Gti£  ttXIov  Suartivit  yafiwv  &ti  tiov  ifJuavTwv 
vo<r<lnadtig  KXaletg  \r\pofTvvi\v  OaXafiwv. 

TOVTO  aaoi^pofTvvr\q  ylpag  *AtOiSi  rq  iroXiiKXaurr^y  (15) 
OUK  icrov,  ovS*  aptrag  a^iov  aXX  iOifxav 

livafiav  tig  alCova  ^tpwvvfiov  avrbg  avayicq. 
Oiiog,  vniria\t^  irvBVfia  \apiZ6iitvog. 

olatjj  yap  koX  tovto  \apiv  alo^  Koi  rov  atrrivri 

o^fxaai  Toig  arvyvoig  6\pofiai  i^Aioi/.  (20) 

On  a  slab  of  white  marble,  2'  1^'  by  2'  r  by  4^' 
thickness,  now  in  the  British  Museum,  found  in 
the  Eastern  Necropolis.  (See  awte,  p.  475.)  This 
is  a  sepulchral  inscription,  dedicated  by  one  Theios 
to  the  memory  of  his  wife  Atthis. 

1.  7.  votiXuyo'ijTff  ?  "  much  lamented."  This  word 
is  not  given  by  the  lexicographers. 

The  word  yijTnap^a),  1.  18,  refers  to  the  child  left 
by  the  mother. 

No.  55,  Plate  XCIV. 

"Hpa. 

On  the  side  of  a  sepulchral  cista,  V  llf  "  by  V  6" 
by  1' ;  found  in  the  Tripod  Tomb,  in  the  Eastern 
Necropolis.  (See  antej  p.  478.)  In  the  British 
Museum.  "Hpa  might  have  been  expected  here ;  but 
there  is  no  trace  of  a  letter  after  the  A. 


No.  56,  Plate  XCIV. 

Kovporpo0ou. 

On  a  fragment  of  a  small  sepulchral  cista  found 
in  the  Tripod  Tomb.  (See  ante,  p.  478.)  In  the 
British  Museum.  The  epithet  must  refer  to  one  of 
theChthonic  deities — G6,or  Demeter  Kourotrophos. 

II.  3  K 


770  APPENDIX  NO.   III. 

No.  B7,  Plate  XCV. 

'AyaOo/BouXoc  Ntcuvoc 

(Below  in  smaller  characters.) 
•  .  .   voSoroc  icai  Miviinrog  X7o(  Iwotritrav. 

On  a  block  of  dove-coloured  marble,  2  V  square 
by  10'',  which  has  formed  part  of  a  pedestal ;  exca- 
vated in  the  Lower  Theatre.  (See  ante,  p.  448.)  In 
the  British  Museum. 

1.  6.  The  first  of  the  two  artists'  names  may  be 
either  Menodotos  or  Zenodotos.  In  Nos.  28  and  79 
we  have  Zenodotus,  son  of  Menippos,  a  Cnidian ; 
whereas  here  the  Menippos  is  a  Chian.  Several 
sculptors  of  the  name  of  Menodotos  are  mentioned 
in  Brunn's  History  of  Greek  Artists,  i.  pp.  472 
and  501.  One  of  these  is  a  native  of  Tyre,  son  of 
Artemidoros ;  another,  also  of  Tyre,  father  of  Arte- 
midoros;  the  third,  a  Nicomedian,  and  son  of 
Boethos.  A  sculptor  and  two  painters  of  the  name 
of  Menippos  are  mentioned  by  Diogenes  Laertius, 
vi.  101.    (See  Brunn,  i.  p.  523.) 


No.  58,  Plate  XCV. 

^/3ac  Si)  K6(vac 

fxvafia  irarpo  [c«  •  •  • 
ToToc,  KaXXiK/oarf  [ii,. .  . . 

Ovvic  ava  <rKnp[oif^  neptnrjiovri^  daXapovg. 

(Below  in  smaller  characters.) 
viog   'AiroXXwv/o[i;    €irof?|<r€v  ? 


>»  • 


% 


GREEK  INSCRIPTIONS.  771 

On  a  pedestal  of  blue  limestone,  2'  &'  by  2'  3"  by 
2\  now  in  the  British  Museum ;  excavated  in  the 
Lower  Theatre.  (See  ante,  p.  447.)  At  the  top  is 
a  sinking  to  receive  the  foot  of  a  statue.  lines 
1 — 4  of  the  inscription  are  in  the  elegiac  metre. 

1.  1.  HBiifSig,  Doric^  for  x^vSii ;  so  jiu/v  for  jxev,  ante^ 
No.  45.     (See  Ahrens,  De  Dial.  Dor.  §  22,  7.) 

1.  6.  rnog.  In  the  facsimile  TIOZ ;  but  the  first 
letter,  which  is  much  mutilated,  has  been  Y. 

The  latter  part  of  each  line  has  been  cut  away, 
the  pedestal  having  been  used  as  a  building-stone. 


No.  78. 
OAAM  .  . 

.  EvnoMnoY    ^ 

6  8afi[oc 
G]€U7ro/ijrou. 

In  majuscule  letters,  on  a  fragment  of  architrave 
lying  amid  the  ruins  of  the  Doric  atoa.  (See  ante, 
pp.  366-7.)  Respecting Theopompos, see  ante^^o.  11. 
This  inscription  seems  to  be  the  same  as  that  given 
by  Mr.  Hamilton,  Travels  in  Asia,  ii.  p.  458,  No. 
284,  though  he  does  not  indicate  its  exact  locality. 
It  is  also  published,  Lebas,  Ptie  v.  §  13,  No.  1574. 


No.  79. 

AriAZ    EZTIEIO.  Aymc 'EiTrc£io[v 

rPAM  M  ATEYX2N  ypa/i/iarciov 

BOYAAI  fiovX^ 

AeANM  NIKA4>OPni  'AOa^^  Nua^op^ 

KAI   EZTI Al    BOYAAIA  ical  'Ecm>  BovXaii^. 
(Below  iu  smaller  characters.) 

.  HNOAOTO  .   MENinnOY  Z],,i'oooro[c]  Mtyiinrov 

KNIAIOZ    EnOIHZE  KW[r]coc  inoifiae. 


JtU 


^^A 


f</^*U   sJtlYf/f/m,   /9».^m     ^ 


t. 


772  APPENDIX   NO.    III. 

On  a  block  of  white  marble,  3'  4"  by  1'  6"  by 
11^",  now  in  the  British  Museum,  found  near  the 
Agora  on  the  shore  of  the  smaller  harbour  at  Cni- 
dus.  (See  ante^  p.  368.)  The  inscription  is  a  dedi- 
cation of  some  work  of  art  to  Athene  Nikephoros 
and  Hestia  Boulaia.  The  dedicator  is  Hagias,  son 
of  Hestieios,  Secretary  of  the  Boule;  the  artist, 
Zenodotos,  the  son  of  Menippos,  a  Cnidian. 

L  5.  *E(rTia  3owXaia.  The  epithet  ^t^iyKaioL  is  ex- 
plained in  the  Lexicon  of  Harpocration,  «.  r.,  as  sv 
3ot/X{]  IhptjfjLivri  ;  and  Zeus  and  other  deities  wor- 
shipped in  the  place  where  the  0ouX^  met  have  the 
same  epithet.  (See  Antiphon,  Pro  Choreut.  p.  789, 
ed.  Keiske.)  At  Athens  there  was  an  altar  of  Hestia 
Boulaia  in  the  Bouleuterion^  (See  Diodorus,  xiv.  4, 
and  Wesselin^,  ad  loc. ;  Xenophon,  Hellen.  ii.  3, 
§  52  ;  Andocides,  De  Myst.  p.  22  ;  De  Redit.  p.  82, 
ed.  Reiske.)  Hence  the  dedication  in  this  inscrip- 
tion must  have  been  originally  set  up  in  the  build- 
ing where  the  senate  at  Cnidus  met.  At  Athens  a 
statue  of  Hestia  was  placed  in  the  Prytaneion,  and 
this  was  probably  the  case  in  other  Greek  cities. 
(See  Pindar,  Nemea,  xi.  1 ;  and  Stark,  in  Gerhard's 
Denkmaler,  Porchungen,  &c.  1859,  p.  78.)  In  an 
inscription  fourid  at  Andres,  C.  I.  No.  23496, 1.  13, 
the  altar  or  statue  of  'Eor/a  PouXa/a  is  spoken  of  as 
being  in  the  Prytaneion^ — xXijSSjvai  8i  aurohg  xal  hri 
^syitrfJLOif  ilg  ro  irpuravsToy,    iir)   rr^v  ^otiXaiav  *E(rriav. 

At  Cnidus  the  building  called  elsewhere  Prytaneion 
was  called  Demiourgion  (see  ante.  Inscription  No.  62), 
and  the  senate  may  therefore  have  met  there. 

With  reference  to  the  work  dedicated  by  Hagias, 
and  executed  by  Zenodotos,  it  was,  probably,  a 
group  of  the  two  goddesses  to  whom  the  dedication 


GREEK   INSCRIPTIONS.  773 

« 

was  made.     The  association  of  Hestia  in  this  dedi- 
cation with  Athene  Nikephoros  is  illustrated  by 
several  representations  of  Vesta  on  Roman  Imperial 
coins,  in  which  she  is  represented  either  seated  or 
standing,  and  holding  a   palladium  in   her  right 
hand.    (See  a  large  brass  coin  of  Sabina,  engraved 
in  Miiller's  Denkmaler  d.  a.  Kunst.  ed.  Wieseler, 
Taf.  XXX.  No.  3«S9& ;  and  several  coins  of  Faustina 
the  Elder,  Cohen,  Description  des  Medailles  Impe- 
riales,  ii.  p.  434.)    On  a  bronze  medallion  of  Faustina, 
Cohen,  ibid.  p.  436,  No.  125,  Vesta  is  seated,  holding 
a  patera  and  a  sceptre  ;  on  the  left  is  Pallas  standing 
on  a  column,  on  the  right  an  edifice.    Spanheim,  in 
liis  treatise  de  Vesta  et  Prytanibus,   in  Seguin's 
Selecta  Numismata,  Paris,  1684,  p.  361,  describes  a 
large  brass  coin  of  Faustina  the  Elder,  on  which  Vesta 
stands  by  an  altar  holding  a  palladium  in  her  left 
hand :  beyond  the  altar  is  a  Victory  on  a  column. 
Such  a  combination  corresponds  with  the  Cnidian 
dedication  more  closely  than  any  of  the  other  Koman 
coins  here  quoted.  This  coin  was  seen  by  Spanheim 
in  the  collection  of  Queen  Christina  at  Rome.    The 
type  is  not  included  in  the  list  of  known  varieties  of 
Faustina  the  Elder  given  in  Cohen's  recent  work ; 
but  Eckhel  cites  it  without  casting  any  doubt  on  its 
authenticity.     (See  his  Doct.  Num.  Vet.  ii.  p.  538.) 
The  name  of  Zenodotos,  son  of  Menippos,  occurs 
in  another  Cnidian  inscription,  ante^  No.  28.     (See 
ante,  p.  746.) 


774  APPEKDIX  NO.   m. 


BBANCHID^. 


No.  69,  Plate  XCV. 

AiVKiov  Acvicf- 
oti  vixfiaavra 
TO.  /jilyaXa  A<Su- 

fiua,  ayutVKra'  (5) 

;i€vov  Si  Koi  ^O- 
XifiTTia  ra  iv  Hid' 
(rg  irepl  tov  ari^a-- 
vov,  ayiavKTcififvov 

ii  KOi  TovQ  aXXovc  (10) 

iravTag  ayS>vag 
a^iovtlKw^f  ri  /3ov- 
Xfj  Koi  6  S^/uoc' 
Below,  an  iyy-leaf  and  the  lettera 

Si|. 

On  a  block  of  dove-coloured  marble,  2'  7"  by 
2'  2''  by  r  2'',  now  in  the  British  Museum,  excavated 
at  BranchidsB,  with  other  marbles,  in  a  field  lying 
west  of  the  village  of  Geronta,  and  east  of  the 
windmills  which  overlook  the  Sacred  Way.  (See 
the  Plan,  Plate  LXXVI.)  Those  marbles  were 
found  amid  foundations  which  appeared  to  be  of 
the  Byzantine  period.  The  Didymeia  are  mentioned 
in  inscriptions,  C.  I.  Nos.  2881,  2882,  2883,  2888. 
It  appears  from  No.  2888  that  these  games  were 
celebrated  within  the  Sieron,  or  sacred  precinct  of 
the  temple  at  Branchidse. — See  Krause,  Die  Gym- 
nastik  und  Agonistik  d.  Hellenen,  i.  p.  13.° 

°  The  letters  AH  below  the  inscription  do  not  appear  to  be 
connected  with  it;    thej  are  perhaps  a  mason^s   mark  on   the 


GREEK  INSCRIPTIONS.  775 


No.  60,  Plate  XCV. 

[Upo^iiTifg  6  Sciva] 

npo^/;ri}C 
o  Sdi'a]  SciiiroXiSoCy  avfjp  cutrfjSnc  ^ai 
^tXoSo^oc])  vpetrfieitrag  8J  icai  uq  'Poi-  (5) 

/U19V  kqX]  KarafTTtjcrac  trjv  t€  irpo- 
....  lKK\Xii<T(av  T(f  S]7[/Le]qi  ical  roue  vJ/uoiic» 
irp€<r|3€t^(rac]  Si  ica)  ilg  *AAc^dt;Sf>i|ai;  ri^v  irpoc 
/3a<r(A< 0-0-0 V  KXiovarpav  Kai  tt/oJoc  PaaiXta  IlroXc/iaTov 

/3ao-iXlhic 
riroXc/uafov]  Ocov  Nfov  Acovt/o-oU)  mi  Karayaytov       (10) 

M^Y^  du/obi^Qy  eXl^avroc  raXov* 

ra  . . . .  r^o-Jaepa  fivag  UKoai. 

ITpo^Z/ritC 
o  Sai/a]  <I>iXfSoUj  €v  Si  rc^  avrc^  iv[iavTt^ 
vSpo]^6pu  ri  dvyariip  avrou  Xpuatu  . .  (15) 

Ilpo^ryriyc 
fcara  irotvitTiv]  ^AprlfitafvoQ,  ipitru  8c  'Avr^yoi/iiu, 
ScuiroXi^  'Avnyovou. 

On  a  block  of  white  marble  2'  7"  by  V 11"  by  r  6", 
now  in  the  British  Museum,  found  in  a  ruined 
church,  Fanagia,  on  the  road  from  Geronta  to 
Kara  Koi.  Prom  the  joints  at  the  sides  it  is 
evident  that  this  block  has  formed  part  of  a 
wall.  The  inscription  has  been  continued  on  the 
adjacent  blocks. 

1.  5.  [<^iXo8o^o^.]  This  word  is  supplied  from  the 
evidence  of  two  inscriptions  (Lebas,  Ptie  v.  §  i.  xiii. 
Nos.  21<2,  243),  published  under  Teichioussa,  but 
probably  from  Branchidse. 

1.  8.  "AXs^avS^ijav  for  'AXf^avSpciav.  Compare  iipija 

block.    In  the  facsimile  I  mistook  the  H  for  Ti  the  upper  part  of 
tbid  letter  having  been  defaced. 


776  APPENDIX   NO.    III. 

for  Upsta^  infra^  No.  101 ;  T^'jpc^av  for  Tpri^iia¥f  C.  I. 
No.  3256.  For  other  instances  of  13  for  «,  see  Osann, 
Sylloge,  pp.  367,  579 ;  C.  I.  3957. 

The  0a(riX«uf  mentioned  1.  9,  as  the  son  of 
Ptolemy  Auletes,  must  have  been  either  the  elder 
of  the  two  brothers  of  Cleopatra,  who  reigned  con- 
jointly with  her  from  his  father's  death,  B.C.  51 
to  B.C.  48,  when  he  perished  by  drowning,  or  the 
younger  brother,  also  named  Ptolemy,  who  suc- 
ceeded him  on  the  throne,  and  who  was  murdered 
by  his  sister  Cleopatra,  about  B.C.  44.  (See 
Clinton,  Pasti  Hellen.  iii.  p.  395-6.)  Hence  I  have 
restored  this  line,  tt^i/  Trpls  [^atrl'kifrtrav  KXsoirdrpaw 
xa\  ir^]o^,  X.  r.  X. 

The  door  brought  from  Alexandria,  1.  11,  was 
probably  dedicated  in  the  Temple  of  Apollo.  There 
is  no  proof  that  this  door  was  of  ivory,  as  I  had 
at  first  supposed,''  for  the  genitive  fiXsipavToj  is  not 
governed  by  flJpoi/jux,  but  by  raXavra.  Compare 
another  inscription  from  Branchidae,  C.  I.  2852, 
1.  59, — Xi0avaiTou  raXavra  Ssxa,  (T/xugyrj^  raXavroy  ev. 

As  there  must  have  been  space  on  the  left  for  about 
ten  letters,  the  two  lines  may  be  restored,  apyJpot/, 

or  p^aXxou]  [xiya  Bii^aofjiaf  sXs^avro^  raX[avra  Hxa 
T£<r]<rsga,  jxva^*  uxofrt. 

Theory  sent  by  one  of  the  Ptolemies  to  Branchidae, 
are  mentioned  in  an  inscription,  C.  I.  No.  2860. 

1.  14.  Philidas  is  named  as  Frophetes  in  an  in- 
scription published,  Lebas,  No.  239,  under  Teichi- 
oussa,  but  probably  from  Branchidae. 

1.  15.    The  office   of  i3po4>ogo^   is  mentioned  in 

°  I  have  so  interpreted  this  passage  ante,  p.  547,  where  for 
Ptolemy  the  Eiglith  I  should  have  written  Ptolemy,  son  of 
Aiilefpd. 


GREEK   INSCRIPTIONS.  777 

several  other  inscriptions  at  Branchidse.    (See  C.  I. 
Nos.  2879,  2885,  28856,  2885c,  2885rf,  2886.) 

1.  17.  Artemon  is  named  as  Prophetes  in  an  in- 
scription published,  Lebas,  No.  241,  under  Teichi- 
oussa,  but  probably  from  Branchidse. 


No.  61,  Plate  XCV. 

irpo^tiTtiQ  T.  ^PXd^iOQ  ^ AvSpiag  Eu[<T£J3i)c?]* 

iKjovog  irpo<priT(ov  icai  (TTt<pa- 

vrifpopwv,  ap^ag  ra^  iTrwvijuiovQ 

dp)(ag  Koi  aXXa  iroiiiaac  Saa  idvvfi^ 

Or]v  fiirpta.  (5) 

"AiroXAov  ojva^,  rlfiivog  afitpiirtDV  Bpay\oVf 

€£  Toi  filfxriXev  tjuLwefiog  fl'/oo^ijrciij, 

£C  'Ai/8/otav  otTGOiai  irpr\i(nv  Se/oiceii. 

On  the  opposite  side  of  the  block  on  which 
No.  60  is  inscribed ;  but  from  the  form  of  the 
letters  it  is  probably  of  a  much  later  period.  The 
last  three  lines  are  choliambic. 

For  No.  62,  see  post,  under  Lagina ;  and  for 
Nos.  63,  64,  65,  see  ante^  pp.  705—707,  under  Hali- 
carnassus. 


No.  66,  Plate  XCVII. 

ra  ayakfXQTa  rciSc  avlOttrav  ol  [11  u- 

ff](jjvog  [7r]aT8€c  row  ap)(r\yov,  [9]aX^c 

ical  IlaaifcX^c  ^al    liy{]<Tavdpog  koX  Au[ic- 

£0C  KoX  'Ava^/XcoiCy  BiKaTrjv  rdj}  'A* 

iroXXa^v£.  (5) 

On  the  back  of  the  lion  found  on  the  Sacred 
Way,  written  in  five  lines  bouatrophedon.  (See 
ante^  p.  536.)     In  the  British  Museum. 

II.  3  L 


778  APPENDIX  NO.   III. 

.  This  inscription  has  been  published  by  me  in 
Further  Papers,  and  also  in  the  Monatsberichte  of 
tlie  Berlin  Academy,  1859,  p.  660. 

It  records  the  dedication  of  a  number  of  statues 
or  other  votive  offerings,  dyaXjaara,  as  a  tenth 
to  Apollo.  The  names  of  the  dedicators,  five  in 
number,  are  given.  From  long  exposure  to  the 
weather  the  marble  on  the  back  of  this  lion  is 
worn  into  channels,  and  many  of  the  letters  are 
nearly  obliterated.  This  is  particularly  the  case 
with  the  two  first  lines. 

1.  1.  After  ai/fiflserav  ol  comes  a  name  which  may 
be  read  [IlJSjaiyo^,  or  \^Qpl]cDvog.  The  next  word  I 
read  TralSs^,  though  the  initial  letter  is  more  like 
H  than  P.  After  waT^eg  are  two  letters  which 
appear  in  the  facsimile  as  1 3  ;  but  on  re-examining 
the  second  of  these,  I  am  of  opinion  that  it  is 
more  like  O,  and  that  I  had  mistaken  an  accidental 
channel  in  the  marble  for  the  lower  part  of  a  a. 
I  therefore  read  TO  (to3).  The  following  word  may 
be  read  either  as  a  proper  name,  'Ap;fi3yo5,  in  which 
case  it  would  be  the  name  of  the  father  of  Python ; 
or  it  may  be  used  in  the  sense  of  "  ruler,"  ap;fi3you. 
Of  the  last  word,  1.  2,  the  letters  are  all  quite  dis- 
tinct, except  the  initial  letter,  which  appears  like  a 
©  half  eff^aced.    I  therefore  read  this  name  [0]aX^j. 

It  is  probable  that  the  dedicators  were  citizens 
of  Miletus,  not  only  on  account  of  the  vicinity  of 
that  city,  but  because  two  of  the  names  in  this 
inscription,  Thales,  1.  2,  and  Hegesander,  1.  3,  are 
known  to  have  been  borne  by  Milesians. 

We  learn  from  Herodotus,  v.  125,  that  Hekatseus 
the  historian  was  the  son  of  Hegesander,  and  that  he 
claimed  to  be  of  most  ancient  descent.    (Ibid.  ii.  43.) 


GREEK  INSCRIPTIONS.  779 

Again,  the  name  Pasikles,  1.  3,  is  connected  with 
the  earliest  traditions  of  Miletus,  for  one  of  the 
followers  of  Neleus,**the  founder  of  Miletus,  was 
Philistos,  son  of  Pasikles.     (Herod,  ix.  97.) 

On  first  discovering  the  name  Thales  in  this 
inscription,  I  thought  that  it  might  be  that  of  the 
celebrated  Ionian  philosopher;  but,  if  we  adopt 
the  reading  proposed  above,  this  is  impossible,  if, 
as  Diogenes  Laertius  states,  he  was  the  son  of 
Examyas. 

The  name  at  the  end  of  line  3  may  have  been 

Auxiog. 

1.  4.  'Ai/a$<Xffw^,  the  Ionic  form  of  'Ava§/Xaoy. 

On  comparing  the  facsimile  of  this  inscription, 
Plate  XCVII.,  with  Nos.  67  and  69  on  the  same 
plate,  it  will  be  seen  that  the  palaeography  presents 
the  same  characteristics  in  all  three.  No.  69  being 
rather  more  rudely  executed  than  the  two  from 
Branchidse,  though  this  difference  may  be  rather  a 
sign  of  want  of  skill  in  the  lapidary  than  of  a  higher 
antiquity. 

Now  No.  69  is  a  facsimile  of  an  inscription  on  a 
rock  at  Aboo-Simbel,  in  Nubia,  C.  I.  No.  5126, 
which  must  have  been  placed  there  by  the  Greek 
mercenaries  in  the  service  either  of  the  first  or  second 
Psammetichos,  king  of  Egypt.  (See  ante^  p.  15.) 
According  to  the  received  chronology,^  the  former 
of  these  kings  reigned  from  B.C.  664  to  610,  the 
latter  from  B.C.  595  to  589. 

Whether  the  inscription  from  Aboo-Simbel  was 
executed  b|C  the  first  or  by  the  second  Psammetichos 
is  a  question  on  which  authorities  differ;   but  in 

P  See  Lepaius,  Konigsbuch  d.  Aegypt.  Berlin,  18d8.  -  Quel- 
lentafeln,  p.  21. 


4. 


780  APPENDIX   NO.    III. 

either  case,  we  may  assign  this  inscription  to  a  date 
ranging  from  Olympiad  40  to  48. 

The  two  inscriptions  from  Branchidae  may,  per- 
haps, have  been  executed  in  a  somewhat  later  period. 
Taking  into  consideration  their  resemblance  to  the 
Nubian  inscription,  I  should  not  place  them  later 
than  Olympiad  60. 

If  we  were  sure  that  the  Anaximander  mentioned 
in  No.  67  was  the  Milesian  philosopher  of  that  name, 
as  I  have  supposed,  infra^  p.  782,  the  date  of  that 
inscription  could  hardly  be  earlier  than  B.C.  560 
(Olymp.  55, 1) ;  for  Anaximander  was  born  in  B.C. 
610,  and  the  dedicators  of  the  inscription  are  his 
sons.  Such  a  date  would  he  consistent  with  that  of 
the  lion,  if  the  Hegesander,  1.  3,  was  the  father  of 
Hekataeus  of  Miletus,  who  flourished  B.C.  520. 

The  following  inscription,  published  C.  I.  39,  was 
formerly  seen  on  the  chair  of  one  of  the  figures 
on  the  Sacred  Way,  but  is  now  no  longer  to  be 
found : — 

....  Ta>7roXXa)V£. 

Before  toittoXXoiw,  are  a  number  of  letters  which 
differ  in  the  several  transcripts  of  Gell,  Leake,  and 
Cockerell,  and  which  have  never  been  satisfac- 
torily read.  (See  Franz,  Elementa  Epigraph.  Gr. 
p.  105.) 

So  far  as  can  be  judged  from  the  transcripts  which 
have  been  made  of  this  inscription  by  several  travel- 
lers, it  presented  the  same  palaeographical  charac- 
teristics as  Nos.  66  and  67,  and  may  therefore  be 
assigned  to  the  same  period. 

In  all  these  inscriptions  we  have  the  long  vowels 
B  and  fl.     The   double  letter  2:   occurs  in  three 


k 


GREEK   INSCRIPTIONS.  781 

inscriptions  from  Branchidae,  and  the  %}/  in  No.  67 
and  also  in  the  Nubian  inscription,  No.  69. 

If  the  date  which  I  have  proposed  for  these  in- 
scriptions is  correct,  they  may  be  regarded  as  among 
the  earliest  examples  of  the  use  of  these  letters ;  nor 
can  it  be  fairly  objected  that  such  a  date  would  be 
at  variance  with  the  traditions  which  ascribe  the 
invention  of  the  long  vowels  to  Simonides,  and  of 
the  double  consonants  to  Epicharmus  ;  for  such 
traditions  cannot  seriously  be  regarded  as  evidence 
by  which  we  can  fix  the  precise  epoch  when  these 
letters  were  first  used  in  Ionia,  but  rather  as  indi- 
cations of  the  period  when  they  became  more  gene- 
rally adopted  in  the  Hellenic  states.  It  has  been 
truly  observed  that  the  merits  of  an  inyention  are 
oftener  ascribed  to  the  person  who  renders  it  popular 
— to  its  publisher,  so  to  speak — than  to  its  original 
author.^ 

No.  67,  Plate  XCVII. 

of  *Ava^{)uai/Spot;  7ra7?€C  to  MavSpo/ua;^ 

avtJ0€<Tav,  £7roi})a£  8l  TspxpiKXrig* 


No.  68,  Plate  XCVII. 


01  ^A]  va^i/iavS/oou  TrapSec 

....  cTTof^o's  S]i  TepxpiKlXrig. 

On  a  block  of  limestone  2'  8"  by  V  6",  broken  at  one 
end,  its  present  length  being  T.  On  one  face  was 
inscription  No.  67,  and  on  the  opposite  face  part 
of  the  same  inscription  repeated.  No.  68.     Found 

1  Franz,  Eleraenta  Epigraph.  Grjec.  pp.  21-23;  Mure,  History 
•of  Greek  Literature,  i.  p.  85. 


782  APrENDIX  NO.    III. 

on  the  Sacred  Way,  Branchidse  (see  ante,  p.  538)- 
In  the  British  Museum. 

This  inscription  has  been  published  by  me  in 
Further  Papers,  &c.  p.  46,  and  also  in  the  Monats- 
berichte  of  the  Berlin  Academy,  1859,  p.  661,  where 
I  have  suggested  tliat  the  Anaximander  named  in 
it  may  be  the  celebrated  philosopher  of  that  name 
at  Miletus,  the  received  date  of  whose  birth  is  B.C. 
610.  If  we  suppose  that  his  sons  dedicated  the 
monument  to  which  this  inscription  refers,  its  date 
can  hardly  be  earlier  than  B.C.  560  (Olymp.  55). 

TO  MaySpojuta;^  ....  This  may  be  read  to  Mai^Spo- 
/xa;f[oti  ayaXjuux,  or  TO  may  stand  for  to5.  As  the 
original  length  of  the  block  is  unknown,  it  is  quite 
uncertain  how  many  following  words  have  been 
broken  away. 

The  work  of  art  dedicated,  whatever  it  may  have 
been,  must  have  stood  on  a  base  which  was  narrow 
in  proportion  to  its  length  ;  and  as  the  inscription 
is  repeated  on  the  opposite  face  of  this  base,  the 
object  placed  upon  it  was  probably  a  group  sculp- 
tured in  the  round. 

The  name  Terpsikles  does  not  occur  in  any  of  the 
lists  of  artists  in  Brunn*s  Geschichte  d.  Gr.  Kiinstler. 


No.  69,  Plate  XCVII.     See  ante,  under  No.  66. 


No.  70,  Plate  XCVII. 


....  7}iaro£0.  .  .  . 

.  .  .  .  Sc  CTTCvSi 

....  aiOV  TTOIC  .... 

. . . .  (UC  irarlpig,  ...  (5) 


GBEEK   INSCRIPTIONS.  783 

On  a  fragment  built  into  the  wall  of  a  Greek 
house,  near  the  Sacred  Way.  The  letters  are  written 
boustrophedon^  and  are  rather  less  archaic  than 
Nos.  66,  67.  Published  by  Lebas  (Sect.  i. — xii. 
No.  221,  and  Plate  v.  No.  4),  who  omits  the  two 


I      -      No.  2i51,^n(i  flate  v.  No.  4 
"^  '  *^  letters  1. 1,  and  reads  line  2,-: 


1^  r^y  ..'..' 


evoTJini  i^./  r 

In  the  4th  line  he  omits  the  A,  and  in  1.  5  reads    ' ^^^^  ^ 
ol  for  as.  ^:.,  /    . 

As  the  facsimile  given  Plate  XCVII.  is  from  an  /^ .    ' 
impression  in  paper  from  the  marble,  I  have  fol-  ^;       ,  , 
lowed  it  throughout,  except  in   the   case  of  two   V 
letters,  the  ©,  1.  1,  which  may  have  been  clearer    /j    ,  .. .  - 
when  Lebas  copied  it,  and  the  N,  1.  3,  one  stroke  of 
which  has  been  omitted  in  the  facsimile,  though  still 
faintly  visible  in  the  impression  on  paper. 


No.  71,  Plate  XCVII. 

£. . . .  ^Tifiog  fi  iirouv. 

On  the  side  rail  of  the  chair  of  one  of  the  seated 
figures  from  the  Sacred  Way,  Branchidse  (see  ante^ 
p.  533) ;  published  by  me  (Further  Papers,  p.  48  ; 
and  also  in  the  Monatsberichte  of  the  Berlin  Aca- 
demy, 1869,  p.  662).  In  the  British  Museum.  The 
name  may  be  EipuS7;|xo^  or  'Ep/to3ij/to^,  as  there  is 
room  between  the  E  and  the  A  for  about  three 
letters.  I  can  find  no  name  at  all  like  this  in 
Brunn's  work,  referred  to  anle^  No.  67. 

sTToievy  for  iiroiu^  is  a  form  of  which  I  can  give  no 
other  instance. 


784  APPENDIX  NO.   III. 


No.  72,  Plate  XCVII. 

^   ' ,  ayaXfia  rov  'AttoAAiuvoc. 

r 

"Written  boustrophedoriy  on  the  front  of  the  chair 
of  one  of  the  figures  from  the  Sacred  Way  (see 
ante^  p.  532) ;  published  by  me  (Further  Papers, 
p.  3  ;  and  also  in  the  Monatsberichte  of  the  Berlin 
Academy,  1859,  p.  661). 

Teichioussa  is  placed  in  the  Admiralty  Chart,  Ko. 
1546,  near  the  shore  at  Kara  Koi,  a  little  south  of 
BranchidaB.  It  is  assigned  to  the  same  position 
by  Lebas  in  his  Map  of  Caria  ;  and  he  publishes  a 
number  of  inscriptions  as  discovered  at  Teichioussa, 
two  of  which  (Nos.  238  and  242,  Sect.  i.  xiii.  of 
,     /     »  ^  his  work)  contain  the  words  8i3jw.ou  Tsi^iea-a-ioov.     I 

''  presume  that  the  position  of  Teichioussa  has  been 

assigned  on  the  evidence  of  this  inscription.  It 
should  be  observed,  however,  that  it  seems  probable 
that  this  and  all  the  other  inscriptions  published  by 
Lebas  under  Teichioussa  were  brought  to  that  place 
fromBranchidae,  inasmuch  as  they  relate  to  w^o^r^rou. 

The  only  ruins  I  could  find  at  Kara  Koi  were 
Byzantine.  The  name  Teichioussa  is  not  given  at 
all  in  Kiepert's  Map. 

We  know  from  Thucydides,  that  this  place  was 
in  the  territory  of  Miletus  and  on  the  lassie  gulf, 
and  it  seems  to  have  had  a  port.  (See  Archestratus, 
apud  Athenaeum,  vii.  p.  320.) 

Kai  anapov  iK  'E^faou  ^//Tf«,  \ujxiovi  8c  Tf>ty\av 
CffOr  ivi  xf/atpapy  Xi}j>Otiaav  Tei\ioiG(ri^, 
MiA>1toi^  Kwpi^,  Kapufv  irlXag  dyKvXoKijXtjv* 

The  epithet  4'a<J>ag7j,   "  sandy,*'  certainly  applies 


GREEK   INSCRIPTIONS.  785 

to  the  beach  at  Kara  Koi,  and  there  would  be  good 
anchorage  there  for  ancient  galleys.  The  situation 
is,  therefore,  one  likely  to  have  been  chosen  as  a 
rendezvous  by  the  Lacedaemonian  fleet.  (See 
Thucydides,  viii.  26.)  The  name  of  Teichioussa 
occurs  in  the  list  of  Athenian  tributaries  at  the 
time  of  the  Peloponnesian  war.  (See  Bockh, 
Staatshaushaltung,  ii.  p.  736.)  Athenseus  (viii. 
p.  351  a)  notices  it  as  a  place  inhabited  by  a  mixed 
population.  It  is  called  xw/tij  by  Archestratus, 
and  ToT^ig  by  Stephanus  Byzantius,  s.  v. ;  while 
the  inscriptions  already  referred  to  (Lebas,  Nos. 
238,  242)  mention  the  S^/xo^  Tipfieerereaiv. 

The  name  Tfip^ioSo-a  is  more  correctly  M'ritten 
Tffi;ijio3<r<ra,  or,  uncontracted,  TBi^idea-tra.  We  also 
find  Tsi^iodg, 

Chares  must  have  been  a  tyrannoa  of  the  same 
class  as  Tymnos,  ruler  of  Termera.  (See  ante^  p.  23.) 

1.  1.  KXceriop.  Qu.  ?  for  KXijcrio^. 
"  1.  2.  ayaX/xa,  here  used  as  "  an  ornament  *'  or 
"  oflfering  in  honour  of**  the  deity.  (See  the  autho- 
rities quoted  by  Bockh,  C.  I.  i.  p.  7.)  The  statue 
doubtless  represented  Chares  himself.  From  the 
chara<;ter  of  the  palaeography  the  date  of  this  in- 
scription may  be  about  B.C.  520.  This  figure, 
therefore,  is  probably  the  most  ancient  extant 
example  in  Greek  art  of  the  sixcoi/,  or  portrait-statue, 
though  several  of  the  earliest  Greek  sculptors  are 
said  to  have  made  such  iconic  statues. 

Thus  Bupalos  and  Athenis,  who  are  reputed  to 
have  flourished  about  Olymp.  60,  made  the  extreme 
ugliness  of  the  poet  Hipponax  a  subject  for  carica- 
ture.    (See  Pliny,  xxxvi.  5,  §  4.) 

Theodores    of   Samos,   according    to  the  same 

II.  3  M 


786  APPENDIX  NO.    III. 

authority,  xxxiv.  8,  §  19,  is  said  to  have  made  a 
statue  of  himself.  Fausanias,  yiii.  53,  3,  states 
that  at  the  side  of  the  |oayoi*  of  Apollo  at  Tegea 
made  by  Cheirisophos  of  Crete,  was  an  iconic  figure 
of  that  sculptor  in  marble.  The  date  of  Cheiriso- 
phos according  to  Brunn  (Geschichte  d.  Griech. 
Kiinstl.  i.  p.  51),  may  have  been  about  Olymp.  60. 
According  to  Fausanias,  vi.  18,  5,  the  earliest 
Olympic  victors  whose  statues  were  dedicated  at 
Olympia  were  Fraxidamas  of  iEgina  after  his  vic- 
tory, Olymp.  59 ;  and  Rhexibios,  an  Opuntian,  who 
conquered  in  the  Fankration,  Olymp.  61.  Both 
these  statues  were  of  wood.  According  to  Tatian 
(Advers.  Gr.  liv.  p.  271,  ed.  Migne),  a  statue  of 

Fhalaris  was  made  by  Folystratos  of  Ambracia. 
Flialaris  died  Olymp.  57,  4.  Fliny  (xxxiv.  4,  §  9) 
doubts  whether  any  iconic  statues  were  publicly 
erected  at  Athens  earlier  than  those  which  com- 
memorated Harmodios  and  Aristogeiton,  about 
Olymp.  67,  4. 

So  far  as  we  can  judge  from  the  evidence  of  these 
isolated  statements,  it  seems  probable  that  iconic 
statues  were  seldom,  if  ever,  executed  by  Greek 
sculptors  before  the  60th  Olympiad. 

It  is  true  that  Fausanias  (vi.  15,  §  4)  saw  at 
Olympia  a  statue  of  Eufelidas,  who  obtained  two 
victories  there,  Olymp.  38 ;  but  he  does  not  state 
that  this  statue  was  erected  during  the  lifetime  of 
Eutelidas ;  and  it  may  have  been  dedicated  by  some 
descendant.     (See  Brunn,  i.  p.  70.) 

We  may  assume  that  in  the  statue  of  Chares,  and 
generally  in  the  early  iconic  statues,  no  exact  ren- 
dering of  the  features  and  expression  could  have 
been  attempted,  though  such  works  would  serve  to 


GREEK   INSCRIPTIONS.  787 

record  the  general  character  and  proportions  of  the 
figure  ;  and  the  shortcomings  of  the  likeness  were 
probably  made  good  by  the  inscription  or  by  dis- 
tinctive symbols.  Nor,  till  a  much  later  period  in 
Greek  art,  was  any  iconic  statue  executed  except 
to  be  dedicated  in  some  temple  as  an  offering 
(ayaX/ta)  to  a  deity.  (See  Hirt,  Ueber  das  Bildniss 
der  Alten,  in  the  Abhandlungen  d.  K.  Akad.  d. 
Wissensch.  in  Berlin,  1814-16,  Hist.  Phil.  Elasse, 
pp.  1 — 15.) 

No.  72a. 

HAAon 

*IoTia[Toc 
iroAAcii[v(. 

On  a  fragment  in  the  wall  of  a  house  near  the 
Sacred  Way.  This  inscription  is  of  the  same  period 
as  No.  72.  Histiseos,  who  makes  this  dedication, 
the  date  of  which  is,  probably,  about  B.C.  520, 
may,  therefore,  be  the  celebrated  Milesian  of  that 
name  who  brought  about  the  Ionian  revolt. 


No.  73,  Plate  XCVII. 

On  the  back  of  the  chair  of  one  of  the  seated 
statues  in  the  Sacred  Way.     (See  a?iie,  p.   531.) 


788  APPENDIX  NO.   III. 

Published  (Further  Papers,  &c.  p.  2,  and  in  the 
Monatsberichte  of  the  Berlin  Academy,  1859,  p.  662). 
There  was  a  Glaukos,  son  of  Demylos,  a  Carystian, 
who  obtained  a  pugilistic  victory  in  the  Olympic, 
Nemean,  Pythian,  and  Isthmian  games/ 

The  date  of  these  victories  is  approximately  fixed 
by  the  fact  that  the  statue  of  Glaukos  as  Olympic 
victor  was  made  by  Glaukias,  who  flourished  about 
the  74th  or  75th  Olympiad,  or  B.C.  484—477. 

It  is  hardly  likely,  however,  that  the  inscrip- 
tion on  the  back  of  the  chair  relates  to  this  Glaukos, 
as  from  the  use  of  the  ou  for  o  in  the  genitive,  and 
also  from  the  general  form  of  the  letters,  it  must 
have  been  placed  on  the  statue  at  a  period  some 
time  subsequent  to  the  date  of  Glaukias.  This  is 
confirmed  by  its  position  at  the  back  of  the  chair ; 
for,  if  connected  with  the  statue  itself,  it  could 
hardly  have  been  placed  thus  out  of  sight.  It  may, 
however,  record  the  name  of  some  victor  in  the 
local  games  called  Didymeia  ;  concerning  which  see 
antey  No.  59. 

It  is  well  known  that  it  was  the  custom  among 
the  Greeks  for  lovers  to  write  on  the  walls  of 
public  edifices  names  commemorating  the  object  of 
their  affection.  (See  Birch,  History  of  Ancient 
Pottery,  ii.  p.  33.)  There  is  evidence  to  show  that 
such  inscriptions  were  sometimes  placed  Jn  works 
of  art.  (See  the  instances  cited  by  Mr.  Birch,  ibid, 
p.  27.) 

For  Nos.  74  to  95,  see  ante^  under  Budrum, 
Cnidus,  and  Branchidse. 

'  See  Krause,  Oljnipia,  p.  292. 


GREEK  INSCRIPTIONS.  789 


LAGINA. 


No.  62,  Plate  XCVI. 

• 

.  .  •  r]  ^c  0£  [pv 

[fc/o]or£t;(ii[v  7 • 

r]  ^c  Oiov  TTi  [j}nr6\iov  ? 

.  .  fi>c  »cat  Toic  i[fpug ? Z^]^*'  ? 

0]«Xot//liwc  l<Ttla[<Ti  KOI  t]ouc  c»c  ^^[c  (5) 

TrjoAcciic  irapayivofilvovg  toIq  iopra^al^ 
fioig  Trig  Oiov  rifjilpaig  ttoAXouCj  koI  TOu[g 
i]v  r<i»  iripnro\(i^  Sc  icaro(»couvTdc>  t" 
^oiKcv  icat  ry  voXu  dpaxfiag  di<r\i\iag* 
l]tpia  Tan.  Aorpijfou  Mlvva  ko,  vec5ico-  (10) 

p]og  IcpoicXi}^  ^Apiarttiov  icaO'  vtoOi<rtav 
I JcpoicXfovc  K'O,  £7rl  KX.  Acve/ov  "Hpwoc  TO  /3. 

On  a  base  3'  T  by  3'  by  2'  6'',  the  upper  part 
broken  away ;  copied  by  Lieut.  Smith  on  the  site  of 
the  Temple  of  Hekate.  It  relates  to  some  public 
benefactor  who  had  given  an  entertainment  to 
various  persons,  of  whom  some  had  come  from 
"  the  city,"  ix  rris  woKscog^  1.  5,  and  others  dwelt  in 
the  TB^nri'KitiVy  1.  8,  and  who  had  also  presented  to 
the  city  two  thousand  drachmee.  The  iro'Kig  here 
'meant  is  probably  Stratonicea.  (See  ante^  p.  571, 
note  ^ ;  and  Ross,  Inscript.  Ined.  iii.  p.  31.)  The 
^cpiTToXiov  is  called  in  another  inscription,  C.  I.  No. 
2715, 1.  17,  irepiToXiov  t7\s  deou,  and  therefore  must, 
it  is  to  be  presumed,  be  the  territory  of  the  temple 
at  Lagina. 

No.  100,  poat^  we  have  ol  xaroixouvTsg  to  ^ipiTroXiov, 


790  APPENDIX  NO.    III. 

as  distinguished  from  the  0ouX^  and  ^rji^s ;  in  No. 

101,  To7g  xaroixotjtnv  r^v  xoXiv  xal  rtjif  ^w^p. 

1.   7 J  8.    xa]  roug  h  t£  xe^ixoX/a>  Si.       The  Sc  is 

here  awkwardly  separated  from  the  xal.  Cf.  C.  I. 
2782,  xal  ir€^ag  ih 

1.  10.  ijfp/a.  A  poetical  form  for  iegsia.  (See 
Liddell  and  Scott's  Lexicon,  5th  ed.  8.  v.  li^tia.) 
The  official  title  would  thus  precede  the  name,  as 
in  the  case  of  vioixogo^,  immediately  following. 
(Compare  antej  No.  51.) 

"Ao-T^ij/ov  for  *A(rTpaiou.  Minna  occurs  as  a  proper 
name  in  a  Latin  epitaph,  Osann,  Sylloge,  p.  497,  xii. 

1.  12.  TO  0.  The  iiri  which  precedes  this  numeral 
shows  that  it  indicates  the  second  time  of  holding 
the  same  office.  The  letters  KO  which  occur  1. 10 
and  1.  12,  cannot  be  numerals,  but  may  be  abbrevi- 
ations of  the  tribe  of  the  persons  whose  names  they 
follow.  (Compare  the  Sigla,  C.  I._2^727,  2728; 
Bockh  ad  loc^  and  No.  98,  infra.  KO  may  thus 
stand  for  Ko[7iio^y«u^.     See  ew/m,  No.  102.) 


No.  96. 

nORAION  AIA  AYPN€U)NA 
n  €NTAKICI€PAT€YCANTA 
M€TAKAITHCrYN  Al  KOC  COYA- 
TP04>IMHC-IEP€IC€ZI€P€ 
WN€CTIACANTACTOYCnO  (5) 

A€ITACnOAAAKICKAITOYCE€ 
NOYCAN  Yn  EPBAHTIOCKAI  FY 
MNACIAPXHCANTACHACACTAC 
€OPTACI  MOYCTHCe€OY€NTU) 
€NIAYTU)KAITACTHCKA€IAOC  (10) 

ArU)rHC€NTHnOA€IHM€PAC 
nACHTYXHKAIHAIKIATEIMAIC 
TAICKAAAICTAICKAI  KOPY4>AI 
OTATAIC€T€IMHC€NHnATPIC 


GREEK   INSCRIPTIONS.  791 

KA€IA04>0P0YCHCAYTWN  (15) 

THCevrATPOCAIA  AYP-WPAI 
AC€niMEAOYMENOYTWNMYCTHPI 
lONCOYA  AHMHTPIOYTOYAZIOAOrWTA 
TOYAPX  .  .  TPOY .  €YTYXWC 

IIoirAiov  AiX.  Avp.  N/oiva 

irevTaKic  if/oarci'aavro 

^era  ko)  r^c  yvvaiKO^  2ovX. 

wv,  loTiaaavrac  tovq  tto-  (5) 

Acirac  froXXoKtg  koi  toxiq  5^- 

VOl/C  aVVITippXflTlOQ  Kol  JV' 

fivaaiap\i]GavTaq  iraaag  raQ 

iopraalfiovg  Trig  flcow  iv  ri^ 

iviavTif  Koi  Tug  Trig  kAeiSoc  (10) 

aywyrig  iv  rij  TrJXti  iifiipag 

iraay  Ti\T^  Kai  TjAixf^^  TUfiaXg 

Toig  ica\\l(rTaig  Ka)  KOpvt^ai- 

OTCLTaig  tTdfiJiGiv  ij  iriir/j(c> 

KAfiSo0opov(7t|C  aurtuv  (15) 

t5c  Sw7ar/i>oc  AiX.  Av^.  Q,pa(- 

ag,  iirtfiiXovjifvov  Ttov  Mv(TTrip(^ 

iov  SovX.  /^ri/iriTplov,  tov  a^ioXoywTa- 

TOW  ttp;(^[ia3Tpoi;.  €iTv;((iiC- 

On  a  thick  steU  in  the  eastern  part  of  the 
Temple  of  Hekate.  The  suhject  is  a  dedication  by 
the  people  of  Lagina  or  Stratonicea,  in  honour  of 
Fublius  ^lius  Aurelius  Neon  and  his  wife  Snlpicia, 
in  acknowledgment  of  their  public  services  as  priest 
and  priestess  of  Hekate. 

1.  10.  We  learn  from  the  expression  xT^siSog  ayoiy^, 
that  the  sacred  key  of  Hekate  was  carried  in  pro- 
cession through  the  city  on  certain  days,  by  the 
priestess,  called  Kxei8o<pogop. 

1.  17.  We  have  mention  here  of  an  oflBcer  called 


792  APPENDIX  NO.   III. 


No.  97. 

I  EPEIZKAITHZEn  I4>AN  EZTATHZeEAZEKATH 

ZVnOZXOME 
NOinPOZ^ATONTIBKA-KAAPIZTEOYYIOZK 

.  .  .  EINAAPIZTE 
AZM  EN  AN  APOZKAI  Al  A.AI  A- El  PH  N  AlOYGYfA 

THPFAYKINNA 
MEGHNETEAEZANAPXIEPAZYNHNEni^lAOA 

APIAIZKAIKY 
NHrEZIOIZIEPAZANTOKAITHZGEOYKAITHN    (5) 

TEnOAINIZTI 
AZAN  n  AZAN  KAI EAAKAN  AIANOM  HZEKATTn 

TIlNnOAITnN 
ANAAH  N  API  AAYOE  NTfiGEATPnEKATTON  A 

HMONEKTAN 
AEATANKAAEZANTEZErYMNAZIA  •  XHZANA 

EENTHPOAEI 
THTHZKAEIAOZnOMnHHMEPAZAYOnPUT 

OIKAIENTnnEPI 
nOAIilTAZEIGIZMENAZHMEPAZEAnKANAEK  (10) 

AITATHZ 
ZEBAZTHZAHNAPIAXEIAIAENAYTnTnTHZIE 

pnzY 

N  HZEN I  AYTXlEIZEn  I ZKEYH  N  KAI KATAZKEYH 

NBAAANEI 
OYOYOHAnn  .  .  .  OYAPIZTEOY4»AAAiNEAZA 

NEGHKEN 
THnOAEI  .  .  .  OTOYAPIZTEOYANENTOZTH 

nATPI 
AITXl lAYTOTOYBAAANEIOYMEPOZ  (15) 


itpcTc  Kol  r^c  iviipavtararrtc  fltof  Ekotijc  wroaxofii- 

voi  wpoa^arov,  Ti/3.  KX.,  KX.  ^Apiariov  v(Oc>  K  \yp]  tlv^  ^Apiarl- 

at  MevavSpoc  Koi  AiX.,  AiX.  Eiptjvatov  dvyarifp,  rXvKtvva, 

ju(0*  fiv  irfXiaav  apxitpiaavvtiv  iiri  ^tXocofptatc  Kai  kv 

vtiytatoiCt  UpavavTO  ko}  rqc  Qeov,  Koi  ri)i>  rt  iroXtv  lari-       (5) 

aaav  iraaav  Koi  ISaiKav  ota  vopric  iteatrrif  riov  noXerwv 

ava  oftvapia  Svo  iv  t<^  diarpi^,  tKaarov  3q/uov  Ik  tQv 


GREEK  INSCRIPTIONS,  793 

SiXrwv  KaXi(ravTec,  l-yvjuvacria  [/>]  xijaav  8l  iv  ry  iroXci 
"^y  ^nc  kXciSoc  TTOfiiry  ri/ilpag  Svo  irptoroi  Koi  iv  rt^  irepi" 
Tro\l<it  ra^  HOiapivag  fi/ifpa^,  IStoicav  Si  koI  to.  r^c  (^0) 

vijc  «v«aur((i  tec  'c7riflr«i;?iv  ica^  Karacrk'sui^v  jSaXavtc- 

ow,  ou  6  ircnnr[oc  r]ou  'Aptortou  <^Xa.  A  J  viae  dviOriKiv 

ry  TTC^Xsi  [aifr]  o,  roD  ^Api<rr{ov  dvtvroc  ry  irarpl- 

Bi  r<f  [aiirc^  ivjiavre^  row  j3aXavcfov  fiipog  (15) 

On  a  slab  in  the  Temple  of  Hekate,  copied  by 
me.  As  the  commencement  of  the  inscription  must 
have  been  on  another  slab,  the  words  uroa-^^ofLeuoi 
Trpotr^oLTov  must  refer  to  a  previous  sentence.  The 
meaning  probably  is,  "  having  recently  vowed  some 
object." 

1.  2.  K[up]6iva.  The  name  would  thus  be  Tiberius 
Claudius  Aristeas  Menander,  of  the  tribe  Quirina, 
son  of  Claudius  Aristeas. 

1. 10, 11.  TOL  rijg  Xe^aa-riig  ^r^ydpiOL  x^ei\ia.  It  would 

seem  that  this  sum  of  1,000  denarii  had  been  given 
to  the  city  by  some  empress,  probably  Livia.' 

1.  13.  oZ  0  xaTTTToj,  X.  r.  X.  "  where  his  grandfather 
had  dedicated  it."  The  inscription  probably  did  not 
terminate  at  /itepo^,  but  was  continued  on  another 
block. 

No.  98. 

OAHMOZEKATHIZATEIPAI 
XAPIZTHPIONANAKOMIZAMENOZ 
THNIEPANXnPANTHZEKATHrrHN 
OYZAN  ENTEAAHZZni  KAI KOPOA 

'  In  a  passing  notice  of  the  Lagina  inscriptions,  ante,  p.  570,  I 
have  stated  that  the  sum  given  for  this  bath  was  2,000  drachmcB. 
I  have  been  led  into  this  inaccuracy  by  trusting  to  my  memory 
instead  of  referring  to  the  text  of  the  inscription. 

II.  3  N 


794  APPENDIX  NO.    III. 

AOY4>YAH  I  n  PYTAN  EYONTUN  (5) 

KPITHNOrrOYAPTEMIAIlPOYTOY 
KPITHNOZKOMOI  PArENOYZTOYIZOAO 
TOYKAeXPYZAOPOZEOAPTEM  I AHPOYTOYAPT 

EMIAflPOY^  

TOYP  AM4>I  AOYI  EKASAPIZTEi  AOYKO 
eEXlNOZTOYM  YXIN I AOYKSAIHN  YZOYTOY_(10) 
AnOAAnNIOYTOY4>ANIO  TOYAPTEMUNOZKO 
KAirPAMMATEYONTOZBO  .  .  .  AIHN  .  ZTOYEKA 
TAIOYKAeEKATAIOYKZTAMIEYHNOAPZY  .  .  OY 

TOYAEONTOZKOKAeEPMIZT 

PAIXINIOYTOYIAZONOZK . .  ZE TOYIEPO  (15) 

KAEIOYZK.  IIEPATEYONTOZPOAEMnNOZ  .  .  . 
ZAOPOZTOYPO  AEMXINOZI E 

XapKTTtipiov,  avaKOfiKTafitvoq 

rriv  lepav  ^topav  t^c   Efcarijc*  ttjv 

ovtrav  iv  re  ^AAa>(r(T({7  teat  KopoX" 

\ov  tfivX^f  TTpvravivovTwv  (5) 

Kptrwvog  rov  ^AprepiSwpov  rod 

Kpirwvoc  *co,  Moipayevov^  rov  'IcroSct- 

Tov  icafl'  Xpvaaopo^  to,  ^AprtfuBiopov  rov  ^ApTifiibwpov 

Tov  Ilap<l>l\ov  Ik,  KaO^  'ApioT€/Sou  ko, 

O^ciivoc  TOV  Muciii'fSoi;  icO,  Aiwvv(rov  rov  (10) 

'AttoXXwi/i'ou  tov  Pavlov  tov  ^Aprlfawvog  ico, 

icai  ypafifiarivovTOQ  Bo  [uico]  Xia> v [oc]  rou 'Eica- 

ralov  Ka0*   Efcaracou  kC  Tapit\iov\TOQ  tov  Suva 

tov  AiovTO^  KO  KaO^  'EpfjuoT 

Uaiwviov  TOV  ^iaaovog  K[ai]  Sf  [£tou]  tov  'Itpo-     (15) 
icXitovg  K[a]\  hpaTevovTog  llo\(/iwvog  [Xpv 
aaopoQ  TOV  UoXipwvog  li. 

On  a  cippus  of  white  marble  which  I  excavated 
in  the  Temple  of  Hekate.  This  inscription  records 
a  dedication  by  the  people  of  Lagina  to  the  goddess, 
as  a  thank-offering,  ;f  agio-r^pioy,  on  the  recovery  of 
certain  land  belonging  to  her  temple  in  Alossos, 
and  the  tribe  of  KoroUos.  This  land  must  have  been 
part  of  the  atnj'Kov  of  the  temple.  (See  poat^  Nos.  99, 


GREEK   INSCRIPTIONS.  795 

100 ;  also  C.  I.  No.  2737  h,  1. 14 ;  Bockh  ad  loc. ;  and 
ibid.  No.  3045, 1.  20-1.)  The  names  which  follow  are 
those  of  the  Prytanes  and  other  magistrates.  The 
sigla  which  follow  their  respective  names  are  pro- 
bably abbreviations  of  the  several  tribes  to  which 
they  belong.  (See  Bockh,  C.  I.  2727  ;  cf.  ante.  No. 
62 ;  and  poat.  No.  102.)  Thus  KO  would  stand  for 
KoXiopyeti^,  IE  for  'IspoKaifjLT^rrjg.  {See post,  No.  102.) 
EO,  1.  8,  K©,  1.  10,  and  KZ,  1.  13,  are  not,  however, 
to  be  so  explained.  It  is  possible  that  the  two  first 
may  both  have  been  misread  for  KO.  Bockh,  C.  I. 
No.  2728,  changes  KZ  into  KZ,  supposing  it  to  repre- 
sent KwpoO^svg ;  but  I  find  KZ  in  my  transcript  of 
another  inscription  from  Lagina  not  yet  published. 

1.  4.  Alossos  and  the  tribe  of  KoroUos,  are  pro- 
bably obscure  places  in  the  neighbourhood  of 
Lagina. 

1.  8.  xa6*  Xpua-aopos,  ulodstrlav  apparently  has  been 
omitted  after  xa6\  The  latter  part  of  this  line 
has  been  cut  out,  and  the  letters  MIAflPOYTOY 
APTEMIAHPOY  inserted  in  smaller  characters. 

1.  13.  rafusuovTog  [too  SsTva.  In  the  transcript 
TAMIEYHN.eAPTYO.Y;  but,  as  the  construction 
requires  a  genitive  here,  this  reading  is  not  likely 
to  be  correct. 


No.  99. 

AINOMOIZKAIEeiZM  . . . 

inOPXlZXPHNTAIOZATE 

.  AEMOYENEKENONPPOZBAZ 
.  AYTAPANTAKYPIAXIZIN 
.  eEMHZZONKEPAMONXnPIA 
.  POAEnNHNAEYKIOZKOPN. . 
.  APETHZKATAAOmZTEE 


796  APPENDIX  NO.   III. 


AYTAAYTOIZEXEINEZ 
EKATHZEni4>ANErrA . 
MnMENONKAinOAAA 
OZOPIlZTOYTOArY. . 

....  n ... .  OT 


Kjai  vofioic  Koi  lOiafi [o7c 

oTTciic  xptovraif  8<ra  re  [Sficaca 

lXa/3ov?  ?ro]Al/iov  cvckcv  Si;  ir/>oc  ^a<r\i\ia 

r]  adra  iravra  Kipia  waiVj 

in  Sc  KOi]  QeiJii}<Ta6v,  Kipafiov,  \topta  (5) 

TroKlb}v  Sfv  AevKioc  Kopv  [i}A(oc 

aJptrSc  KaraXoyiig  rt 

T]avTa  avToXg  ix^iv 

Eicartjc  £ir(0avfOTa[ri|c  •  •  •  • 

Ti]pwfiivov  Koi  wo\\a[Kig  ....  (10) 

OTTwg  TOVTO  TO  UffU  [Aov 

On  a  block  of  marble  excavated  by  Lieut.  Smith 
in  the  ruins  of  the  temple. 

I  have  already  suggested,  ante,  p.  571,  that  the 
AeuKiog  Kop  •  ',  1.  6,  is  probably  Lucius  Cornelius 
SuUa. 

Themessos,  1.  5,  is  evidently  the  city  noticed  in 
Stephanus  Byzantius,  s.  v.  ©e/uo-o-oV,  and  which  he 
states  to  be  in  Caria,  and  founded  by  Dadas.  For 
the  variation  in  the  spelling  of  the  middle  syllable, 
compare  TeXjttTjo-o-oV,  sometimes  written  TeXfuereroV. 
Keramos,  as  we  learn  from  Strabo,  xiv.  p.  660,  was 
one  of  the  most  important  towns  in  the  Ohrysaorian 
confederacy  of  Carian  cities. 

1.  7.  xaraXoyrlg.  This  may  refer  to  some  local 
enrolment;  Compare  the  inscription  foimd  at 
Stratonicea,  C.  I.  No.  2715,  1.  16,  xaraXiyeiv  sk  t&p 
Iv  Tco  TTeptTToXUp  rijg  0«o3  xa)  rcoy  eruygyyt/^  Ta78as  xafl* 
exafTTOv  ewaurov. 

1. 11.  a(ru[Xoy.     We  learn  from  the  inscription 


GREEK  INSCIUFTIONS.  797 

already  referred  to,  C.  I.  No.  2715,  1.  3,  compared 
with  Tacit.  Ann.  iii.  62,  sq.,  that  the  Temple  of 
Hekate,  and  also  that  of  Zeus  Fanemerios  at  Stra- 
tonicea,  both  enjoyed  the  right  of  asylum  granted 
them'  by  a  decree  of  Augustus.  The  Upk  x'^P"- 
mentioned  antct  No.  98,  was  probably  part  of  this 

a(ruXoy. 

This  inscription  may  be  a  fragment  of  a  decree 
from  the  Roman  senate,  or  from  some  emperor, 
granting  certain  privileges  to  the  people  of  Strato- 
nicea,  in  reward  for  their  services ;  perhaps  the 
very  decree  granted  by  Augustus,  which  Tacitus 
mentions,  loc.  cit. 


No.  100. 

.  niAPXIEPEnZMENAN 

APOYTOYZTPATOK  • 

EYZHBOYAHKAIOAH 

MOZKAIOI KATOI KOYN 

.  EZTOPEPIPOAIONE  (8)i 

TEIMHZANEPMIANXPY 

ZAOPOZIOIAIOPANO- . 

NTAR.IEPEnZ 

ZlACOYCTOYr. 

• . .  THNeEPINHNE . .  (10) 
.  HNONKAIPAEICTAE 
Tl  EYIIN ICANTATHN 
KOPAN  EKTAN I AIXIN 
....  OHCANTATEOnXiZ 
..lONOA.IAIPH...  {,15) 
...AlEtNMHAEI.... 
HAE 

ItH  dpxuplw^  Mcvav- 
Spov  row  Sr/>aroic[X- 


798  APPENDIX  NO.    III. 


I 

•-       I 


1^/ 


/ 


V,  > 


/uoc  Kat  Of  fcaroficouv- 

r\zQ  TO  iripiTToXioVf  i"  (5) 

TttjATiaav^EpfAtav  Xpv- 

aaopog  Ku>\i6pavo[y  r- 

a^<€i;o]vra  [cJtt*  if/alatc 

. .  .  Ilo]<riXiovg  row  r[a- 

lou]  T17V  Oipivriv  €[£a-  (10) 

^]i|i;ov  Kal  irXtiara  i- 

Kopav  SIC  Twv  lS(tov 


(15) 


On  a  cippm  outside  the  precinct  of  the  temple 
and  to  the  east  of  it.  The  three  last  lines  were  on 
a  fragment  broken  off. 

1.  4.  01  xaroiKotivreg  ro  xspiToXioy.  Compare  the 
inscription  found  at  Stratonicea,  C.  I.  No.  2715^ 
1.  16,  and  also  No.  62,  ante,  and  No.  101,  post, — 

ro7g  xaroixo£f(r<y  ttju  toX^u  xa)   t^v  jfwpoLV.     The  icpA 
j^wpa    oZtra    iv   ^AXaxrero)    xa)   KopoXXou    ^uX^,    ante^ 

No.  98,  was  probably  part  of  this  x^^P^-  ^ 

At  BranchidsB  the  peribolus  of  the  temple  was 
large  enough  to   contain  a  village. — Strabo,  xiv* 

p.  634 :  —  xtopLr^g  yoSv  xoLTOixlav  o  roS  (n]xoti  Trepi^Tiog 
I  u   I    ^  SiSexToi.  Cf.  0.  I.  2879. 

1.  8.  The  uncial  characters  represent  this  line  as 
it  stands  in  my  transcript.  I  have  corrected  it  so 
as  to  make  sense. 

1.  12.   exifuaiv/eravra  for  eTrsuaiviVavro,   **  lowering 

the  price  of  most  things."    My  transcript  has  ETL 

Qu.  ?  %ri  eutoyifrayTa, 

1. 13.  T^v  Kojav,  X.  T.  X.,  "  adding  also  a  statue  of 
Persephone  at  his  own  expense.'* 


GREEK  INSCRIPTIONS.  799 

No.  101. 

(a) 

(1)  ..YZAnPMENEAAOYTOY4>IA[nPOYIE 

(2)  HZKAinAN4>IAHnAIXlNIOYKI2  (  b ) 

HIEPHAEPHNfE  AANTOKAIEAfll 

(3)  AZXPONXIIEIZTATYPEPTO 

YZEBAZTOYOIKOYKA  .      YPEPTHZEKAT 

(4)  lAIZXANAA 

(5)  APAXMAZ 

(6)  . .  AEITHNEKAZTniANAAPAXMAZAEKAKAIBO 

YAEY . . . 

(7)  . .  TOIZKATOIKOYIINTHNPOAINKAITHNXnP 

AN  AN . . . 

(1)  Xpu<rawp  MsveXaov  tov  4>tXfir7rou  ic 

(2)  .  • . .  c  Kai  Havf^tXii  Hmtovlov  S^  ri  Upeia  iTrrivy€[(]\avTO 

Koi  iSto[Kav 

(3)  ...  8/)ax/i]ac?  "Xpovi^  tic  tqq  \nrlp  tou  2c/3aoToD  oikov 

leap]   inrip  r5c  'Eica[Tijc 

(4)  SoTTovac  ? ra/i]/a£c  •  ava  Slpa^jiAa^ 

(5) Spaxfiag 

(6)  7ro]Xc(rfa;v  CKaorc^  dva  ^paxjiag  Sixa  Koi  /SovXcv 

(7)  .  .  To7c  KarotKOVcFiv  rfiv  iroXtv  koI  rriv  \Mpav  av  [a  Spa\jj,ag  ? 

(a.)  Copied  by  Lieut.  Smith  from  a  piece  of 
architrave.  Lines  4  and  5  were  on  the  lower  plane 
of  the  architrave.     The  letters  are  majuscule. 

(ft.)  Copied  by  me  from  a  piece  of  architrave 
lying  in  the  west  part  of  the  temple,  which  seems  a 
continuation  of  (a). 

1.  3.  TOU  Xi^atrrotj  otxou  must  refer  to  a  temple 
dedicated  to  some  emperor,  probably  Augustus,  as 
he  granted  the  right  of  asylum  to  the  people  of 
Stratonicea.  (See  Tacit.  Ann.  iii.  62  ;  C.  I.  2715.) 
Perhaps  the  heap  of  ruins  noticed  ante,  p.  557,  to 
the  south-east  of  the  Corinthian  temple,  are  those 
of  an  Augusteum. 


BOO  APPENDIX   NO.    III. 


(c) 


EPHNrEIAATOAE 
KAIEIZTHNTOYeEA 
IZKEYHN 
IIEMYEAZ 


iiriivyt(\aTO  ol 

.  .  Kol  £IC  TTIV  TOV  0(a[TpOV 

iir]  taKtvifv ... 


Oq  a  piece  of  architrave  lying  among  the  ruins 
of  the  temple,  and  copied  by  me.  This  seems  to 
be  part  of  the  same  inscription  as  (a)  and  (6). 
1. 1.  The  true  reading  may  be  ERHNrEIAANTO. 


No.  102. 

lEPEYZ  (1) 
XPVZAnPMNHZieEOYIEPOKn    lEPEYZ     (2) 

MHTHZMHNAZ    If  (3) 

lEPEYZ  (4) 

EKATONAnOAAflNIOYKOAlOP  (5) 

rEYZKATARENT . .  THPIAA  (6) 

lEPEYZ  (7) 

. .  AAfPOZnEPirENOYZTOYMH:  (8) 

. .  CM»IAOYKnPAZE . .  (9) 

Iipfhi 
Xpvoawp  MvtiatBlov  'ItpoKUt-  'itptvt 

(tffrfK  /iijvac  rf 
Itptvf 
'EIkutwv  'AiroAXbtvfov  KoXiop-  (5) 

•ysif  Kara  ir«vT[at]T»ipfoa 
lepsbc 
Ill7]\ttypoi  Tlfpiytvovf  rov  Mij- 
rj9jo^fAov  Kcopa^e  [i/c- 


-=-w: 


GREEK   INSCRIPTIONS,  801 

On  a  block  of  white  marble,  in  the  ruins  of  the 
Temple  of  Hekate,  copied  by  Lieutenant  Smith. 

1.  2.  'lepoxaifjLTJTTig.  Under  'l«pa  Hoiftri  Stephanus 
Byzantius   states   as   follows: — *Ifpa  xaijxi],  S^jxo^ 

K^aplctg^  IIoXti0io^  IxxaiSexara).  to  sdvixov  'leqoxeofju^rrjg. 

It  is  to  be  presumed  that  the  Hierakome  men- 
tioned by  Stephanus  is  the  place  near  the  Mseander 
noticed  by  Livy,  xxxviii.  13,*  as  celebrated  for  its 
temple  and  oracle  of  Apollo.  This  place  appears 
from  the  same  passage  to  have  been  about  two 
days'  march  distant  from  the  river  Harpasus,  as 
Livy  uses  the  expression  alteria  castria.  Stephanus 
appears  to  be  mistaken  in  identifying  this  'Ispa 
xoijtjwj  with  the  place  of  the  same  name  mentioned  by 
Polybius,  xvi.  1  (cf.  ibid,  xxxii.  25),  which  appears 
from  these  passages  to  have  been  situated  between 
Pergamus  and  Thyatira,  and  of  which  the  people, 
HieracometsB,  are  mentioned  by  Pliny,  v.  30,  §  33, 
as  belonging  to  the  conventus  of  Pergamus.  (See 
Schweighauser  in  Polyb.  xvi.  I.) 

In  the  account  of  Lagina,  ante^  p.  669,  I  have 
mistaken  the  gentile  names  'UpoxmiiTJrriSt  *Ifpox<o- 
[jiririg^  for  the  names  of  sacred  ministers  attached 
to  the  Temple  of  Hekate. 

1.  6.  This  line  is  written  on  the  edge  of  a  groove 
half  an  inch  deep. 

*  Transgiressi  Mieandrum,  ad  Hieran  oomen  pervenerunt. 
Eanum  ibi  augustum  ApoUinia  et  oraoQlam  ; — ^hine  alteris  oasttis 
ad  Harpasum  flumen  Tentum  eat 


II.  3  o 


802  APPENDIX  NO.   HI. 


No.  103. 

(a)  KAIArANOeETHZAZOMOAniAKAIAIONYZ . 

TONPYAnNA 

K(i(  ayfovoutTi'iaaf  'OfioXwta  ko^  A(ovvar[(a] 

Tttv  irvAwva. 


{b)   EPMIAZZAMIAAOYPPY 

'Ep/ilaQ  '^afjLiaSov  irpvlravEvovroo], 

(c)   PYAnNAANEeHKEN 
.AZIKAI  Tni.HMXl 

TTvXiova  dviOriKBV 
[tt]  a<n  Koi  Ttf  [S]  fifjuo  ? 

On  three  fragments  of  architrave  lying  among 
the  ruins  of  a  Doric  portico  at  Bargylia.  (See  ante^ 
p.  607,  where  these  inscriptions  have  been  already 
given.)  I  reprint  them  here  in  order  to  rectify  two 
errors  of  the  press  which  by  some  accident  have 
crept  into  the  text  of  (c). 

These  three  fragments  are  evidently  part  of  one 
inscription,  and  show  that  the  building  to  which 
the  architrave  belonged  was  a  xwXoiv  or  gateway. 

These  inscriptions  were  copied  by  me  in  situ. 
They  are  also  given  by  Lebas,  Ptie  v.  Sect.  2, 
Nos.  484,  485,  487,  but  incorrectly. 

The  'O/AoXoifa  mentioned  in  (a)  were  games  of 
Thessalian  origin,  in  honour  of  Zeus,  Demeter, 
Athene,  and  Enyo.  (See  Bockh,  0.  I.  i.  p,  733 ; 
Miiller,  Orchomenos,  p.  233,  sqq.) 

In  the  preceding  chapters  a  few  inscriptions  have 
been  given  or,  referred  to,  the  texts  of  which  did 
not  appear  to  me  of  sufficient  importance  to  be 
worth  inserting  in  this  Appendix ;  I  therefore  add 


GREEK  INSCRIPTIONS.  803 

the  following  references  to  them  for  the  con- 
venience of  the  student : — 

Inscriptions  on  mosaics,  in  the  Roman  villa  at 
Halicarnassus,  pp.  283,  284,  285,  286,  289,  290, 
292,  299,  302. 

On  a  pedestal,  ibid.  308. 

On  a  piece  of  architrave.  Temple  of  Muses, 
Cnidus,  432. 

On  a  limestone  block,  same  Temple,  ibid. 

On  a  piece  of  architrave.  Lower  Theatre,  Cnidus, 
445. 

On  a  sepulchral  monument  in  the  Eastern  Necro- 
polis, Cnidus,  476. 

On  the  capital  of  a  column  in, a  Byzantine  church, 
Cnidus,  477. 

On  a  piece  of  architrave  from  a  tomb  near  Cnidus, 
522. 

On  a  rock  near  Cnidus,  525. 

At  Gibeyeh,  near  Lagina,  p.  572. 

At  Myndus,  578. 

At  Pasha  Liman,  592. 

At  Bargylia,  608. 

At  Mughla,  623. 

I  cannot  conclude  this  Appendix  without  acknow- 
ledging the  valuable  assistance  I  have  received  from 
Dr.  Liddell,  Dean  of  Christ  Church,  in  the  revision 
of  the  text  of  the  inscriptions  and  in  the  preparation 
of  the  commentary. 


APPENDIX  No.  IV. 

ON  THE   MARBXiE  BREASTS  POUND  IN  THE   TEMENOS 

or  DEHETER  AT   CNIDUS. 

It  has  been  already  stated,  ante^  p.  387,  that  in 
the  temenos  of  Demeter  at  Cnidus  were  found  a 
number  of  marble  breasts  placed  pn  plinths  and 
surmounted  by  a  handle,  and  so  graduated  in  scale 
as  to  suggest  the  idea  that  they  had  been  used  as 
weights.  On  testing  them  in  the  scales,  their, 
weights  were  found  to  range  from  464  to  40^262  • 
English  grains  in  fourteen  specimens,  and  to^  ex- 
hibit certain  relative  proportions. 

These  proportions  having  been  ascertained,  the 
question  of  course  presents  itself,  can  these  weights 
be  adjusted  to  any  ancient  Greek  standard  ? 

The  nearest  approach  to  such  an  adjustment 
which  I  have  been  able  to  obtain  is  by  the 
assumption  of  a  drachma  of  91*747  grains  as  the 
unit  of  which  the  respective  weights  are  multiples. 

Tlie  following  table  exhibits  the  series  of  the 
weights,  and  their  ratios  as  multiples  of  this 
assumed  unit  in  parallel  columns. 


APPENDIX  NO.   IV. 


805 


1/ 

No8.  under  which 
the  breMts  are 
registered  in  the 
British  Mufleun. 

458  

457  , 

456  

455  

453  

454  , 


IL 

Weight  in 
EngliHh  grains. 


464 

669 

1342 

•2535 

5459-) 

5503) 

450  ,..,  *12289 

461  14604") 

460  14634/ 

452  ♦14237 

449  27434 

448  32008 

451  35226 

447  40252 


III. 

Approximate  weights  in  inalti* 
pies  of  an  assumed  draohma 
of  91-747  grains. 

5  drachiuse  ss  459 

74      „         =?  688 

15        „         =  1376 

30        ,.         =  2753 


>» 


•  »Jf  m  » 


r r . m»9^»p 


•  »f  ••• 


60 

f> 

=  5506 

140 

>• 

=  12848 

160 

*9 

«s  14683 

166 

19 

=  14321 

300 

»> 

=  27531 

350 

}} 

=  32119 

400 

>» 

=  36708 

445 

l» 

=  40839 

450 

19 

=  41298 

It  will  be  seen  by  the  above  columns,  that  though 
the  weights  of  the  Cnidian  breasts  approximate  very 
remarkably  to  those  of  certain  multiples  of  this 
assumed  drachma,  they  in  no  case  coincide,  being 
in  all  but  two  instances  short  of  the  required 
number  of  grains :  this  may  be  partly  accounted 
for  by  the  fact  that  the  surface  of  all  the  marble 
weights  is  more  or  less  weather-worn,  and  they 
have  thus  lost  some  portion  of  their  original  weight. 
Those  which  have  suffered  most  are  marked  with 
an  asterisk.'' 

Hence  no  very  nice  result  can  be  deduced  from 
such  a  series  either  as  to  the  exact  weights  which 
they  themselves  originally  represented  and  the 
ratio  between  them,  or  as  to  the  more  important 


^    These  breasts  appear   to  have   been   painted,   probably   to 
preserve  their  surface. 


L 


806  APPENDIX  NO.  IV. 

question  whether  we  can  refer  them  with  prohahility 
to  any  known  ancient  standard. 

All  that  can,  I  think,  at  present  be  safely  affirmed 
of  these  objects  is  that  they  are  probably  weights  of 
some  kind.  Had  they  been  of  bronze,  and  had  they 
exhibited  more  exactness  in  their  relative  propor- 
tions, I  should  have  regarded  them  as  standards^ 
(rr^xoiiAMTay  kept  in  the  temenoa  of  the  Infernal 
Deities  for  public  reference,  in  the  same  manner  as 
the  standards  at  Athens  were  kept  in  the  Acropolis. 
(See  B6ckh,  C.  1. 123,  §  8 ;  150,  §  24.) 


^     'f^   .\    '^      . 


..V  /.  .-•//. .^  ^-'  .^^-'^'<''   '^-^ 


Th.-*  ^   A.  -*       ^^ 


«*  ft.  ' 


*-T 


S- •^rvv/^.i   ^'•-  '•'^;^^  ^'-"^^ 


»  t 

■  '  /       -:  '"^oTi"  rl:  ly^<*-e>^>=^ 

.;.    .      .'.'    /.  /;.    •         --.    ■--    h^^'y''i^^ 

* 

r,L,.  ;  -to-i^AA'  ^^-^ 

o 


/ 


/ 


INDICES. 


GENERAL   INDEX. 


AcROFOLiB  of  the  Lel«'gefi,  41 ;  of  Hali- 
oaroasBUi,  *274  ;  of  Cnidun,  365,  370, 
519  ;  of  Myndua,  578  ;  at  Aasarlik, 
584-6. 

Ada  suoceeds  to  the  satrapy  of  Carta, 
57  ;  expelled  by  her  brother,  58  ;  her 
proposals  to  Alexander  the  Great, 
and  her  favonrable  reception,  61,  62  ; 
restored  to  the  satrapy  of  Caria,  65. 

^gis  wilhin  a  circle  of  leaves,  repre- 
sented oil  a  mosaic  found  at  Budrum, 
302. 

^neas,  represented  on  a  mosaic  found 
at  Budrum,  284. 

Aetion  of  Trcezen,  son  of  Anthes,  9. 

Africa,  circumnavigated  by  Scylax,  28. 

Agasikles  of  Halicarnassus,  13. 

Agora  of  HallcamasKUS,  270  ;  of 
Gnidus,  371. 

Agrikoi,  village  of,  621. 

Akshallah,  visit  to,  580  ;  antiquities 
discovered,  581  ;  ancient  tomb  at,  ib. 

Alabaster  vase  inscribed  with  the  name 
of  Xerxes,  found  in  the  Mausoleum, 
92,  667  ;  described  by  Mr.  Birch,  667. 

Alatiastra,  highly  esteemed  by  the  Per- 
nians,  669  ;  inscribed  with  cuneiform 
and  hieroglyphic  characters,  670 ; 
with  Greek  numerals,  ibid. 

Alcove  at  Cnidus,  453,  454. 

Alexander  the  Great  makes  secret  over- 
tores  for  the  hand  of  a  Carian  prin- 
cess, 59  ;  invades  Caria,  61 ;  besieges 
and  captures  Halicarnassus,  62-65. 

Alexander  v..  Pope,  bull  of,  647. 

Alexandria,  figurative  representation 
of,  on  a  mosaic,  289. 

Alinda,  fortress  of,  58,  61. 

Alten  Sevrissy  Castle,  625. 

Amasis,  two  statues  dedicated  by,  at 
Lindus,  551  n. 

Amazon,  head  of  an,  found  in  the 
Mausoleum,  116. 

Amazons,  frieze  representing  their 
combats  with  the  Greeks,  found  in 
the  Mausoleum,  100,  234-7,  289 
el  9eq.  ;  their  arms  and  dress  on  this 
frieze,  285  ;  their  contests  a  fivvourite 
■ubjectamoog  the  Greek  artists,  251 ; 


myth  of  the,  associated  with  that  of 
the  Centaurs,  252. 

Amorges,  captured  by  Tissnphernes, 
28. 

Amphitrite,  represented  on  a  mosaic 
found  at  Budrum,  287.  288. 

Amphora,  fainted,  dipcovered  in  a 
tomb  at  Budrum,  335. 

itvaKTopa,     (See  luyapa.) 

Andimachi.     (See  AniimMchia,) 

Anthes,  the  reputed  founder  of  Hali- 
carnassus, 8. 

Antigonus,  temenos  of,  at  Cnidus,  472, 
473. 

Antigonus,  king,  invades  Caria.  68. 

Antimachia,  in  Cos,  637,  639,  640. 

Antiochus  the  Great  subjugates  Caria, 
69. 

Aphrodite,  figures  of.  in  terracotta, 
found  at  Budrum,  327,  328  ;  marble 
head  of,  at  Cnidus,  402  ;  worship 
of,  461  n.      (See  VenuB.) 

Persephone,  small  figure  of,  at 

Cnidus,  378,  420. 

Apollo  represented  on  a  sculptured 
stel^,  at  Halicarnassus,  137  ;  temple 
of,  at  Branchidae^  528,  529  ;  when 
destroyed,  547'  (See  BranchidtB 
and  Sacred  Way,) 

Musegetes,  figure  of,  606. 

Pythius,  dedication  to,  at  Cni- 
dus, 369. 

Apolonides,  son  of  Lygdamis,  24  ;  filled 
the  office  of  Mnemon,  ih. 

Apotheosis,  how  represented  in  ancient 
art,  249,  250. 

Aqueducts  at  Halicarnassus,  278. 

Ara'issis  of  Mylasa,  convicted  of  con- 
spiracy against  Mausolus,  42. 
Arch,  Epyptian,  principles  of  the,  176 

et  n.  ;  its  strength,  184. 
Architecture,  Corinthian  (see  Corinthian 
Order) ;  Doric,  at  Halicarnassus,  277 ; 
at  Cnidus,  368,  403,  428. 
Areoanias,  colony  under,  at  Halicar- 
nassus, 9,  10. 
Argives,  their  settlement  at  Halicar- 
nassus, 10. 
Aridolis,  tyrant  of  Alabanda,  23. 


II. 


3p 


810 


GENERAL   INDEX. 


Ariobanuines,  fminip  of  Lydin,  87  ;  bis 
revolt,  ib. ;  attacked  by  MaufioIuB,  43. 

Arkoooesvis  (Karada),  island  of,  87. 

Armorial  bearinpfs  at  the  castle  of 
Budrum,  648,  649,  650,  652-6,  650, 
661-4,  665. 

ArrhtdffiUfl,  half-brother  of  Aleiander 
the  Great,  59. 

Arselis,  14,  15. 

Artaxerxes  Mnemon,  84  ;  his  uiisno* 
cessful  wars,  87  ;  revolt  of  his 
satraps  in  Asia  Minor,  and  general 
league  against  his  authority,  44  ; 
close  of  his  reign  a  period  of  con- 
fusion, ib. 

Artaxerxes  Oohus  reduces  his  vassals 
in  Asia  Minor,  57. 

Artemidoros,  Caius  Julius,  358  ;  dedi- 
cation to,  by  the  people  of  Julia 
Laodic»a,  468. 

Artemis,  figure  of,  606. 

Agrotera,  identified  by  Gerhard, 

with   terra-cotta  found    at  Cnidus, 
426. 

lakynthotrophos,  temple  of,  at 


Cnidus,  459  ;  dedication  to,  461. 
Artemisia,  daughter  of  Lygdamis,  tyrant 
of  Halioamassus,  18  ;  joins  Xerxes  in 
the  expedition  against  Greece,  and 
engages  in  the  battle  of  Salamis,  19  ; 
her  wise  advice  rejected,  ib.  ;  her 
stratagem  and  escape,  20  ;  hor  statue 
at  SpartA,  21  ;  romantic  story  of 
her  death,  22. 
Artemisia,  wife  of  Mausolns,  her  reign 
and  character,  51  ;  her  stratagem 
for  defeating  and  capturing  the 
Rhodian  fleet,  ib.  ;  captures  Rhodes, 
52;  her  influence  in  Cos,  53;  her 
capture  of  Latmus,  ib. ;  death  of, 
55,  161 ;  succeeded  by  her  brother 
Idrieus,  56  ;  erected  the  Mausoleum, 
in  honour  of  her  husband,  54,  106 
(see  Maiuolewn). 

Arundo  donax  of  Cnidus,  861. 

Asauder,  Caria  assigned  to,  65,  68 ; 
defeated  by  Antigonus,  68. 

Asia  Minor,  early  colonization  of,  by 
the  Greeks,  8  ;  condition  of,  on  the 
accession  of  Mausolus,  36  ;  the 
Greeks  of,  subject  to  the  Persians,  ib. 

Asinius  Gallus,  359. 

Assarlik,  reasons  for  considering  it  the 
ancient  Syangela,  587 ;  its  Acropolis, 
and  other  remains,  583,  586. 

near  Guverjilik,  603. 

Assus,  in  Phrygia,  besieged  by  Mau- 
solus, 43. 

affTiKoi,  at  Cnidus,  mentioned  by 
Lucian,  360  n. 

A<«typa]89ay  inscription  in  the  isle  of. 


859  ;  Astypalca,  in  Cos,  ancient  aite 

of,  639. 
AtaUnta,  mosaic  representing  her  aa 

a  huntress,  found  at  Budrum,  283. 
Athene  Nikephoros,  marble  inscribed 

to,  at  Cnidus,  868  n. 
Atrens,  treasury  of,  at  Mycens,  486, 

487  n. 
Atthis,   sepulchral  inscription  to  tho 

memory  of,  at  Cnidus,  475. 
Augustus,    honours    decreed    by   the 

senate  to,  250 ;  sends  Asinius  Gallus 

to  Cnidus,  359. 
Autophradates,  satrap  of  Lydia,   84, 

85,  43. 


B. 


Bacchus.    (See  IHonytat,) 

Baizer,  village  of,  621. 

Bffp/3apo^cuvo(,  an  epithet  applied  to 
the  Carians,  5. 

Bargylia^  excursion  to,  604  ;  mins  ot, 
604-8. 

Barkas,  village  of,  near  Cnidus,  521. 

Barvulyeh,  a  corruption  of  Bargylia, 
604  u. 

Battle-axe.    (See  Labryt.) 

Beaufort,  Sir  Francis,  81  ;  his  in- 
structions  to  Capt.  Graves  to  visit 
Budrum,  82. 

Berytus,  figurative  representation  of, 
on  a  mosaic  found  at  Budrum,  289, 
290. 

Birch,  Mr.  S.,  his  description  of  the 
alabaster  vase  found  in  the  Mauso- 
leum, 667  et  teq. 

Bones  of  birds  and  animals  fovnd  in 
Temenos  of  Demeter,  Cnidus,  890-1. 

Branchide,  expedition  to,  527  et  teq. ; 
temple  of  Apollo  at,  528;  ancient 
statues  in  the  Sacred  Way,  528 
et  weq. ;  description  of  the  several 
figures,  530 ;  their  remote  antiquity 
and  historical  associations,  587  ;  their 
removal,  ib.  ;  their  Egyptian  cha- 
racter, 551-2 ;  excavations  along 
the  course  of  the  Sacred  Way,  588 
et  teq.  (see  Sacred  Way). 

Bridge,  ancient,  near  Cnidus,  528. 

Bronze  cramps.    (See  Copper  erampt.) 

harness  on  colossal  horse,  from 

quadriga,  103.  217. 

lamp.     (See  Lamp.) 

nail   on  frieze  of  Mausoleum, 


289  n. 
Bryaxis,  one  of  the  sculptors  of  the 

MauKoleum,  54,  160,  161,  259 ;  hb 

Dionysos,  356. 
Budrum  (Halicamassus),   one  of  the 

healthiest  places  in  the  Turkish  era- 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


811 


pire,  88  ;  Mocenigo*8  expedition  to, 
74 ;  Tint  to,  by  Tbevenot  and  other 
travellers^  79 ;  seoood  survey  of, 
made  by  Capt.  Spratt,  82 ;  the 
author's  visit  to,  82  ef  mq, ;  the 
author's  second  visit  to,  in  the  "  Me- 
dusa," 84  ;  expedition  of  the  ''  Gor- 
gon **  to,  85,  86 ;  occupation  of,  by 
the  Turks,  96 ;  abounds  in  ancient 
reservoirs  and  subterraneous  aque- 
ducts, 278  ;  formerly  a  river  there, 
f6.  ;  minor  excavations  carried  on 
at,  280-841  ;  castle  of  St.  Peter,  de- 
scribed by  Mr.  Pullan,  645  et  seq, 
(See  CoitU.) 

Buxsolo,  Cbev.  Francis  de,  649  n. 

Huslik  Chai,  river  of,  620. 

Bysantine  churches,  ruins  of,  at  Gnidus, 
867,  474  ;  at  Myndus,  575  ;  at  Chi- 
foot  Kalessy,  589  ;  in  Cos,  636,  688, 
640,  641. 

Byxantine  monastery  at  Budrum,  ruins 
of  a,  277,  823. 

Byzantine  ruins  at  or  near  Gnidus,  368, 
369,  427,  484,  521 ;  in  Cos,  637. 


C. 


Calamis,  sculptor,  495. 

Calathi,  discovered  in  Temenos  of  De- 
meter,  408,  421. 

Calvert,  Mr.  F.,  his  excavations  in  the 
Troad,  887. 

Calymnos,  hypogsea  excavated  in  the 
island  of,  155. 

Camirus,  discoveries  at,  550. 

Candaules  of  Lydia,   14.      (See   Con- 
<ialu8.) 

Cape  Crio,  847,  372  ;  its  position  and 
strength,  373. 

Cape  Petra,  promontory  of,  590. 

Cape  Shuyun,  near  Cnidus,  526. 

CapUn  Calessy,  rocky  promontory  of, 
11,  39,  273,  274. 

Caracalla,  styled  Pontifex  Maximus  in 
a  Latin  inscription  at  Gibeyeh,  572. 

Carta,  early  history  of,  1  et  teq. ;  its 
geographical  limits,  2  ;  its  earliest 
inhabitants,  2 — 8 ;  spread  of  Greek 
settlers  on  the  coasts,  8  ;  colonists  of 
Halicamassus,  t5.  ;  invasion  of  Caria 
by  the  kings  of  Lydia,  14  ;  by  the 
Persians,  16,  17  ;  Lygdamid  dynasty, 
18  ;  tvrantsof  depos^  by  the  Greeks, 
27  ;  decline  of  Athenian  influence  in, 
28 ;  Hekatomnus  prince  of,  30,  31 
(see  MyUtsa) ;  power  of  during 
the  reign  of  Mausolus,  48-50  (see 
Matuolus) ;  reign  of  Artemisia,  51  ; 
invaded  and  conquered  by  Alexander 
the    Great,   61-65 ;   afterwards  as- 


signed  to  Asander,  65;    mountain- 
ous character  of,  66  ;   its  natural  de- 
fences,  tb, ;   causes  of  its  indepen- 
dence, 67  ei  teq. ;  its  race  of  skilful 
mariners,     67 ;     remained     in    the 
hands   of   Asander    after  the    par- 
tition   of  Alexander's    empire,    68 ; 
subjected  by  Antigonus,  ib. ;  formed 
part  of  the  dominions  of  the  Ptole- 
mies,  69 ;   afterwards  fell   into  the 
hands  of  Antiochus  the  Great,  from 
whom  it  was   wrested   by   the  Ro- 
mans, ib, ;  added  by  the  Konians  to 
their  province  of  Asia,  71 ;  cantons 
of,  570. 
Carians,  one  of  the  indigenous  races  of 
Asia  Minor,  8  ;  their  occupation  of 
the  Cyclades  at  a  very  early  period, 
ib, ;  their  language,  5  et  n.,  571  (see 
Caj'ia) ;    gradually    dispossessed    of 
their  maritime  possessions  along  the 
coast,  8 ;   civilised  by  the  Greeks, 
11 ;  established  in  Egypt,  15  ;  their 
numbers,   16  ;    mentioned  in  Greek 
history  rather  as  mercenary  soldiers 
than  collectively  as  a  nation,  26 ; 
their  contests  with  the  Persians,  38  ; 
incorporation  of   the    Leleges  with 
the,  41.     (See  Carta.) 
Caryanda,   historical  notices  of,   598, 

599.  (See6^.) 
Casket.  (See  Pyxis.) 
Castle  of  St.  Peter  at  Budrum,  frieze 
of  the  Mausoleum  obtained  from,  by 
Lord  Stratford  de  Redcliffe,  80,  81  ; 
lions  from  the  Mausoleum,  discovered 
in,  82,  88  ;  visit  to  the,  95  ;  green 
stone  of  the  Mausoleum  extensively 
employed  in  the,  ib.  and  665  ;  the 
site  of  a  Greek  citadel,  275  ;  its 
bold  and  striking  effect,  279  ;  his- 
tory and  description  of  by  Mr. 
Pullan,  645  et  Beq.  ;  called  by  the 
Greeks  ITcrpoviov,  646  n.  ;  plenary 
indulgence  ffranted  to  all  who  gave 
aid  to  the  building  of  it,  647 ;  its 
powerful  defences.  648  ;  the  glacis, 
gateway,  &c.,  649  ;  armorial  bear- 
ings in  the  walls,  648  et  seq.  ;  cap- 
tains, list  of,  665-6. 
Cauoians,  early  race  of  in  Caria,  7  ; 
their  language  and  religion,  ib.  ;  fre- 
quently mentioned  in  history,  8. 
Caunus,    territory    of,    ceded    to    the 

Rhodians,  70. 
Caves,  exhaling  mephitic  vapours.  (See 

Plutonia.) 
Cella  wall  of  the  Mausoleum,  how  con- 
nected with  the  architrave,  174,  175 ; 
a  stone  discovered  showing  its  incli- 
nation, 177  ;  height  of  the,  179. 


812 


GENERAL   INDEX. 


Cemeterjr.  nite  of  ancient,  under  Peri> 
bolas  of  MauKoleum,  125  ;  on  the  east 
and  went  of  HaHcarnansus.  278  ; 
excavations  in,  333-41  ;  pearCnidas 
(see  Necr(tpoltt  and  Tombs). 

CentAuroraacbia,  sculptured  frieze  re- 
lating to,  244;  associated  with  the 
Amazonomachia  in  ancient  art,  262. 

Cerainus.     (See  Keramna.) 

Ceratia  Siliqua  of  Cnidus,  361. 

Ceres.     (^^  Demeter.) 

Chaml>er  in  Temenos  of  Deraeter, 
Cnidus,  supposed  to  be  a  fiiyapoy, 
383-91. 

Chambers,  sepulchral,  on  site  of 
Mausoleum,  147,  148,  155 ;  dis- 
coYered  near  Akshalleb,  581-5. 

Chares,  ruler  of  Teichioussa,  iconic 
sUtue  of,  532. 

Chariot  group  surmounting  the  Mau- 
soleum.  (See  Qaadriga.) 

Chariot-race,  frieze  representing,  245  ; 
differs  from  the  other  friezes  of  the 
Mausoleum,  ib. 

Chariot- wiieel,  discoYered  on  site  of 
the  Mausoleum  (see  Qt»adriga)f  129. 

Charioteer,  female,  standing  in  a 
quadriga,  246. 

Charmyleion,  Greeli  tomb  at  Cos,  636. 

Charon ia,  caves  so  called,  415. 

Xei/iappovCi  &  winter  torrent  at  Bu- 
drum,  278. 

Choeronaea.  Lion  of,  495,  497. 

Cherronesos,  the  ancient  name  of 
Triopium,  346. 

Cbesmekoi,  ancient  road  near,  523. 

Chiaoux,  field  of,  at  Bodrum,  277,  325  ; 
discoveries  on  the  site  of,  326-32. 

Chifoot  Kalesay,  584  ;  visit  to,  588  ; 
the  ancient  Termera,  590. 

Chrysina,  oIkoq  dedicated  by,  41 7*  425. 

Chtuonic  deity  Gd,  inscription  to,  478. 

Churches,  Byzantine.  (See  Byzanti-nt 
Churches.) 

Cinciu,  F.  Giovanni,  constable  of  the 
cabtle  of  Budrum,  649  n, 

Cista,  mystic,  420. 

Cisterns,  ancient,  at  Cnidus,  373. 

Cistophoros  terra«cotta  found  at  HnI!- 
carnassus,  421  n. ;  at  Cnidus,  397  n. 

Citadels  of  UalicarnaKsus,  274,  275. 

Cnidians,  colony  of  the,  14  ;  distin- 
guished for  their  taste  and  liberality, 
855,  356. 

Cmidus,  Triopian  promontory  at,  13  ; 
city  of,  49  ;  sketch  of  its  history, 
346  ;  plan  of,  347  ;  the  mole  of,  ib.  ; 
convenience  of  as  a  harbour  of 
refuge,  348  ;  early  establishment 
of  the  Greeks  at,  349  ;  a  mem- 
ber   of    the    confederation   of    Do- 


rian cities,  S50 ;  trade  and  eom- 
meree  of,  f6. ;  its  submission  to  the 
Pentians,  351  ;  pays  tribute  to 
Athens,  353  ;  occupied  by  the  Spar* 
tans,  and  attacked  by  Athenian*, 
853  ;  great  naval  action  near,  354  ; 
|Militical  changes  of,  354,  355  ;  rich 
ill  works  of  art,  356 ;  celebrated  as 
a  school  of  medicine,  357 ;  assistn 
the  Romans  against  Antiochus  the 
Great,  358  ;  captured  and  plundered, 
ib. ;  retains  its  municipal  freedom 
under  the  Roman  emperors,  S59, 
360 ;  liniiu  of  the  territory,  360  ; 
its  wines,  361  ;  its  commercial  rela- 
tions with  Egypt,  ih.  ;  it»  valoable 
productions,  861,  362 ;  description 
of  the  site  of,  346,  863  et  mq.  ; 
walls  of,  363  ;  its  Acropolis,  365  ; 
various  ruins  of,  366  tt  teq.,  375 
(see  Temenos  of  DemeUi"),  427,  443 
(see  Temple  of  Mtuet ;  Temple  of 
Dionysus,  dtc),  456  (see  Temple  of 
Venus  and  Oymnanum)  ;  ancient 
road  from,  and  Necropolis  on  the 
east  of,  471  el  seq. ;  its  environs,  512 
et  seq. 

Cockerell,  Mr.  C.  R.,  81. 

Coining  money,  privilege  of  ezeroited 
by  Mausolus,  50. 

Coins,  Greek,  found  near  Miletus,  45ii.; 
discovered  in  the  Kislalik  cemetery, 
Budrum,  336,  837  ;  of  copper  fonml 
in  the  Sacred  Way  of  Branchid», 
546  ;  of  Pixodarus,  60  ;  of  Termera, 
590. 

Colour,  traces  of  on  sculpture.  (See 
Painted  Sculpture.) 

Condalus,  or  Candsules,  deputy  of 
Mau8(»luH  in  Lycia,  47  ;  his  extor- 
tions, 48. 

Conon,  naval  victory  of,  near  Cnidus, 
493. 

Copper  cramps  found  in  pyramid 
steps,  105. 

Corinthian  order,  its  first  application, 
435,  436. 

Corinthian  temples  at  Cnidus.  (See 
Temples) 

Cob,  island  of,  revolution  in,  47 ; 
influence  of  Artemisia  in,  53 ; 
declares  its  independence,  58  ;  re- 
port on,  by  Mr.  PulUn,  632  ei 
seq. :  castle  of,  built  by  the  Knigfata 
of  St.  John,  450,  632 ;  its  ancient 
Necropolis,  635. 

Cotys,  king  of  Thrace,  44. 

Ctertias,  a  Cnidian  physician,  resides  at 
court  of  Artaxerxes  Mnemon,  357. 

Cybele,  term-ootta  figure  of,  found  in 
temple  of  Demeter,  at  Budrum,  828. 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


613 


CyrOB,    the    founder   of   the  Persian 
dynasty,  260  ;  his  tomb,  ib. 

Cyras  the  younger,  satrap  of   Lydia, 
84. 

D. 

Dagoeb,   iron,  discovered  on   site  of 

Mausoleam,  124. 
Damasithymus,  king  of  the  Calyndiana^ 

20. 
Darius,  policy  of,  on  the  suppression  of 

the  Ionian  revolt,  18. 
Datcha,  district  of,  near  Cnidus,  525 ;  an- 

cient  remains  near  its  harbour,  526. 
Daurises,  the  Persian  general,  16,  17. 
Demeter,  temple  of,  at  Budi-utn,  325  ; 
excavations  on  site  of.  326;  dedica- 
tion to,  with  Kore,  330  ;  terra-cotta 
figures  of.  328,  Temeoos  of,  at  Cnidus, 
875  et  teq.  ;  statues  of,  377,  882,  898, 
400,  513  ;  epithet  *Axfi»  associated 
with,  ib,  399.     (See  Tetnenoa.) 
Demionrgi.  of  Cnidus,  859,  439,  470. 
Dido  and  .^neas  huniiog,  mosaic  of, 

found  at  fiudrum,  284. 
Dilettanti    Society,    their   mission   to 

Cnidus,  869,  376,  466,  467. 
Dionysoe,  represented  on  a  sculptured 
steU,  137  ;  in  mosaic,  292  ;  terra- 
cotU  figures  of,  329.  830,  463  ;  on  an 
amphora,  385  ;  temple  of,  at  Cnidus, 
870,  449  ;  bearded  head  of,  437  ; 
statuo  of,  by  Bryaxis,  856,  449  ; 
bearded  male  figure  of,  606. 
Dioscuri,  their  connection  with  Deme- 

ter,  406  n. 
Diota  of  earthenware  found  in  a  tomb, 

Budrum,  339. 
Diotip,  haudles  of,  obtained  fn>m  the 
lower    gallery   of    the    Mausoleum, 
153  ;  at  Cnidus,  359,  861. 
Djova,  Golf  of,  601  ;  visit  to,  627. 
Donaldson,  Professor  T.  L.,  his  visit  to 

Budrum,  87,  88. 
Dorians,    their    early  colonisation   of 

Asia  Minor,  8. 
Doric  Hexapolis.   league  of  the,   12  ; 
its  assemblies  held  on  the  Triopiau 
promontory    at  Cnidus,    1 3 ;    after- 
wards called  Doric  Pentapolis,  ib. 
Dowels,  bronze,  fixed  in  a  great  stone, 

97  ;  for  columns,  180. 
Drainage  of  the   Mausoleum,   142-5 ; 

system  of,  278. 
Dranghtsmao,  of  bone,  found  at  Bu- 
drum, 806. 
Dnm  Galli,  ravine  of,  near  Cnidus,  525. 

£. 

EoTFT,  Ctirians  and  lonians  established 
in,  15 ;  conquered  by  Cambyses,  ib, ; 


its  commercial  relations  with'  Cnidus, 

361  ;  its  direct  communication  vfrith 

Ionia,  550. 
Egyptian   art,  its  influence  on   earlv 

Greek  art,  551,  552. 
Egyptian  vaulting,  principles  of,  1^6 ; 

used  in  Sardinia,  184 ;  how  applied 

in   restoration   of  Mausoleum,  200, 

201  ;   examples  of,  ib, ;  at  Cnidus! 

383,  487 ;  at  Assariik.  585-6.  ' 

Elephant,  votive,  of  ivory,  found  on  site 

of  Mausoleum,  127. 

'Eva/iff/inra,  periodical  rites  so  called. 
139  el  n.  ^ 

Ephialtes,  his  defence  of  Halicarhassus 
63.  64.  • 

Epikrates,  sculptor,  428. 

'Eiri/icixOC*     (See  Pluto.)  ' 

Eros,  represented  in  mosaic  found  at 
Budrum,  294  ;  heads  of,  on  marble 

^    plmths,  Cnidus,  387 ;  terra-cotta,  463. 
Hpa;c,  signification  of,  in  Greek  sepul- 
chral inscriptions,  475. 

ErythrsB,  in  Ionia,  inscription  found  at, 
46. 

Eski  Hissar,  route  from  to  Lagina, 
554  ;  journey  from  Mylasa  to,  620. 

Eubulus,  name  of,  on  a  Cnidian  copper 
coin,  359  ».  *^*^ 

Eudoxus,  the  astronomer,  of  Cnidu^ 
his  visit  to  Mausolus,  49  ;  compilen 
laws  for  the  Cnidians,  854  ;  disco- 
verer of  the  star  Canopus,  857. 

Eumenes.  presented  with  portions  of 
Caria  by  the  Romans,  69,  70. 

Euromus,  district  of,  14  «. 

Eurona,  on  a  mosaic  found  at  Budrum 
295.  ' 

Eustathius  mentions  the  Mausoleum. 
73.  ' 

Evagoras  of  Cyprus,  34  ;  Persian  exl 

pedition  against,  34,  35. 
Eyes,  coloured,  of  statues,  482-8. 

F. 

Farillia,  tombs  at,  595. 

FavisHSB,  vaults  so  called,  331 ;  VanVs 
explanation  of,  ib.  n.  ;  for  the  recep- 
tion of  votive  objects,  391. 

Fellows*  description  of  the  ruins  at  La- 
branda,  614  n. 

Fhigeolet  (plagiaulos),  fragments  of  dis- 
covered in  a  tomb,  Budrum,  339. 

Footstot»ls  of  marble  found  in  Temenos 
of  Demeter  at  Cnidus,  392. 

Fountains  at  Cnidus,  374. 

Frieze  of  temple  of  Dionysoa.  at 
Cnidus,  449,  450. 

Friezes  of  the  Mausoleum,— of  th^ 
Order,  100,  170,  171,  234-7,  239  et 


814 


GBNERAL   IND£X. 


seq, ;  orittcftl  remarks  on,  .287,  2S8  ; 
different  artisU  employed  on,  289 ; 
slabs  found  on  the  eastern  side  of 
Quadrangle  probably  the  work  of 
Soopas,  ^9,  242 ;  friese  representing 
a  ohariot-raoe,  246  ;  a  oentauro- 
roacbia,  177  ;  of  temple  of  Dionysos, 
at  Cnidus,  449 ;  of  temple  of  Hekate, 
at  Lagina  (see  HehUe). 
Fruits  of  the  Cnidian  territory,  362. 


O. 


GaLLKRIBS,  subterraneous,  on  site  of 

Mausoleum,  142-55. 
Gate,  ancient,  sockets  for  hinges  of, 

Cnidus,  408,  409. 
Genoa,  sUbs  of   frieae  at»  from  the 

Mausoleum,  242. 
Genoese  castle  near  Cnidus,  522. 
Gerhard,    Professor,    identifies    terra* 

ootta  figure  with  Artemis  Agrotera, 

423. 
Geril  Dagh,  mountain  near  Budrum, 

601. 
Geronta.     (See  Branchida,) 
Gbeli  Bourla,  the  river,  625. 
Gibeyeh,  YiUage  of,  near  Lagina,  572  ; 

inscription  round  there,  «6. ;  ancient 

remains  near,  ib. 
Glass  necklaces,   pendants   from,   dis- 

covered  on  site  of  Mausoleum,  264. 
Glass  phials  found  at  Cnidus,  388,  389. 
Glass  rods  found  at  Cnidus,  390. 
Glykinna,  dedication  to,  at  Cnidus,  428. 
"Gorgon,**  H.M.S.,  expedition  of,  to 

Budrum,  85,  86. 
Grating  of  bronse  in  drain  of  Mauso- 

leum,  148. 
Graves,  Captain,  81,  82. 
Graves  of  the  late  Roman  period  dis* 

covered,  838 ;  in  the  western  ceme- 
tery at  Budrum,  340. 
Gregory  of  Nasiansus    mentions  the 

Mausoleum,  72. 
Guichard's  narrative  of  the  discovery 

of  the  interior  of  the  Mausoleum, 

75-79. 
GttI,  visit  to,  596  ;   Hellenic   remains 

at,  597  ;  supposed  by  Colonel  Leake 

to  be  Kite  of  Telemessus,  597  ;   pro- 
bably the  ancient  Caryanda,  598. 
GumiRchlu.     (See  Myndut,) 
Gurt  Bek,  625. 
Guveijilik,  near  Cnidus,  600  ;  excur- 

sion  to,  602  ;  a  wretched  hamlet,  603. 
Guwiseh  Gusa,  field  of,  near  Mylasa, 

610 ;  ruins  of,  611. 
Gyllus,  a  Tarentine  exile,  352. 
Gymnasium,  site  of,  at  Budrum,  328, 
324  ;  at  Cnidus,  369,  465,  473. 


H. 

Hades.    (See  P^tUo.) 

Hadji  Captan,  discoveries  in  the.  field 
of,  280  et  aeq,    (See  Villa,  Rwnan,) 

Hagia  Marina,  platform  of,  at  Budniiu, 
277,  819  ;  excavation  of  319-24  : 
the  site  probably  of  a  gymnasium, 
323,  324. 

Hagios  Georgioa,  church  at  Budrum, 
tombs  near,  278,  340,  341. 

Hagios  Theodores^  ruined  church  of, 
at  Cos,  640. 

Hair-pins  found  at  Cnidus,  390. 

Halasama,  site  of  the  ancient  city  of, 
640  ;  inscribed  marble  column  at, 
641. 

Halicarkassus,  the  ancient  capital  of 
Caria,  2  ;  its  reputed  foundem,  8,  9  ; 
the  native  placo  of  Herodotus,  8  ; 
decree  in  the  name  of  the  Halioar- 
nasMians,    11  ;    its  connection    with 
the  Doric  Hexapolis,  12;  itasepaxa- 
tion  from  this  lesgue,  13 ;  MausoluH 
makes  it  his  capital,  37  ;  its  natund 
advantages,   ib.  ;    character  of   the 
site,    39  ;    remains  of  a   surround- 
ing wall,   ih. ;  principal  edifioes  of, 
built  by  MauHolus,  49  ;  besieged  by 
Alexander  the  Great,   62,   63  ;   iu 
strong    defences,    ib, ;    capture   of, 
64,      65  ;     never       regained       iu 
greatness,  71  ;   taken   possession   of 
by   the  Knights  of  St   John,    73, 
74  ;  called  Mesy,   74  ;    topography 
of,  265  ei  teq.  ;    description   of,   by 
Vitruvius,  265,  266,  315 ;   its  walU. 
267  ;    the  Myndus  gate,  268  ;   the 
Agora,  270  ;  the  temple  of  Mars,  id.  ; 
the   ports,   271  ;    the  foontnin  and 
foi  tress  of  Salmacis,  271,  273,  274  ; 
the  citadels,    3,   274,    316 ;    rocky 
peninsula  once  an  island,  275  ;    tem- 
ple of  Deroeterand  Persephone,  277 ; 
supposed  gymnasium,  324  ;   tombn, 
ib,    318,    333-41  ;     reservoirs    and 
aqueducts,  278  ;  physical  features  as 
detK;ribed  by  Captain  Spratt,  279  n. ; 
figurative    representation    of    on  a 
mosaic,  289. 
Hamilton,  Mr.  W.  J.,  311,  824,  468, 

471. 
Harpngus,  the  Persian  general,  his  in- 
vasion of  Caria,  8,  16. 
Harpy  tomb,  high   basement  of  the. 

199. 
Hekatseus,  Servius  Sulpicius,  inscrip- 
tion to,  at  Cnidus,  469. 
Hekate,    base  of   statuette  of,    386  ; 
lamp  in   the  form  of  (see  Artemit 
Agrotera),  401  ;  temple  of,   at  La- 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


815 


•  gtnA,  ▼isit  to  the,  554  ;  eiutniination 
of  the  ruins,  555  ;  Lieutenant  Smith's 
Tisit  to,  ib. ;  site  and  niins  of  the, 
556;  architectural  remains,  558  et 
§eq.  ;  frieze,  559,  561-6  ;  peribolus 
of  the,  567  ;  priests  of,  569  ;  iuscrip- 
tit>n8,  669-71 ;  sacred  territory  of, 
570. 

Hekate  Trivia,  sUtne  of,  569. 
Hfkatoinnus,    prince    of  Garia,    SO  ; 
'  family  of,  31,  82  ;  his  seat  of  goyem- 
ment  at  Mylaiia,  32  ;  period  of,  38  ; 

•  commander  of  the  fleet  of  Artaxerxes, 
34,  35  ;  his  disaffection  towards  Per- 
sia, 34  ;  coins  of,  45 n. 

Hekteos.     (See  Moditu.) 

Helleninm,  a  federal  temple  at  Nau- 

cratis,  13. 
9erac)ea,  near  Mount  Latmus,  45. 
Herakleides,  a  Carian  general,  defeats 

the  Persians,  17  ;  of  MyUsa,  81  «. 
Herakles,  represented   on    frieze    of 

Mausoleum,  243  ;  representations  of 

his  apotheosis,  249  ;  bis  combat  with 

the  Amazons,  251  ;   his  exploits  in 

Asia  Minor  a  type  of  the  prowess  of 
'  MaufK>lus,   252  ;    terra-cotta   repre- 
senting, found  at  Cnidus,  477. 
Hermss,  in  terra-cotta,  found  at  Cnidus, 

397  (see  461). 
Hermaphrodites,  worship  of,  at  Hali- 

carnassus,  274  n. 
Uermes,  statue  of,  at  Cnidus,  460  ;  in- 
.   scription  respecting,  ib, ;  worship  of, 
.   at  Halicarnassus,  461  n. ;  terra-cotta, 

463. 
Heroa,  tombs  so  called,  54,  202  ;  at 

Cos,  636. 
Herodes  Atticus  dedicates  a  temenos 

to  his  wife,  424. 
Herodotus   qaits    Halicarnassus,   and 

emigrates  to  Samos,  where  he  wrote 

his  history,  24. 
Hexapolis,  the  six  cities  of,  12,  13. 
Hieron  Triopion,  425. 
Hippokrates,   a  Spartan  commander, 

353. 
Hippolyte,  queen  of  the  Amazons,  slain 

by  Herakles,  251 ;   her   battle-axe, 

ib.    (See  Labry».) 
HistisBus,  son  of  Tymnes,    tyrant   of 

Termera,  23  ;  in  the  naval  service  of 

Xerxes,  ib. 
Homoloia,  games  of  Thessalian  origin, 

607. 
Hore,  heads  of,  in  temple  of  Muses, 

Cnidus,  438. 
Hunting    scenes,,   represented    on    a 

mosaic  found  at  Budrum,  283,  284. 
Hydrela,  territory  of,  ceded  to  Eume- 

nes,  69,  70. 


Hydrophoria,  an  ancient  mourning  fes- 
tival, 421  n. 

Hydrophori,  terra-cotta  figures  of, 
found  in  temple  of  Demeter,  Bud- 
rum,  829  ;  in  Temenos  of  Demeter, 
at  Cnidus,  379,  421. 

Hyginus,  his  notice  of  the  Mausoleum, 
135. 

Hymettna^  colossal  lion  at  the  foot  of, 
498  n. 

Hypnos,  represented  on  a  lamp,  Cni- 
dus, 398. 

HypogsBa,  excavated  in  quarries  at 
Calymnos,  155  ;  discovered  in  the 
cemetery  of  Budrum,  334. 

Hyrcanus  II.,  reign  of,  71. 

I. 

Idribub,   brother  of  Artemisia,    53 ; 

succeeds  Artemisia  in  the  satrapy  of 

Caria,  56 ;  his  extensive  rule,  57  ; 

his  death,  i&. ;  succeeded  by  his  sister 

Ada,  ib. 
Infernal    deities.      (See     Temenoi    of 

Demdtr.) 
Inscription,  Latin,  at  Cnidus,  476. 
Inscriptions,   Greek.    (See  Appendix 

No.  III.) 
Interoolumniation,   unusual   width  in 

Mausoleum,  208. 
Ionia,  direct  communication  of,  with 

lonians,  their  early  colonization  of  Asia 

Minor,  8  ;  established  in  Egypt,  15  ; 

revolt  of  the,  16,  18. 
Ionic  columns,  found  in  the  garden  of 

Salik  Bey's  harem  at  Budrum,  270  m.  ; 

on  site  of  temple  of  Mars,  ih.  312. 
Ionic  portico  at  Cnidus,  369,  466. 
Ipsus,  battle  of,  69. 
Isthnios,  ancient  town  in  the  island  of 

Cos,  site  of,  688. 
Ivory    brought   from    Alexandria  to 

Branch idsB,  547. 


J. 


Jadb,  piece  of,  found  in  excavating  the 

site  of  the  Mausoleum,  264. 
Jenkins,  Corporal  William,  R.A.,  85. 

K. 

Kadi  Kalessi,  mediasval  castle  at,  579. 
Kanachos,  Apollo  by,  547-8. 
Kanephoros,  terra-cotta  figure  of,  found 

at  Budrum,  328. 
Kara  Toprak,  visit  to,  580. 
Ka()o/M/i0trai,  a  portion  of  Memphis, 

where  the  Carians  dwelt,  15  ». 


81G 


GENERAL   INDEX. 


K.«ndall,  J<»hn,  Rebt  to  IreUnd  to  ob- 
tain aid  for  the  castle  of  Bud  rum, 

.  640  *. 

KepbalMfl,  visit  to  the  town  and  castio 

.  of,  637  ;  ruins  of  a  Doric  temple  at 
Cos,  638. 

K<*m"to<««571 ;  Lieut.  Smith's  examina- 
tion of  the  site  and  ruins  of,  627-31. 

Kerowa,  village  of,  602. 

Key  of  Hekate.  569. 

Kislalik,  cemetery  of,  at  Budrum,  278 ; 
excavations  there,  3'i3  €t  aeq. 

Kizil  Agatch    on    road    to    Mughla, 

627.. 
Knights  of  St.  John  take   possession 

of  UalicarDassus.  73,  74  ;  armorial 

bearings  of.  638,  640,  648  et  aeq.  (See 

Cot  and  Castle  of  St.  Peta\) 
Kodja  Yailih,  ruins  of,  618. 
Koul  Oba.  royal  tomb  of,  near  Kertch, 

202,  261.    262;   description  of   the 

interior,  208. 
Koumya  Kalessi,  castle  of,  524. 
Kudjis,  lake  of,  626. 
Kyrbasia,    bead-dress    worn     by    the 

Persians,  226. 


L. 


]LiARRAi'l>^*  temple  of  Zens  Stratios  at, 
l.'i,  33  ;  the  centre  of  a  confederacy 
of  native  villages,  f^.  ;  ancient  tomb 
at,  202 ;  visit  to,  611  ;  Lieut.  Smith's 
excursion  to,  t6. ;  noticed  by  Fel- 
lows,  614  ft. ;  ruinsof  temple  at,  615  ; 
historic  events  connected  with,  617  ; 
Sacred  Way  leading  to,  618  ;  re- 
markable tomb  at,  618,  619. 

Labrys,  or  battle-axe,  a  well-known 
type  on  coins  of  Caria,  616 ;  its 
mythical  origin,  14,  15,  33.  251. 

Lacedssmonians,  their  colonization  of 
Cnidus,  849. 

iiagtna,  temple  of  Bekate  at,  554  (see 
H^eate). 

Lamp  of  bronse  found  in  Roman  villa, 
Budrum,  806. 

Lam()s,  tcrra-cotta,  found  at  Budrum, 

.  327  ;  great  variety  of,  discovered  at 
CniduB,  878,  879,  887,  891,  393-6, 
445,  463,  464  ;  their  artistic  execution 
and  uses,  396  ;  of  the  Roman  period 
found  in  the  Sacred  Way  at  Bran- 
chidse,  546. 

Jjatmus,  captured  by  Artemisia,  53. 

Lavacrum,  of  red    marble,  fragments 

'    of 'discovered,  314. 

Leaina,  courage  of,  how  commemorated, 
495. 

Leake,  Col.,  his  elucidation  of  Pliny's 
description  of  the  Mausoleum,  193. 


Leda  and  Swan,  marble  groap,  in  Bri- 
tish Museum,  258 ;  tarraH)9tto  fomd 
at  Cnidus,  463. 

Lekythos  found  In  Lion<tomb  near 
Cnidus.  489,  490,  492. 

Leleges,  the  first  inhabitants  of  Caria, 
8,  6  ;  a  pite-Hellenic  race  of  oomad 
chai:acter,  6  ;  pirates,  ib. ;  auxiliaries 
of  the  Trojans,  ib. ;  onoe  held  pos^ 
session  of  part  of  Caria,  f6. ;  ulti- 
mately became  a  subjeot  race,  7; 
gradually  dispossessed  of  their  mari- 
time po8}<essions  along  the  coast,  8 ; 
first  civilised  by  the  Greeks,  11  ; 
towns  «>f  the,  41  ;  their  absorption 
into  the  Carian  race,  t6. ;  their  ooq- 
dition  as  a  conquered  race,  42 ; 
tombs  and  fortresses  of  the,  587. 

Leochares,  sculptor,  54,  160,  161,  256, 
258  ;  his  celebrated  Ganymedes,  ib. ; 
his  acrolithic  statue  in  the  temple  of 
Mars  at  Halicamassus,  317. 

Leonidas,  epigram  on,  495. 

Lesche  at  Delphi,  pictures  dedioaied  in 
by  the  Cnidians,  356. 

Lida,  Mount,  627. 

Lions  from  the  Maosoleam,  102, 
104,  116,  117  ;  their  position  on 
the  tomb  as  sentries,  178,  179, 
204  ;  style  of  their  sculpture,  229- 
81  ;  the  lion  an  emblem  of  valour 
and  force,  494,  495  ;  colossal  li«mof 
Cbaeronea,  495-7  ;  ft  Venice,  498 ; 
at  foot  of  Hymettus,  ib.  ;  at  Miletus, 
499,  500  ;  at  Brancbida,  535  ;  in 
Cyprus,  483. 

Lion- tomb  at  Cnidus,  discovery  and 
description  of  the,  480,  481  ;  rains 
of,  485 ;  its  original  strueture, 
485  et  Beq. ;  probable  date  of  its 
execution,  491,  492  ;  a  ftmiiliar  Und- 
mark,  494  ;  tombs  near  the,  501  ; 
description  of  the  archiieoture,  by 
Mr.  Pullan,  508  et  seq. 

Liftara,  taken  possession  df  by  the 
Cnidians,  850. 

Lycia,  paid  tribute  to  Mausolus,  47. 

Lydia,  kings  of,  conquer  Caria,  -M  ; 
the  different  satraps  of.  34. 

Lygdamis,  dynasty  of,  at  HaUoamassos, 
18,  23 ;  his  tyranny,  24  ;  histonofll 
notices  of,  25. 
Lyksthios,  or  Lyksthion,  ifMeription 

in  honour  of,  516  et  aeq. 
Lysippus,  school  o^  259 ;  may  be  otUed 
the  realistic  school,  260. 

H. 

Madbazkn,  an  African  momimeAt,  211. 
Mania,  widow  of  Zenis,  58. 


GEN£KAL   INDEX. 


817 


Maoitefi,  his  coDspiracy  agtunst  Man- 
solos,  48. 

Marble,  Proconnesian,  used  io  palace  of 
Mausolus,  278. 

breasts,  found  at  Cnidus,  886, 

422,  Appendix  No.  IV. 

Marn]arice(Phj8ko8),  excursion  to,  628. 

Mars,  temple  of,  at  Halicamassus, 
268 ;  excavations  on  its  site,  Sll ; 
contained  an  acroUthic  statue,  817. 

Marsyas,  the  battle  of,  17. 

Masks,  in  terra-cotta,  897. 

Mausolxum  at  Halicamassus,  expedi* 
tiou  to  the,  1  et  aeq. ;  erected  by  Queen 
Artemisia,  in  honour  of  her  hus- 
band, Mausolua^  64-56  ;  architects 
employed  on  it,  54  ;  description  of 
the,  54,  55  ;  history  of  its  discovery, 
72  et  seq.  ;  notices  of,  by  the  Byzan- 
tine writers,  72,  78  ;  its  ruins  used 
by  the  Knights  of  St.  John,  in 
building  the  castle  of  St.  Peter,  74 ; 
Guichard's  narrative  of  the  discovery 
of  the  interior  of  the  tomb,  75-79 ; 
notices  by  successive  travellers,  79, 
80  ;  the  author's  visit  to,  82 ;  dis- 
covery of  the  true  site,  88 ;  great 
difficulties  attending  the  excavation, 

90  ;    discovery  of    sculptures    in, 

91  et  8tq,  ;  principal  approach 
to,  from  the  Agora,  by  a  series 
of  terraces,  136  ;  site,  originally, 
of  a  quarry,  155  ;  character  of  the 
hill  out  of  the  base  of  which  the  site 
was  cut,  155,  156  ;  rock  of  which  its 
base  is  composed,  ib,  ;  restoration  of 
the,  by  Mr.  PuUan,  157  ei  seq. ; 
Lieut.  Smith's  restoration,  159  ; 
Pliny*s  description  of  the,  160,  161 ; 
identification  of  the  different  mem- 
bers of  the  order,  162  ei  seq,  ; 
interior  of  the,  183 ;  all  the  archi- 
tectural members  painted,  185 ; 
summary  of  the  arguments  in 
&voor  of  Mr.  Pullan's  restoration, 
186  ei  seq,  ;  difficulties  in  the  text 
of  Pliny's  description,  192-4 ;  py- 
ramid supported  by  a  dome,  201 ; 
internal  chambers,  207  et  seq. ;  mag- 
nitude of  its  foundations,  and  sump- 
tuousneas  of  its  architecture  and 
sculpture,  210 ;  admiration  of  the 
Romans  for  the,  211  ;  sculptures  of 
the,  218  et  seq. ;  internal  decora* 
tions  of  the  tomb,  ib. ;  stone  at  the 
entrance  to  sepulchral  chamber, 
188-9 ;  no  record  of  its  internal 
treasures  exists,  268 ;  objects  found 
in  excavating  the  site,  268,  264.  (See 
Peribolus,  Pyramid,  PteroUf  Quad- 
riga, Sculjdures.) 


Mausolus,  Prince  of  Caria,  eldest  son 
of  Hekatomnus,  86 ;  epoch  of  his 
accession,  ib. ;  transfers  the  seat  of 
his  government  to  Halicarnaasus,  37  ; 
his  public  measures,  88,  89 ;  ruled 
in  Caria  with  the  title  of  satrap,  42 ; 
subject  to  the  authority  of  the  Per- 
sian monarch,  42,  48 ;  his  attack  on 
Ariobarzanes,  satrap  of  Lydia,  48, 
44  ;  aggrandisement  of  his  domi- 
nions, 44,  45 ;  inscription  found  at 
Erythne  in  honour  of,  45,  46  ;  his 
supposed  conversation  with  Diogenes 
in  Lucian's  Dialogues,  46  ;  develop- 
ment of  his  naval  power,  t^. ;  several 
islands  subject  to  him,  46,  47 ;  con- 
spiracy against,  48  ;  his  revenues, 
%b. ;  his  methods  of  extortion,  ib. 
et  n. ;  his  public  buildings,  49  ;  exer- 
cised the  privilege  of  coining  money, 
50 ;  period  of  his  death,  ib.  ;  his 
character,  50,  51  ;  funeral  games  in 
honour  of,  54  ;  bis  palace,  40,  266, 
272  ;  his  tomb  (see  Matitoleum)  ; 
represented  in  the  chariot  group  on 
the  pyramid,  196  ;  statue  of,  104, 
214  ;  cast  of  features  veiy  singular, 
ib.,  259  ;  prize  compositions  recited 
at  the  obsequies  of,  248 ;  the  exploits 
of  Herakles  in  Asia  Minor  chosen 
as  a  type  of  his  prowess,  252  ;  his 
reasons  for  choosing  Halicamassus  as 
his  capital.  265,  266. 

''  Medusa,"  H.  M.  S.,  sent  on  an  expedi- 
tion to  Budrum,  84. 

filvapa,  places  where  the  mystic  ob- 

iects  of  worship  of  Demeter  were 
tept,  391-2. 
Mehemet  Ali,   spoliation  of  ruins  of 

Cnidus  by,  865. 
Melas,  colony  under,  at  Halicamassus, 

9,10. 
Meleager  and  Atalanta  hunting,  on  a 

mosaic  found  at  Budrum,  283  ;  cos- 
tume of  Meleager,  284. 
Memnon,  satrap  of  the  western  coast 

of  Aiia  Minor,  58,  61 ;  his  defence 

of  Halicamassus,  62-64. 
Menander,  satrap  of  Lydia,  and  king 

of  Caria,  66. 
Mentor,  satrap  of  Asia  Minor,  57. 
Mesy,  the  mediaeval  name  of  Halicar- 

nassus  or  Budrum,  74,  77. 
Milesians,  oracular  response   respect- 
ing the,  17  etn. 
Miletus,  capture  of  by  the  Persians, 

17  ;   attack   on    by  Mausolus,   45  ; 

coins  of,  ib  n. ;  Lion-tombs  near,  499, 

500. 
Minyas,   treasury   of  at  Orchomenos, 

487. 


II. 


3  Q 


818 


GENERAL   INDEX. 


Mocenigo,  Pietro,  his  expedition  to 
BudruiD,  74. 

ModiuH,  Cnidian  corn-measure  equal 
to,  462. 

Mole,  ancient,  at  Halicarnassus,  271 ; 
at  Cnidus,  347. 

Mosaic  pavements.  (See  TefaellaUd 
Pavements.) 

Mughla»  visits  to,  621,  623  ;  Acropolis 
of,  622,  623  ;  probably  the  ancient 
Tarmiani,  f6. 

Muses  and  Apollo  Pythius,  temple  of, 
at  Cnidus,  427  et  aeq.  ;  architectural 
remains,  428,  431  ;  large  roof-tile 
found  there,  430  ;  fragments  of 
sculpture  found  there,  436  et  aeq. 

Mylasa,  district  of,  14». ;  temples  at,  i6.; 
worship  of  indigenous  deities  at,  33  ; 
seat  of  government  transferred  from  to 
Halicarnassus,  37  ;  the  ancient  resi- 
dence of  the  fiimily  of  Hekatomnus, 
88 ;  its  natural  disadvantages,  ib. ;  in- 
scriptions found  at,  42,  48,  50  ; 
ancient  road  to,  333,  340  ;  visit  to, 
609  ;  beautiful  mosque  at,  611  ; 
climate  of,  t6.  ;  journey  from  to 
Eski  Hissar,  620. 

Afyndus  (Gumischlu),  anciently  belong- 
ing to  the  Leleges,  41 ;  its  strength, 
ib. ;  a  city  of  Caria,  62  ;  route  from 
Budrum  to,  578,  et  seq. ;  site  of  and 
city  walls,  574  ;  church,  baths,  &c., 
577  ;  stadium,  ib.  ;  mole  of  the  har- 
bour, ib. ;  Peninsula  and  Acropolis, 
578. 

N. 

Naucratis,  in  Egypt,  temple  at,  13. 

Necropolis,  near  Cnidus,  471 ;  church 
in  the,  474  ;  of  ancient  Cos,  635. 

Nereid  seated  on  a  hippocamp,  on  a 
mosaic  found  at  Budrum,  292. 

Neurospaston,  in  terra-cotta,  found  in 
Temeuos  of  Demeter,  897. 

Nicetas  of  Cappadocia,  mentions  the 
Mausoleum,  73. 

Niches,  in  Temenos  of  Demeter,  376 ; 
in  Temple  of  Muses,  Cnidus,  440-1. 

Niobe,  the  sculptured  group  of,  257 ; 
doubtful  whether  Scopas  or  Prax- 
iteles was  the  author,  ib. 

Nur-hags,  singular  buildings  In  Sar- 
dinia, 184,  185. 


O. 


OcTAViA  Secunda,  sepulchral  inscrip- 
tion to,  in  Latin,  in  Necropolis  at 
Cnidus,  476. 

Odeum,  ruins  of  at  Cnidus,  370 ; 
discovery  of,  ib.,  452-4 ;  had  a  metal 


grating  in  place  of  a  scene,  452  ;  at 

Bargylia,  608. 
Oil  produced  in  the  Cnidian  territory, 

861. 
Oliatos,  tyrant  of  Mylasa,  81  et  n. 
Olymos,  town  of,  in  alliance  with  La- 

branda,  617. 
OrchomenoB,  treasury  at,  201. 
Orontes,  satrap  uf  Mysia,  44. 
Othontopates,    a   Persian   satrap,  58 ; 

appointed  satrap  of  Caria,  61  ;    his 

defence  of  Halicarnassus,   64  ;   de- 

feated  by  Ptolemy,  65. 
Ovridkaatro,  castle  of,  639. 


P. 


Pacttas,  tyrant  of  Idyma,  48. 
Psestum,  terra-cotta  figures  discovered 

at,  832  n. 
Painted  stucco,  found  with  fragments  of 

tessellated  pavement  at  Budrum,  321; 

interior  of  ancient  houses  decorated 

with,  822  ;  in  a  niche  in  Temeoos  of 

Demeter,  876. 
Painted  architecture   of    Mausoleum, 

89, 185,  246. 
Painted  sculpture  of  Mausoleum,  102, 

222,  223,  232,  238,  246  ;  at  Cnidus, 

883,  408. 
Palaio  Pyli,  ancient  town  of,  in  Cos, 

641 ;   antiquities  of,   ib. ;  castle  o^ 

642  ;  church  in,  686. 
Palatia,  church  of  in  the  island  of  Cos, 

638  et  n. 
Pan  represented  on  a  mosaic  found  at 

Budrum,  294. 
Panagia,  church  of  in  the  island  of 

Cos,  641. 
Panizzi,  Mr.,  his  share  in  the  organiza- 
tion of  the  Budrum  expedition,  85. 
Panyasis,   the   epic  poet  of   Halicar- 
nassus,  23;    put  to  death  by  the 

tyrant  Lygdamis,  24. 
Pasha  Liman,  visit  to,  592  ;  inscription 

found  at,  ib. 
Pathelic  school  of  Athenian  sculpture, 

as  distinguished    from    the    earlier 

Ethical  school,  256,  260. 
Pavements,  mosaic.      (See  Teuellaied 

Pavements.) 
Pedasus,  region  o^  16,  18. 
Pentaeteris,  festival  of,  at  Lagina,  570. 
Pentelic  marble  used  in  the  sculptures 

of  the  Mausoleum,  282. 
Persea,  territory  of,  70. 
Peribolus  of  the  Mausoleum  ;  discovery 

of  its  northern  and  eastern  walls, 

110,      114,     116,     126;      its    four 

sides  probably  formed  a  square,  185  ; 

western   wall  of  the,  ib. ;  southern 


GENEKAL  INDEX. 


819 


wall,  mines  driven  in  search  of,  134 ; 
Hyginus'  account  of,  135. 

Peristyle  of  the  Mausoleum,  columns 
of  the,  166,  167  ;  its  meaning  accord- 
ing to  Pliny,  191. 

Persephone,  probable  representation  of, 
in  terra-ootta,  124 ;  terra-cotta  figures 
of,  328,  829  ;  temeoos  of,  at  Cnidus, 
375  et  teg. ;  statuette  of,  377,  420  ; 
terminal  figure  of,  384 ;  head  of, 
381  ;  dedications  to,  383,  385 ;  her 
worship,  422. 

Perseus,  king  of  Macedon,  70. 

Persia,  empire  of,  fallen  into  a  state  of 
disorganization,  33,  34,  85 ;  causes  of 
its  exhaustion,  37. 

Persian  horseman,  figure  of,  discovered 
in  the  Mausoleum,  90. 

Persians  invade  Caria,  8  ;  defeat  the 
Oarians,  and  reduce  them  to  subjec- 
tion, 17;  their  expedition  against 
Evagoras  of  Cyprus,  34,  35. 

Pertinax,  apotheosis  of,  250. 

Petesa,  hamlet  of,  574. 

ITirporcov  (Budrum),  646. 

Phialaa,  marble,  found  in  Mausoleum, 
112,  263. 

Phidias  and  his  contemporaries,  255, 
256  ;  qualities  which  distinguished 
his  works,  254,  237. 

Pbilibert  de  Naillac,  founder  of  the 
Castle  of  St.  Peter  at  Budrum,  645. 

Philip  of  Macedon  besieges  Byzantium, 
58. 

Phobos,  head  probably  representing, 
on  a  mosaic  found  at  Budrum,  291. 

Phocseans  colonize  Emporise,  in  Spain, 
12. 

Phoenicians  colonize  Rhodes,  8. 

Pbormion,  son  of  Panyasis,  24  ;  filled 
the  office  of  Mnemon  at  Halicar- 
nassus,  ib. 

Pigs.     (See  Votive  Pigs.) 

Pig^es,  the  reputed  author  of  the  Mar- 
gites  and  the  Batrachomyomachia^ 
22 ;  son  of  Seldom  us,  23. 

Piscopi,  village  of,  574. 

Pithi,  or  jars  of  baked  red  clay  disco- 
vered at  Budrum,  337  ;  in  the  Troad 
and  Archipelago,  ib, 

Pixodarus,  son  of  Mausolus,  31  n. ; 
son  of  Hekatomnus,  expels  his  sister 
Ada  from  Cana,  58  ;  his  reign,  59, 
60;  coins  of,  60,  623;  his  death, 
61. 

Plagiaulos.    (See  Flageolet,) 

Pliny's  measurements  of  the  Mauso- 
leum, 93,  95  ;  his  descriptions,  160, 
161,  166  ;  degree  of  credit  to  be  at- 
tached to  his  description,  188,  189  ; 
difficulties  in  his  text,  190-4. 


Pluto,  application  of  the  epithet  tTri/xa- 
XOQ  to,  406  ;  worship  of,  at  Cnidus, 
fh.  ;  local  traditions  respecting  his 
carrying  off  Persephone  to  the  in- 
fernal regions,  414,  415,  416. 

Plutonia,  caves  so  called,  415. 

Podium  of  the  Mausoleum.   161,  162. 

Polyandrion,  in  memory  of  the  The- 
bans,  495. 

Port,  secret,  at  Halicarnassus,  271. 

Pottery,  green  glazed,  464. 

Praxiteles  the  sculptor,  256,  356 ;  ex- 
celled in  expressing  the  passions, 
256  ;  the  sculptures  found  in  the 
Temenos  of  Demeter  at  Cnidus,  pro- 
bably works  of  his  school,  418-19. 

Priestess,  statue  which  may  represent, 
400. 

Priestesses,  dedications  by,  392. 

Priesthood  of  the  temple  at  Lagina, 
599,  570. 

Prion,  in  the  island  of  Cos,  639. 

Prize  compositions  recited  at  the  ob- 
sequies of  Mausolus,  54,  248. 

Prytanes,  names  of,  mentioned  in  in- 
scriptions at  Lagina,  571. 

Psammettchus  I.,  king  of  Egypt,  15  ; 
enlists  the  Carians  and  louians  in  his 
service,  t6. 

Pteroma,  a  spacious  ambulatory,  204. 

Pteron  of  t£e  Mausoleum,  96,  99,  112, 
116,  160,  161,  102,  185  ;  meaning 
of,  according  to  Pliny,  190  et  n. ; 
position  of  the  lions  on  each  front  of 
the,  204. 

Ptolemies,  Caria  fiills  under  their  do- 
minion, 69. 

Ptolemy,  general  of  Alexander  the 
Great,  defeats  the  Carians,  65. 

Philadelphus,     stoa     probably 

dedicated  to  him  at  Halicarnassus, 
69,  276  ;  probably  held  Cnidus,  357. 

Pnllan,  Mr.,  his  restoration  of  the  Mau- 
soleum, 157  ^  8eq.  ;  summary  of  the 
arguments  in  its  fsvour,  186  et  teq. ; 
his  description  of  the  architecture  of 
the  Lion-tomb  of  Cnidus,  503  et  »eq.  ; 
his  report  on  the  island  of  Cos,  632 
et  aeq.  ;  his  description  of  the  Castle 
of  St.  Peter  at  Budrum,  645  et  aeq, 

Pyli,  village  of,  635,  636. 

Pyramid  of  the  Mausoleum,  remains  of, 
105,  117,  137  ;  how  thrown  down, 
109  ;  the  key  to  the  whole  build- 
ing, 162,  163;  steps  of,  163,  196, 
197  ;  size  of  the  base,  165  ;  height  of 
the,  166  ;  objections  to  Lieutenant 
Smith's  proposed  restoration  of,  194, 
195. 

"  Pyramid  Hill,"  near  Budrum,  596. 

Pisindelis,  son  of  Artemisia,  22,  23. 


820 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


PythioR  or  Pyihis,  architect  of  the 
Mausoleum,  54  ;  the  sculptor  of  the 
chariot  group  HurmouniiDg  the  Mau- 
soleum, 106,  161,  259. 

Pyxis  of  sculptured  marble,  found  on 
site  of  Mausoleum,  113 ;  subjects 
represented  on,  ib. 

Q. 

Quadriga  of  Mausoleum,  153 ;  re- 
mains of,  106,  129,  130,  161,  162, 
187.  217,  218,  246;  ita  probable 
design,  190. 

Quadriga,  regarded  in  ancient  art  as 
the  symbol  of  apotheosis,  and  hence 
placed  on  the  summit  of  the  funeral 
pile,  250. 

Quarry,  site  of  ancient,  125  ;  originally 
the  site  of  the  Mausoleum,  155. 


R. 


Reoilla,  wife  of  Herodes  Atticus,  424. 

Regulini  Galassi,  tomb  at  Caere,  202 ; 
near  Vulci,  262  n. 

ReliefiB  in  panels  found  in  the  Mauso- 
leum, 246,  247. 

Rheomithres,  satrap  of  Persia,  44. 

Rhodes,  colonized  by  the  Phoenicians, 
3  ;  declares  its  independence,  58. 

Rhodians,  their  naval  expedition  against 
Halicarnassus,  51  ;  their  capture  by 
Artemisia,  51,  52  ;  part  of  Caria 
ceded  to  thera,  70  ;  revolt  against 
the,  ib. ;  deprived  of  part  of  their 
Carian   territory,  ib. 

Roads,  ancient,  near  Cnidus,  471*  522, 
523  ;  at  Branchidae  and  Labrauda 
(see    Sacred    Way). 

Rocky  scarp  of  Temenos  of  Demeter, 
its  geological  formation,  412-14. 

Romans  take  possession  of  Caria,  and 
add  it  to  their  province  of  Asia,  69- 
71  ;  their  admiration  of  the  Mau- 
soleum as  a  masterpiece  of  Hellenic 
art,  210. 

Ross,  Dr.  Ludwig,  his  visit  to  Budrum, 
82 ;  his  disagreement  with  the  au- 
thor's views,  87  ;  inscription  dis- 
covered by,  359. 

Roumeli-koi,  visit  to,  595  ;  sarcophagus 
at,  t6. 

S. 

Sacbed  Wat  at  Branchidae,  ancient 
statues  in  the,  528  et  seq. ;  excavations 
along  its  course,  538  el  seq. ;  Sacred 
Way  at  Labranda,  618. 

St.  Peter,  castle  of.     (See  Caatle.) 

Sakisli,  castle  of,  610. 


Salik  Bey,  fragments  of  Ionic  oolumos, 
&c.,  found  in  the  garden  of,  270  n. 

Salmacians,  decree  in  the  name  of  the, 
11. 

Salmacis,  a  town  of  Caria,  11  ;  Acropo- 
lis of,  ib. ;  finally  absorbed  in  the 
capital  of  Mausolus,  41  ;  fountain 
and  fortress  of,  271,  273,  274,  275  ; 
myth  of  Salmacis  and  Hermaphro- 
ditos,  274. 

Sandama,  promontory  of,  591. 

Sarcophagi  in  a  Roman  tomb,  Cnidus, 
514,  518  ;  at  Keramos,  630. 

Sarcophagus  found  in  the  cutting  of 
the  Mausoleum,  154  ;  of  the  Roman 
period,  270  n. ;  at  Ronmelikoi,  595. 
(See  Sori.) 

Sardonyx  discovered  on  site  of  Mauso- 
leum, 150,  264. 

Satraps  of  Asia  Minor,  successive  re- 
volts of  the,  44. 

Satyr  pursuing  a  nymph,  represented 
on  a  mosaic  discovered  at  Budruui, 
292. 

Satyros,  architect  of  the  Mausoleum, 
54. 

Scandaria,  promontory  of,  in  Cos,  590. 

Schlegelbolt,  Henry,  builder  of  the 
castle  at  Budrum,  74,  646,  647. 

Scopas,  the  sculptor,  employed  on  the 
Mausoleum,  54, 100,  160, 161 ;  slabs 
of  frieze  found  on  the  eastern  side  of 
the  Quadrangle,  probably  his  work, 
239,  242,  247 ;  scope  and  character 
of  his  art,  248,  256,  257,  258  ;  a  Mi- 
nerva by,  at  Cnidus,  356. 

Sculptures  of  the  Mausoleum,  81 
cl  seq. ;  of  Mausolus,  104,  214  ;  of  a 
female  figure,  104,  216  ;  of  horses^ 
102,  103,  217;  of  an  equestrian 
figure,  90,  218  ;  torsos  of  male 
figures,  221-4  ;  fragments  of, 
228  ;  their  general  character,  ib. ; 
marble  helmet  discovered,  ib. ;  female 
colossal  heads,  224,  225  ;  various 
heads,  225  -7  ;  fragments  of  lions 
and  lionesses,  229  et  seq.  ;  of  a  pan- 
ther, 233  ;  of  a  ram  and  of  a  boar, 
ib.  ;  in  relief  (see  Priezei) ;  remarks 
on  the  style  of,  253 ;  difference  be- 
tween these  sculptures  and  those  of  the 
Parthenon,  254  ;  traces  of  colour  on 
(see  Painted  sculpture)  ;  statue  in 
Roman  villa,  Budrum,  305-6;  sculp- 
tures of  temple  at  Lagina,  561-6 
(see  Friezes) ;  statues  at  Branchidie 
(see  Branchida) ;  at  Cnidus  (see 
Demeter,  Frieses,  Lions,  Muses,  Perse- 
phone), 

Scylax,  of  Caryanda,  attempts  the  cir- 
cumnavigation of  Africa,  23. 


GENERAL   INDEX. 


821 


Scylax,  his  PeripluB,  correction  of  a 
rending  in,  599  ;  his  description  of 
Halicaniaasus,  275. 

Seasons,  represented  on  a  mosaic 
fonnd  at  Budrum,  285,  286. 

Senate  of  Cnidus  composed  of  sixty 
amneinones,  and  presided  over  by  an 
apbester,  355,  360,  516. 

Sestos  besieged  by  Mausolus,  44. 

Seven  Wonders  of  the  World,  the 
Mausoleum  reckoned  among  the,  160. 

Shell  {Triton  varieffcUua)  found  in  Te- 
menos  of  Demeter,  393. 

Sherif  Meheraet,  field  of,  325. 

Shield,  marble,  in  lion  tomb,  493. 

SilHg,  bis  edition  of  Pliny,  190,  191. 

Simonides,  epigram  of,  on  the  valour 
of  Leonidas,  495. 

Simpulum,  of  bronze,  discovered  in  a 
tomb  at  Budrum,  339. 

Skulls  found  in  Roman  tomb  at  Cnidus, 
518. 

Smith,  Lieutenant  R.  M.,  of  Royal 
Engineers,  85  ;  his  report,  105  ;  his 
restoration  of  the  Mausoleum,  159  ; 
his  chief  difficulties  in  the  restora- 
tion,  175  ;  objections  to  his  proposed 
restoration,  194,  195  ;  objections  to 
his  restoration  raconciled,  200 ;  his 
excavations  at  Cnidus,  449,  452  ;  his 
visit  to  Lagina,  555;  his  measurements 
of  the  temple,  559  ;  his  account  of  the 
ruins  of  Labranda,  612,  619  ;  his 
examination  of  the  site  and  ruins 
of  Keramos,  627,  631. 

Social  war  carried  on  against  Athens, 

47. 

Solyman,  Sultan,  75,  76. 

Sori  or  coffins  discovered  in  the  Kislalik 
cemetery,  334,  336  ;  of  stone,  in  the 
Sacred  Way  of  Branchids,  542,  543, 
545.    (See  Sarcophagi.) 

Sostratos,  the  Cnidian  architect,  857 ; 
stoa  pensilis  built  by,  468. 

Spackman,  B.,  Corporal  of  Royal  En- 
gineers, 85|  309  ;  discovers  a  tomb 
at  Cuidus,  512,  641. 

Spatula,  of  bronze,  discovered  in  a 
tomb,  Budrum,  339. 

Sphinx  found  on  Sacred  Way  at  Bran- 
chides,  535. 

Spout,  found  in  the  temenos  at  Cnidus, 
409,  410. 

Spratt,  Capt.,  his  survey  of  Budrum, 
82,  311,  812. 

Stadium  at  Myndus,  577. 

Statues.     (See  Seulptwre^,) 

SteM,  of  marble,  found  on  site  of  Mau- 
soleum, 137 ;  sculpture  representing 
Apollo  and  Dionysos,  ib. ;  inscribed, 
338  ;  found  at  Coidns,  377,  384. 


Stephanephori,  names  of,  mentioned  in 
inscriptions  at  Lagina,  571. 

Stoa,  remains  of  one  at  Budrum,  276  ; 
inscriptions  on,  i6.  ;  dedicated  to 
Apollo  and  King  Ptolemy,  at  Hali- 
carnassns,  277 ;  ruins  of,  at  Cnidus, 
366,  367,  468.    (See  Soatratot,) 

Stratford,  Viscount  de  Redcliffe, 
obtains  the  sculptured  reliefs  of  the 
Mausoleum  for  the  British  Museum, 
80,  81  ;  his  valuable  assistance  to 
the  Budrum  expedition,  84. 

Stratonicea,  14,  554,  555,  570, 571,  572. 

Struthas,  satrap  of  Lydia,  84. 

Stucco,  painted,  discovery  of,  at  Bu- 
drum, 321 ;  interior  of  ancient  houses 
decorated  with,  322 ;  graves  and 
walls  lined  with,  at  Cuidus,  879, 403, 
464,  465,  517. 

Syangela,  a  town  of  the  Leleges,  41  ; 
ancient  tomb  on  the  site  of,  202  ; 
its  site,  probably  Assarlik,  587. 

Syennesis,  king  of  Cilicia,  31  n. 

Sylla,  L.  Cornelius,  571. 

Syme,  gulf  of,  347. 


T. 


Tablets,  marble,  fonnd  in  Temenos  of 
Demeter,  388. 

Tachos,  king  of  Egypt,  44. 

Tantalus,  tomb  ascribed  to,  202. 

Tarmiani,  site  of,  probably  at  Mughla, 
623. 

Tekram  Bari,  village  of,  609. 

Telekles,  tradition  respecting,  551, 553. 

Teleutias,  the  Laoedssmonian  naval 
commander,  354. 

Temenos  of  Demeter,  Persephone,  and 
the  Infernal  Deities,  at  Cnidus,  126, 
831,  375  ^  teq.  ;  chamber  within, 
888 ;  escarp  of  the,  414  ;  reasons 
for  supposing  it  to  be  private 
ground  consecrated  to  the  worship 
of  the  infernal  deities,  417  ;  date  of 
its  dedication,  418 ;  the  rites  there 
celebrated  probably  mystic,  421,  422 ; 
Temenos  of  the  hero  Antigonos,  472, 
473. 

Temple  of  ^sculapius,  at  Cnidus,  448. 

of  Artemis,  at  Cnidus.     (See 

Artemit  and  Cnidus.) 

of  Demeter.    (See  Demeter  and 


Temenos.) 

of  Dionysos,  at  Cnidus,  370, 449. 

of   Hekate,  at  Lagina.     (See 


ffekate.) 

of    Mars,    at    Halicamassus. 


(See  Mara.) 

of  the  Muses,  at  Cnidus.     (See 


Muses.) 


822 


6ENEKAL   INDEX. 


Temple  of  Venus    and  Mercury,   at 
HHlicarDaB8U8.    (See  Venui.) 

ofVenuB,  atCoiduti.  (SeeVenus.) 

— — —  of  Zeus.     (See  Zeus  and  La- 
brancla,) 

at  Bargylia,  604,  605. 


Templen,  remains  of,  at  Gnidus,  367, 
368,  369,  466,  457. 

Termera,  4 1 ;  now  Chifoot  Kalessy,  590 ; 
coin  of,  ib.  ;  the  stronghold  of  the 
Lelegcs,  591 ;  its  ancient  fouoder,  t6. 

Termerion  promontory,  (Cape  Petra), 
590. 

Terracottas,  123,  126  ;  vase,  124. 

figures,  probably  votive,  found 

at  the  entrance  of  the  sepulchral 
chamber  in  Mausoleum,  139 ;  in 
the  field  of  Chiaoux,  326 ;  of  the 
Koman  period,  ib, ;  their  different 
varieties  of  type,  327-80 ;  probably 
votive  offerings,  332  ;  discovered  at 
Piestum,  ib.  n.  ;  found  at  Cnidus, 
379,  891.  397,  463;  of  the  Roman 
period,  398. 

— —  coffins,  TTvekiit,  336. 

disks,  441. 

jars,  336. 

lamps.    (See  Lamps,  terracotia.) 

mould,  447. 


Tessellated  pavements  excavated  in 
the  field  of  Hadji  Cap  tan,  at  Bu- 
drum,  281  et  seq.  ;  their  subjects, 
ib,  ;  generally  found  at  a  depth  of 
two  or  three  feet  below  the  present 
surface  of  the  soil,  308 ;  their  con- 
struction according  to  Yitruvius, 
309  ;  photographic  views  taken  of, 
310;  found  at  Hagia  Marina,  Budrum, 
320,  324  ;  at  Cnidus,  433,  460,  469 ; 
the  tessellaa  of  which  they  were 
formed,  321. 

Theatres,  ancient,  the  one  at  Halicar- 
nassus,  150  ;  ruins  of  one  at  Cnidus, 
368, 443 ;  excavations  at  the  entrance, 
443  ;  inscriptions,  445,  448  ;  its  vomi- 
toi-y,  447  ;  larger  theatre  at  Cnidus, 
370;  a  theatre  for  musical  contests 
(see  OdeunC). 

Theuiessos,  in  Caria,  571. 

Theodektes,  tragedy  by,  recited  at 
the  obsequies  of  Mausolus,  54,  248. 

Theodores,  sculptor,  tradition  respect- 
ing, 551,  553. 

Theopompos,  C.  Jul,  honoured  with 
the  friendship  of  C.  Julius  Csesar, 
358  ;  mentioned  in  inscriptions  at 
Cnidus,  366,  367,  517. 

TheroD,  tomb  of,  near  Agrigentum,  199. 

Theseus,  exploits  of,  perhaps  cele^ 
brated  in  the  principal  frieze  of 
the  Quadrangle,  252. 


Thdvenot*s  visit  to  Budrum,  79. 

Thiasi,  religious  societies,  476. 

Tholi,  use  of  the  term,  201 ;  examplea 
of,  487  n.,  488. 

Qvtiv  and  Eva/tTfcv,  distinction  be- 
tween, 139  «. 

Thymele  in  Odeum  at  Cnidus,  453. 

Tile  for  roof,  found  on  site  of  Temple 
of  Muses,  Cnidus,  430. 

Tiles,  grave  lined  with,  in  tomb  on 
Peninsula  at  Cnidus,  518. 

Tiles,  flanged,  graves  lined  and  roofed 
with,  337. 

Tiraotheus,  the  sculptor  of  the  Mau- 
soleum, 55,  160,  161,  259. 

Tiribazus,  satrap  of  Western  Asia,  29, 
34  ;  executed  for  conspiracy,  37. 

Tissapbemes,  satrap  of  Sardis,  27  ;  his 
military  career,  28 ;  put  to  death, 
29  ;  notices  of,  34. 

Tithraustes,  satrap  of  Western  Asia, 
29,  34. 

Tombs  at  Lagina,  571 ;  near  Ak-sballeb, 
581  ;  at  Labranda,  618,  619  ;  at  Cos, 
636  ;  of  Cyrus  the  Great,  260  ;  of  the 
Koul  Oba,  near  Kertch,  261 ;  of  the 
eastern  cemetery,  Budrum,  334  et  aeq. ; 
of  the  western  cemetery,  Budrum, 
340,  341  ;  cut  in  the  rock,  341  ; 
in  eastern  Necropolis,  Cnidus,  471 
et  srq. ;  in  the  environs,  ibid.,  518 
et  seq.  ;  on  Peninsula,  ibid.,  512 
et  seq. ;  on  the  Sacred  Way  at  Bran- 
chide,  543  et  9eq.  ;  at  Asaarlik 
(Syangela),  585 ;  at  Pasha  Liman, 
592,  593,  594  ;  at  Farillia,  595. 

Tourette,  Commander  de  la,  77,  79. 

Towsey,  Capt.,  commander  of  the 
"Gorgon,*^  85. 

Triopas,  of  Thessaly,  423  e<  n. 

Triopia  sacra,  423-5. 

Triopian  league,  held  at  Cnidus,  1 3. 

Triopium,  372  ;  name,  how  applied  by 
Herodes  Atticus,  424  et  n. 

"Tripod  Tomb,"  pUn  of  the,  477. 

Tritons  represented  on  a  mosaic  found 
at  Halicarnassus,  287. 

Trumpeter,  terra-cotta,  found  in  Teme- 
nos  of  Demeter,  397. 

Tunmli  near  Ak-shalleh,  583. 

Turks,  occupation  of  Budrum  by  the, 
96  ;  employ  the  ancient  foundations 
as  a  quarry,  ib, 

V. 

Vase,  archaic,  found  in  the  Mauso- 
leum, 124,  154,  155. 

Vases,  painted,  found  in  the  Necropolis 
at  Budrum,  335,  336. 

Vaulting.    (Sise  Egyptian  Vaulting.) 


GENERAL   INDEX. 


823 


Venus,  supposed  temple  of,  at  Cnidus, 
867,  456,  461. 

and  Mercury,  temple  of,   at 

Halicarnassus,   278,    274    n.      (See 
Aphrodite.) 

Verres,  said  to  have  carried  off  statues 
from  UalicamaBsus,  71. 

Villa,  discovery  of,  at  Budrnm,  281 ; 
its  plan,  281  et  seq. ;  its  tessel- 
lated pavements,  803,  804  ;  con- 
structed out  of  the  materials  of  an 
earlier  building  on  the  same  site,  805  ; 
presumed  to  be  of  the  Roman  period, 
309. 

Vitruvius,  his  description  of  Halicar- 
nassus, 89,  265, 266,  815  ;  his  indica- 
tion of  the  site  of  the  Mausoleum, 
86,  87 ;  his  rule  respecting  the  beds 
of  tessellated  pavements,  309. 

Votive  breasts,  sculptured  in  marble, 
found  at  Cnidus,  887.  (See  Appendix 
No.  4.) 

calves,  at  Cnidus,  885,  422. 

elephant  of  ivory,  at  the  Mau- 
soleum, 127. 

figures,  fragments  of,  at  Hali- 


carnassus, 126  ;  at  Cnidus,  439. 

footstools,  at  Cnidus,  892. 

pigs,  at  Cnidus,  385,  422  ;  their 


connection  with  the  myth  and  rites 
of  Persephone,  t&.,  422. 

W. 

Walls  on  site  of  the  Mausoleum,  114 ; 
character  of  the  masonry,  115,  119, 
120 ;  on  the  south  side,  131  ;  their 
probable  purposes,  ib.  ;  described, 
182  ei  »eq,;  oi  Halicarnassus,  267  ; 
of  Cnidus,  363. 


Water  nymph,  represented  on  a  mosaic 

found  at  Bndrum,  295. 
Wavrikoi,  village  of,  609. 
Weights  in  form  of   marble  breasts, 

387»  and  Appendix  No.  IV. 
Wells,  on  site  of  Mausoleum,  138 ;  in 

the  field  of  Hadji  Captan,  307,  308 ; 

at  Cnidus,  465. 
Wheel  from  Quadriga  of  Mausoleum, 

discovery  of    fragments,   129,   130, 

187. 
Wines  of  the  Cnidian  territory,  361. 


X. 


Xanthus,  city  of,  in  Lycia,  60  ;  Ionic 
monument  at,  199,  204. 

Xerxes,  his  invasion  of  Greece,  19  ; 
alabaster  vase  inscribed  with  the 
name  of,  91,  92,  124,  667  ;  different 
vases  bearing  his  name,  668,  669. 


Y. 


YAiLiK,orTazlik,  aTurkisk  word,  617. 
Yasikoi,   road  fh>m  Cnidus  to,  521  ; 
village  of,  523. 


Z. 


Zkfhtria,  island  of,  10. 
Zephyrium,  promontory  of,  275. 
Zeus,  temples  at  Mylasa  in  honour  of, 

32 ;  at  Labrandn,  33  ;  the  different 

appellations  of,  83  ». 
Zeus  Chrysaoreus,  temple  of,  14,  570. 

Osogo,  82  n. 

■    Stratios,   temple    of,   at    La- 

branda,  14, 15,  615  ;  his  statue,  615  ; 

importance  of  his  temple,  616. 


APPENDIX  No.   III. 


INDICES  TO  INSCRIPTIONS. 


II.  3  R 


ORDER  OF  INSCRIPTIONS. 


Ih  the  preceding  pagei  the  InscriptionSi  having  been  arranged 
geographicallj,  do  not  follow  in  the  same  order  in  which  the  fac- 
similes of  them  are  pbiced  in  Yolume  I.,  Plates  LXXXY.— XCYII. 

The  following  table  will  therefore  assist  the  reader  in  referring 
to  them  : — 


InseripHon 


No. 

1 

No. 

2 

No. 

8 

No. 

3a 

No. 

4 

No. 

6 

No. 

6 

No. 

6a 

No. 

7 

No. 

8 

No. 

9 

Page 

671 

687 

689 

693 

694 

694 

696 

698 

699 

699 

699 

No.  10     700 

No.  11     711 

No.  12     701 

No.  12o 702 

No.  126 7C8 

No.  12c 704 

No.  13     713 

No.  14     714 

No.  16     714 

No.  16     716 

No.  17     715 

No.  18     715 

No.  19     716 

No.  20     716 

No.  21     717 

No.  22     717 

No.  23     718 

No.  24     718 

No.  25     718 

No.  26     718 

No.  27     719 

No.  28     745 

No.  29     747 

No.  80     749 

No.  81     749 

No.  32     761 

No.  83     762 

No.  84     762 

No.  36     752 


Ifuer^um 
No.  36 
No.  87 
No.  88 
No.  39 
No.  40 
No.  41 
No.  42 
No.  43 
No.  44 
No.  45 
No.  46 
No.  47 
No.  48 
No.  49 
No.  60 
No.  61 
No.  62 
No.  63 
No.  64 
No.  66 
No.  66 
No.  67 
No.  68 
No.  69 
No.  60 
No.  61 
No.  62 
No.  63 
No.  64 
No.  65 
No.  66 
No.  67 
No.  68 
No.  69 
No.  70 
No.  71 
No.  72 
No.  72  a 
No.  73 
No.  74 


Page 
763 

764 
754 
765 
756 
766 
767 
757 
768 
758 
769 
760 
762 
762 
764 
766 
766 
768 
768 
769 
769 
770 
770 
774 
775 
777 
789 
705 
706 
707 
777 
781 
781 
782 
782 
783 
784 
787 
787 
707 


828 


INDICES  TO   INSCRIPTIONS. 


Inscription  Pagt 

No.  75  708 

No.  76  708 

No.  77  709 

No.  77a 710 

No.  78  771 

No.  79  771 

No.  80  718 

No.  81  719 

No.  82  732 

No.  83  784 

No.  84  734 

No.  86  786 

No.  86  786 

No.  87  739 

No.  88  740 

No.  89  740 


Inscripdon  Page 

No.  90  741 

No.  91  742 

No.  92  743 

No.  93  743 

No.  93a 744 

No.  94 744 

No.  95  745 

No.  96  790 

No.  97  792 

No.  98  798 

No.  99  795 

No.  100  :  797 

No.  101  799 

No.  102  800 

No.  103  802 


Tl 


INDICES   TO   INSCRIPTIONS. 


829 


INDEX  OF  PROPEK  NAMES. 


Adinna,  No.  l6. 

^lia  GljkiDDa,  No.  97. 

^lias  Eirenaiod,  No.  97. 

Publ.  ^lius  Anr.  NeoD,  No.  96. 

Agabikleia,  No.  25. 

Agathoboulos,  No.  57. 

Agathodoros,  No.  31. 

Aineas,  Nos.  9,  62,  97. 

Alexandra,  No.  8. 

Alkinuicha,  No.  24. 

Amarantos,  No.  126. 

Anaxiklea,  No.  41. 

Anaxileoa,  No.  66. 

Anaxiinaodros,  Nos.  67>  68. 

Aodreaa,  No.  61. 

AndroD,  No.  12  c. 

Aodroatbeoes,  No.  41. 

Antigone,  No.  81. 

Antigonos,  Nob.  29,  60. 

Antikrates,  No.  85. 

Aphvaais,  No.  1,  1.  16. 

ApoFlooidas,  No.  82. 

ApollonideH,     No.    12  b  ;    Apolonidea, 

No.  1,  1.  10  and  I.  80. 
ApollonioB,  Nos.  7,  12  c,  58,  98,  102. 
ApoUonos  ?  No.  43. 
ApoUophanes,  No.  21. 
Archegos  ?  No.  66. 
ArohevtratoB,  No.  31. 
Arohidainofl,  No.  13. 
Aretaon?  No.  2,  1   1. 
Aristagathos,  No.  31. 
Aristeides,  No.  62. 
AriHtokleidas,  Nos.  45,  49,  50. 
Aristokles,  No.  5. 
Aristonienes,  No.  12  6. 
Arteineis,  No.  82. 
.Artemidoros,  Nos.  9, 11.  47,  98. 
Artemon,  Nos.  12,  60,  98. 
Asklaptades,  No.  81. 
Astraios,  No.  62. 
Athanagoras,  No.  48. 
Athenippos,  No.  12  a. 
Athenodoros,  No.  5. 
AthenokritoH,  No.  5. 
Attbis,  No.  54. 

Aulus  Darikios  Eupbemos,  No.  12  c. 
Ail.  Aurelia  Oraia,  No.  96. 
Aurelia  Mene . .,  No.  12. 


Boetbos,  No.  41. 
Boakolion,  No.  98. 
Boulakrales,  No.  44. 

Caius,  No.  12. 

CI.  Cains  Euklides,  No.  12  c. 

Cbares,  No.  72. 

Chrjrsaor,  Nos.  98,  100, 101,  102. 

Chrysina,  No.  15. 

Chryso,  Nos.  30,  60. 

Cbrysogone,  No.  15. 

Claudius  Aineas  Heros,  No.  62. 

Claudius  Aristeas,  No.  97. 

Tib.    CUudiuB    Aristeas    Menandros, 

No.  97. 
Ti.  Claudius  Marcus,  No.  12  6. 
Lucius  Cornelius  (SjUa  f).  No.  99. 

Damas,  Nos.  12  6,  12  c. 
Damatria,  No.  28. 
Dainokles,  No.  41. 
Damon,  No.  41. 
Darikios,  No.  12  c. 
Demetrios,  Nos.  12  6,  64,  96. 
Demostbenes,  No.  126. 
Dexikrates,  No.  53. 
Diodoros,  No.  12  c. 
Diodotos,  No.  2,  1.  3. 
Diogenes,  No.  12. 
Diokieia,  No.  IS. 
Dickies.  Nos.  83,  84. 
Dion,  No.  28. 
Dionysos,  No.  98. 
Dioskourides,  Nos.  5,  57. 
Dorothea,  No.  93. 
Drakon,  No.  126. 

Eirenaios,  Nos.  28,  97. 
Empbanes,  No.  84. 
Epapbrodeitos,  No.  12  c. 
Epbarmostos,  No.  12. 
Epianassa,  No.  39. 
Epigonos,  No.  29. 
Epikrates,  Nos.  126,  85,  43,  51. 
Eraaton,  No.  12  6. 
Euaion,  No.  63. 
Euboulos,  No.  77. 
Euemeros,  No.  41. 
Eukles,  No.  31. 


830 


INDICES  TO  INSCRIPTIONS. 


Kaklides,  No.12c. 
Eukrates,  No.  30. 
Eupheinofl,  Nog.  4,  12  c. 
EuphrADor,  No.  38. 
Euporos,  No.  12. 
Euscheoion,  No.  12. 
Eutychea,  No.  12. 

Fla.  Aineas,  No.  97. 

T.  Flavins  Demetrius,  No.  12  a. 

T.  Fiavius   Demetrius   Julianus,    No. 

12  c. 
T.  Flaviua  Andreas  Eu(8eb«!),  No,  61. 

Glaukos,  No.  78. 
Glykinna,  No.  48,  97. 

Hagias,  No.  79. 
Hegemandrosy  No.  60. 
HegesandruH,  No.  66. 
HekataioH,  Nos.  7,  12  a,  98. 
Hekatea,  No.  75. 
Hekaton,  No.  102. 
Hera,  No.  56. 
HerakleitoB,  No.  41. 
Hennas,  Nos.  12,  12  6,  16. 
Hermias.  Nos.  100,  103. 
Hermodoros,  No.  1 2  6. 
Hermogenes,  No.  12  6. 
Hermokraies,  No.  10. 
Hermophantos,  No.  34. 
Hestieios,  No.  79. 
Hierokles.  Nos.  62,  98. 
Hippokrates,  No.  15. 
Hip{x>krito»,  No,  44. 
Histiaios,  Nos.  4,  72  a. 

lason,  Nos.  12,  77,  98. 
Isodotos,  No.  98. 

Julia  Epianassa,  No.  39. 

Julianus,  No.  12  c. 

C.  Julius  M....,  No.  66,  L  4. 

C.  Julius  Tbeopompos,  No.  11,  p.  712. 

Kallikles,  No.  3,  1.  1 ;  No.  6. 
Kallikrates,  No.  68. 
Kaphisodoros,  No.  61. 
Kasbollis,  No.  1,  1.  12. 
Kleodamos,  No.  76. 
Kleomenidas,  No.  126. 
Klesis,  No.  72. 
Komos,  No.  12. 
Kreon,  No.  31. 
Kritagoras,  No.  31. 
Kriton,  No.  794. 

LacbarfcoB,  No.  14. 
Lasthenes,  No.  9. 
Lenaios,  No.  12. 
Leon,  Nofl.  1, 1.  6  ;  98. 
Leukios,  Nos.  69,  99. 


Lygdamis,  No.  1,  i.  8,  11. 
AvKaiOiov  or  AvKaiOioQ,  Not.  45,  49. 
Ljkios  ?  No.  66. 

Mav^pofiax  •  •  >  No.  67. 
Megabatee,  No.  1, 1. 14. 
Melanthios,  Nos.  12  a,  68,  64. 
Meliton,  No.  58. 
Menagoras,  No.  12  c. 
Menandros,  No.  97,  100. 
Menekrates,  Nos.  12,  126. 
MenelaoB,  No.  101. 
Menipnoe,  Nos,  28,  57,  79. 
Metrodoros,  No.  5. 
Metrophanes,  No.  68. 
Metropbilos,  No.  102. 
Minna,  No.  62. 
Mnesitheos,  No.  102. 
Moiragenes,  No.  98. 
Moschion,  Nos.  126.  45. 
Moschos,  Nos.  10.  39. 
Myonides,  No.  98. 
Myroides,  No.  91. 
Myrtoft,  No.  77. 

Nakon,  No.  87. 
Nanas,  No.  88. 
Nannion,  No.  6. 
Narkissos,  No.  77  a. 
Nearchos,  No.  41. 
Neikephoros,  No.  49. 
NeikostratoB,  No.  12  a. 
Neon,  Nos.  126,67,96. 
Nikagoras,  No.  13. 
Nikias,  No.  12  c. 
Nikochoros,  No.  21. 
Nikokleia,  No.  21. 
Noumagathus,  No.  2,  I.  5. 

Othothatis  ?  No.  1,  L  6. 

Paioniofl,  Nos.  98,  101. 
Pamphile,  No.  101. 
Paropbilos,  Nos.  9,  98. 
Paoamyes,  No.  1,  1.  12,  80. 
PannikoB,  No.  31. 
Pauyatis,  No.  1,  1.  16. 
Parthenios,  No.  12. 
Pasikles,  No.  66. 
Patroklos,  No  41. 
Patron?  No.  I2c. 
Perigenes,  No.  102. 
Phanias,  Nob.  12  c,  98. 
Philetairos,  No.  41. 
Philetas,  No.  12  6. 
Philidas,  No.  60. 
Philippos.  No.  101. 
Philis,  No.  23. 
Philition,  No.  44. 
Philokratds,  No.  85. 
Philon,  Nos.  81,  35. 
Pbiloneikos,  No.  126. 


rrwm 


INDICES  TO   INSCRIPTIONS. 


831 


PhilostbenoB.  No.  90. 
Pbormio,  No.  1,  L  15. 
Piion  f  No.  2. 
Platfaaiois,  Nos.  17,  18,  19. 
Plato,  No«.  17, 18.  19. 
Podeiro8,No.  126. 
Polemon,  No.  98. 
Polianthes,  No.  81. 
Polycharefi,  No,  16. 
PolysinUM,  No.  44. 
PoiDpetOfl,  No.  126. 
Posideos,  No.  12  6. 
Posileos  f  No.  100. 
PreimeroB?  No.  42. 
ProflodioD,-No.  87. 

QaintnB,  No.  12  a. 

Rbodo,  No.  84. 
Rbodoklea,  No.  86. 
Rafus,  No.  126. 

Samiades,  No.  1S8. 
SatarniDUB,  No.  126. 
Sextos,  No.  98. 
Sileooiaty  No.  31. 
Sopbron,  No.  49. 
SopoliB,  No8. 16,  60. 
Soeibiofl^  No.  57. 
SoBikles,  No.  81. 
8oBtratot»  No.  14. 
Soter,  No.  12. 
Soterichof,  No.  41. 
Sosoroenos,  No.  126. 
Strateia,  No.  77. 


Stratokles,  No.  100. 
Sulpioia  TVophime,  No.  96. 
Senrius  Sulpicias  Uekataios,  No.  7. 
Sulpicius  Deinetrios,  No.  96. 
SympberoD,  No.  126. 

Talestes,  No.  9. 
Tatia  Minna»  No.  62. 
Teleson,  No.  81. 
Terpsikles,  Nob.  G7,  68. 
TbalaBseroB,  No.  12. 
ThaleB,  No.  66. 
TheioB,  No.  54. 
TbeodoroB,  No.  8. 
TheodotoH,  No.  12. 
Theon,  No.  98. 
Theotime,  No.  4. 
TherBimachos,  No.  38. 
TheudamoB,  Nob.  33,  75. 
TheudoroH,  No.  34. 
TbeupbideB,  No.  39. 
Theuporapoe,  Nob.  11,  78. 
ThoaB,  No.  41. 
Timokion,  No.  9. 
TlmokleidaB,  No.  31. 
Timoteles,  No.  31. 
TolmidaB,  No.  76. 
TropbimoB,  No.  90. 

Xeno,  No.  22. 
XenokriioB,  No.  81. 
Xenopbon,  No.  28. 

ZenodotoB,  Nob.  28,  79. 
ZoBimoB,  No.  126. 


832 


INDICES   TO  INSCIUPTIONS. 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


AbbreTiatioDi,  pp.  790,  795. 
dyaXfia^  Ko.  72,  p.  786. 
d/dXuaro,  Ko.  66. 
ciyopff.    (See  \tpA  dyopti.)  • 
*A\ii6vBpfiaVf  No.  60. 
'AXiKapvtitradCf  No.  1,  p.  675  ;  'AXicap- 

vartuiVf  ibid. 
*A\unT(r6Cf  No.  98. 
aVa/Sniveiv,  p.  780. 
dvoKi^XoVf  Na  82, 1.  8,  p.  783. 
Aiwximander,  the  Ionic   philoaopber, 

perhaps  Darned  in    an    inscription. 

No.  67,  p.  780. 
dviPii<rav  uc  &v3pac,  No.  12. 
dvutipopia  and  iXevdipca,  grant  of  to 

the  Coidians,  No.  47,  p.  760. 
dvivkyKaif  used  imperatively,  No.  82, 

p.  783. 
dvtvivKai  for  dvtviyieaij  Nos.  82,  92. 
dvupoi,  No.  81,  1.  1,  p.  725. 
aircirf patrav  ?  No.  1,  L  32,  p.  681. 
'AiroXXiavtov  at  Halicamassus,  No.  1, 

1.  86  and  1.  45.  p.  682. 
'ApTSfuSutpna,  No.  52,  L  18. 
ArtemidoroB,  bononrs  paid  to,  p.  767> 
dpTOKoiroVf  No.  77  a,  p.  710. 
apxHa,  p>  708. 
dpxfiyoQf  No.  66,  p.  778. 
davXov  at  Lagina,  p.  797. 
Augustus,  the  Emperor,  birthday  of, 

pp.  696,  697. 

BaSpofuoCf  month,  No.  44. 
Bath,  grant  for  building.  No.  97. 
Birthday  of  a  Boroan  emperor,  decree 

in  honour  of,  No.  6. 
/SovXcvr^pcov  at  Halicamassus,  No.  8, 

L  10. 
BovX^,  the,  at  Cnidus,  No.  79,  p.  772. 
Bpdyxov  Ttfiivoc,  No.  777. 
Branchide,    emViassy  from  to   Rome, 

No.  60  ;  to  Ptolemy,  son  of  Ptolemy 

Auletes,  ibid. 

Calends  of  December,  No.  6,  p.  697. 
Chares,  ruler  of  Teichioussa,  p.  784. 
XapifTTtta,  Nos.  18,  82. 
Claudius,     Emperor,     dedication     to. 
No.  6  a. 


Cleopatra,  Queen  of  Egypt,  No.  60, 

p.  776. 
Coin  of  electrum   found    at   Halicar- 

nasRus,  p.  684. 
Coinage,  electrum,  of  Asia  Minor,  pp. 

688-6. 

dauiopyiov.  No.  52,  pp.  767,  768,  772. 

Aitiv/Acia,  No.  59. 

^lovvtrtlaf  No.  49. 

DirsB,  pp.  721-4.  (.S^  Leaden  Tablets.) 

Drachma,  sign  of.  No.  41,  p.  756. 

tUSvtCt   pledged  as  public  securitieiiy 

No.  8,  1.  12,  p.  692. 
c/c  iipctav,  p.  702. 

ir,  when  changed  to  f  /  or  ixt  p.  747. 
UitKaffTai,  No.  1,  1.  20. 
iKTi/iarpOf  No.  18. 
ivtoTtiKiifQ  6,  No.  1,  1.  28,  p.  681. 
l^ayopivtov,  No.  85,  p.  786. 
iiriivtovltyavTa,  No.  100. 
ifriBumCy  No.  50,  p.  765. 
iirouv.  No.  71. 
Ipyuivaif  No.  8,  L'2. 
EpfJiaiutv^    month,    id.    qtL  *£p/imoCy 

No.  1, 1.  4,  p.  677. 
l^nfioi,   how  classed,    Nos.    12,   125, 

p.  702. 

VipPavtKtp  for  Pfp/iai'ir^,  No.  6  a. 
GlaukoB,  the  Olympic  victor,  p.  788. 
ypa^lov    rStv    hpKutv,   No.    3,   L   12, 

p.  682. 
Gymnasium  at  Halicamassus,  No.  2, 

pp.  688,  705;  at  Cnidus,  pp.  747,  767. 

ri  for  ««,  p.  776,  No.  60. 

Hadrian,  the  emperor,  dedication  to. 

No.  37. 
Halicamassians,  No.  1,  I.  2,  40,  41. 
Halicamassus,  revenue  of,  p.  692. 
Hierakome,  p.  801. 
Histieeos  of  Miletus,  perhaps  named  in 

an  inscription.  No.  72a,  p.  787. 
T//xi«rrov,  No.  1,  1.  26,  pp.  682,  686. 
tfftifivatay  No.  81,  1.  15. 

(  and  Vf  interchange  of,  p.  746,  noU. 


INDICES  TO  INSCRIPTIONS. 


833 


icpd  xfipa,  Ko.  d8. 

Up^  dyopTif  No.  1, 1.  3. 

ccpia,  p.  790. 

'Icporm^^riiCy  No.  102,  p.  801. 

lonio  dmleoty  use  of  at  Halicarnassns, 

pp.  678-6. 
lonioismB  in  Gnidian  imcriptions^  pp. 

714,  724. 
Ivory,  importaUon  of  from  Alexandria 

to  Branohidas,  No.  60,  p.  776. 

Julia  LaodicsM,  dedication  by  people 
of,  No.  11. 

Kaitrap  Sf/3a(rr($c»  No.  6,  p.  697. 

KUTadtcfioi,  p.  729. 

KaraXoyiif  No.  99,  p.  796. 

Kfpa/iof,  No.  99. 

rXfio&C  oLytayfif  No.  96 ;  iro/iir^,  No.  97. 

Ko,  abbreviation  for  KoXiopyevc?  pp. 

790,  796. 
KoXiop^it'c,  No.  102. 
Kop6XXou  0vX^,  No.  98. 
Kiupa^cvc,  No.  102. 

Largess  given  at  Lagina,  Nos.  96,  97> 

Leaden  tablets,  pp.  721-4. 

Loan,  bow  effected  at  Halicamassus, 

p.  692. 
Lygdamis,  tyrant  of  Halicamassus,  pp. 

672,  678,  676. 

uiiv  for  fuv,  No.  46. 
Meliteia  in  Phtbiotis,  No.  76. 
fiiaBovvTtQ  rd  ipya,  No.  8, 1.  2. 
fAVfifiovtifiit,  No.  1, 1.  11,  18. 
Movtrila,   usual    in  Greek  gypinasia, 
p.  748. 

Nominative  absolute,  as  in  the  heading 
of  decrees,  p.  677. 

Oaths,  fee  for  administering,  p.  682. 
oJkoc  of  Deroeter  and  Persephone,  No. 

15  ;  oZroc  tqv  £fj3n vrou.  No.  101. 
ofAivvtTtCf  No.  29. 
onoSovXuv  IK,  No.  81, 1.  22,  p.  780. 
*0;ioXfuta,  No.  108,  p.  802. 
ofioffTiytiffatryf  No.  86. 
Spna,  No.  1, 1.  44,  p.  682. 

xa  for  rapd,  No.  81, 1.  20,  p.  726. 
v&vra,  used  adverbially,  No.  42,  p.  767. 
Panyasis,  the  epic  poet,  pp.  673,  676. 
wapiffravtrai,  No.  81,  1.  81,  p.  781. 
Tltiffivovif  No.  80,  p.  749. 

fTtVTflKOOTTI,  No.  3,  1.  12. 

flrcirojcft  for  miroiiyffef.  No.  91,  1.  14. 
'jrivpfijikvoQ  irapd  AdfiaTpa,p.  726-8. 
irfoiiroXiov  of  the  Temple  of  Hekate  at 

Lagina,  No.  62,  pp.  789,  798. 
Pheneos  in  Arcadia,  No.  29. 

II.  3 


voiffai  for  irotriffai,  No.  81,  1.  12. 

vovfipia,  No.  87,  1.  6. 

ir6poc.  No.  3,  p.  692. 

Tlootciutv,  month,  No.  2,  1.  2. 

irovXvyotiToty  No.  64. 

TTpaOivTiaVj  No.  8,  1.  17. 

rrpari/p  Xi'Ooc,  p.  730. 

irpiafuvoc,  No.  8,  1.  20. 

vpofTTaTat  vfoiroXcrat,  No.  81,  p.  76(», 

Psammetichos,  inscription  relating  to, 

p.  779. 
Ptolemy,  king  of  Egypt,  No.  2, 1.  9, 

p.  688;  No.  8,  1.  4  ;  No.  8  a. 
Ptolemy,  son  of  Ptolemy  Auletes,  No. 

60,  p.  776. 
Public  works,  system  of  farming  out, 

No.  8, 1.  2,  p.  698. 
IlvXiav  at  Bargylia,  p.  802. 

Rome,  embassy    to  from  Branchidfe, 
No.  60. 

Salroacifs  ZaX/Aoccrf uiv,  No,  1, 1.  2,  13, 

pp.  676-7. 
SfjSaffri^,  apparently  an  empress,  who 

gave  1,000  denarii  to    the    people 

of  Lagina,  No.  77,  p.  793. 
(rirar<iXi|,  No.  86. 
Stator  of  Halicamassus,  No.  1,  I.  38, 

p.  684. 
Statue,  price  of,  p.  764 ;  statue,  golden. 

No.  62. 
Statues,  iconic,   earliest  examples  of, 

pp.  786-7  ;  pledprecl  as  pubhc  secu- 
rities. No.  8,  p.  692. 
Stoa  at   Halicamassus,    dedicated  to 

Apollo  and  King  Ptolemy,  No.  8, 

1.  4  ;  No.  3  a. 
SyUa,  L.  Cornelius,  p.  796. 

rapa6Q,  No.  29,  p.  748. 
TaBvy,  No.  16,  p.  714. 
Teichioussa,  No.  72,  pp.  784,  786. 
Ttfuvovpdc,  No.  29,  p.  748. 
Temenos  of  Antigonos  at  Gnidus,  No. 

29. 

of  Branches,  No.  61. 

of   Rome  and  Augustus  at 

Halicamassus,  No.  6. 
Temple  of  Demetor  and  Persephone, 

Cnidus,   No.   16  ;    of  an  emperor. 

No.  101,  p.  799. 
Temples  dedicated  in  consequence  of  n 

dream.  No.  16. 
Btfttifftroc,  No.  99. 
Theopompos,  C.  Jul,,  No.  78,  pp.  712, 

760,  761,  771. 
Ocacroc*  contribution  to,  No.  41. 
Thymele^  No.  29,  p.  747. 


virwffrij,  No.  77«,  p.  710. 


S 


^ 

^ 

^ 


834 


INDICES   TO   INSCRIPTIONS. 


DEITIES   AND    MYTHOLOGICAL 

PERSONAGES. 


'AcoaCy  No8.  54,  64. 

'A'ilu^vivQ,  No.  82. 

'AXarvovic.  No.  77. 

di^rfcrec  (Dioscuri),    dedicntioti  to,  at 

Cnidus,  No.  24. 
\\7r5XXfjv,  dedication    of    mUm    to  at 

Halicarna88U8,  Nos.  8,  8a;  UuOwq, 

dedication   to  at   Cnidua,    No.  51  ; 

dedication   of  a  tenth  to  at  Bran* 

chidie.  No.  66 ;  statue  dedicated  to 

by    Chares,    No.    72 ;     invoked    as 

a%>a%y  No.   61 ;    dedication  to,   No. 

72a. 
'  ApTtaiQ  *laKVv9orpti^og  icai  'Emparric, 

deaication  to  at  Cnidus,  Noe.  28,  52, 

p.  746. 
AffXiaCf  dedication  to  at  Hali- 

camassus,  No.  6  a. 
*AtrK\a7noQ,  dedication  to  at  CniduK, 

No.  35. 
'AOAva   Ncico^opoc,    dedication    to  at 

Cnidas,  No.  79. 
*A0po^(ri;,  'Epft^  vapfSpoQ    at  Cnidus, 

No.  81. 

Al(riron/a,  No.  86.  p.  788  ;  No.  91. 

^tlftfirrip,  dedications  to  at  Halicar- 
nasBUs,.No.  5  ;  at  Cnidus,  Nos.  80, 
13-18,  21,  22,  25,  81-90,  92,  93,  94, 
95. 

Aiovv(roc,  hifl  temple.  No.  36. 

'EKarrj  \r)  ecocj,  Nos.  62,  96  :  [»|  iiri^a- 
vtffTdTtt  6ea],  Njo.  97 ;  [I'wrfipa], 
No.  98  ;  [ivi^avtffTdrfi],  Nos.  99, 
101. 

'  Ep/i^C,  dedication  to  at  Cnidus,  No.  14. 

appears  to  Chrysina  in  a  vision. 

No.  15. 

^tveciTfic,  statue  of  at  Cnidus, 


No.  29. 

IlHffivovc,    dedication    to   at 


Cnidus,  No.  80. 

'A^poSirqi    irapt^poq,    Cnidus, 


No.  81. 


'Epfiiig  with   'HpacX^Cf  dedication   to 

at  Halicarnassus,  No.  63. 
"  Errria  BovXaia,  dedication  to  at  Cnidus; 

No.  79 ;  Vesta  associated  with  Athene 

Nikephoros  on  Roman  Imperial  coins, 

p.  773. 

Ztv^  Uar(>tfoQ  rat  £wri7p,  No.  6. 

"Hjm,  No.  55. 

'UpacX^Cy  dedication    to    at    H.ilicar- 
nassus.  No.  63. 

eed  'Ptofiri,  No.  6, 1.  6. 
Qibc  "SkoQ  AtovvrroQ  (Ptolemy  Auletes), 
No.  60. 

''I0^(C»  dedication  to  at  Cnidus.  No.  3^. 

K6pf},  dedication  to  at  Halicarnassus, 

No.  5. 
dedications  to  at  Cnidus,  Nos.  80, 

14, 16, 16,  17,  18,  19,  21.  22,  23,  26, 

81,  82,  83,  84,  85,  86.  87,  88,  89,  90, 

92,  98,  94,  95. 

at  Lag^na,  No.  100. 


K()vporf>o0O(;,  No.  56. 

ArjOii  'AV^uiviCf  No.  54. 

Movffai  worshipped  at  Cnidus,  No.  29  ; 
dedication  to,  ibid..  No.  43. 

riav,  statue  of  at  Cnidus,  No.  29. 

IlXovra;!',  No.  81. 

^EirifiaxoCf    dedication    to    at 

Cnidus,  No.  14,  p.  714. 
JlpiijfroCf    dedication    to    at    Halicar* 

nassuH,  No.  65. 

Poiftfl    Kai    2c/3a<rroc,  temenos  of  at 
Halicarnassus,  p.  695. 

Xdpavtc,    dedication    to     at    Cnidus. 
No.  82. 


INDICES   TO   INSCEIPTIONS. 


835 


CIVIL   AND  RELIGIOUS  FUNCTIONARIES. 


'Apx«pevc  at  Halioaroassus,  No.  6  ;  at 

Lagina,  Nos.  97,  100. 
'  A^arr fifty  No.  49,  p.  763. 

hdyxoi  at  Cnidaa,  No.  36. 

VpafifiarcvQ  at  Halicarnaastis,  No.  2, 
I.  i  ;  No.  9  ;  of  the  PovXri  at  Cnidas, 
No.  79 ;  at  Lagina,  No.  98. 

Vvfipatriapxoi  at  HalicaroaasaR,  Nos. 
12,  12  a,  126,  12  c;  at  Lagina,  Nos. 
96,  97. 

^afitoupyoQ  at  Goidus,  Nos.  40,  50,  51. 

'EiTifiiXtiTai   Tov    yvfAvaffiov,    No.   2, 

1.  86. 
'  ETifiiX^T nc  ^«v  MvtmjpmVf  No.  96, 

p.  791. 

'lepfta  at  HalicarnasBus,  No.  12  ;  at 
Cnidus,  Nos.  23,  26  ;  at  Lagina,  Nos. 
62,  96,  101. 

'liptVQ  at  Halicarnassus,  Nos.  9,  12  a, 
126,    12  c;    at    Cnidus,    No.    52; 


at    Lagina,    Nos.    62,    96,   97,   98> 
100. 

K\n8o^poQf  No.  96,  p.  791. 

MvrifiovtQ  at  Halicarnassus  No.  1, 1.  8, 
10,  21,  p.  678. 

Nfiiicopoc  at  Lagina,  No.  62. 

TIpoaraTai  at  Cnidas,   Nos.    31,    36, 

p.  750. 
npo0^ri}c.  Nos.  60,  61. 
npvrdviii    at    HalicarnasKU».   No.    1, 

L  5 ;  No.  2  :  at  Lagina,  No.  98. 

Sri^aviy^opoc  at   Halicarnassus,    No. 
12  c. 

Tafiiai  at  Halicarnassus,  No.  2,  1.  38  ; 

No.  3,  I.  1. 
at  Lagina,  No.  98. 

T^po^opoc  at  Branchide,  No.  60,  p. 
776. 


NAMES  OF  ARTISTS. 


'E.  . .  itifioQ^  No.  71. 

Epikrates,  son  of  ApoUonos,  No.  43. 

Menippos,  a  Chian,  No.  57. 

Talestes,  son  of  Arteinidoros,  No.  9. 


Terpsikles,  Nos.  67,  68. 

Zenodotos,  son  of  Menippos,  a  Cnidian, 
Nos.  28,  79,  p.  770. 


] 


LONDON; 

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LINCOLN' S-TNN    FIELDS. 


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